Learn to do without the graphical environment

Hi, the first thing is to say that I am a fan of the terminal (console, shell, bash) and that is why I really do not understand the fact that many users have a hard time adapting to it.
Well in this I want to leave you the commands that can be used to do things we do on a day-to-day basis. Activities such as mounting an ISO image or creating an image from a CD / DVD, listening to music, working on images, etc.
In other words, it can be said with total security that we can do without the graphical environment : )

Any doubt or question, complaint or suggestion regarding any of these commands (or any other that does not appear here) tell me. Without more ...

There I leave an index or list of what is in this post:

• - »How to create link between files
• - »How to create link between folders
• - »Create an image of a CD / DVD
• - »Check the UUID of some partition
• - »Mount and unmount an ISO from one folder to another folder
• - »To check the data on a CD / DVD
• - »Searching for files
• - »Know the type of a file
• - »Completely delete a folder
• - »Completely delete a type of files within a folder
• - »Chop or split files
• - »Join divided files with split
• - »To change screen resolution and refresh time
• - »Take a screenshot or screenshot
• - »Convert images from one format to another
• - »Change dimensions of an image
• - »Convert an image from colors to black and white
• - »Create an animated gif with several images
• - »Extract the audio from a video
• - »Convert an MPEG file to an AVI
• - »To turn off the PC
• - »To turn off the PC after a certain time
• - »To turn off the PC at a specific time
• - »To restart the PC
• - »To restart the PC after a certain time
• - »To restart the PC at a specific time
• - »Using the calculator.
• - »Shows the properties and characteristics of an image.
• - »How to configure the network.
• - »Check your email.
• -" Surfing the Internet.
• - »Compress and decompress all types of files.

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Create links between files:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ ln -s / "file-address" / "address-where-we-will-put-the-link"/
Example: ln -s /etc/apt/sources.list / home / kzkggaara / Scripts /
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Create links between folders:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ ln -s / "folder-address" / / "address-where-we-will-put-the-link" /
Example: ln -s / var / www / / home / kzkggaara / Hosted /
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Create a virtual image of a CD / DVD:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ dd if = / dev / cdrom of = / home / your_user / name.iso
That is what they have to write, of course ... we must substitute "your user”By the name of your user (in my case "kzkggaara") and "name”By whatever name you want the image to have.
Example: dd if = / dev / cdrom of = / home / kzkggaara / Distros / archlinux-2011-05.iso
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Check the UUID of some partition:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ vol_id -u / dev / "partition-to-check"
Example: vol_id -u / dev / sda3
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Mount and unmount an ISO image from one folder to another folder:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo mount -t iso9660 -o loop / "iso-file-address" / "folder-where-you-want-iso-content-to-mount"
Example: sudo mount -t iso9660 -o loop / home / kzkggaara / Downloads /archlinux-2011-05.iso / average / temp
Note: It is necessary to enter our root password since administrative permissions are required. I also emphasize the spaces between the address or path of the ISO file and the address or path of the folder where it will be mounted.
To disassemble: sudo umount / "Folder-where-I-mount-iso-content-"
Example: sudo umount / average / temp
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To check the data on a CD / DVD:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ cdck -d / dev / "device-to-check"
Example: cdck -d / dev / cdrom1
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Searching for files:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ find / "path-where-to-search" -name *. "extension-of-files-we-want-to-search" -print
Example: find / home / kzkggaara / Projects / MCAnime -name * .xcf -print
Note: If instead of putting "-yam"We put"-bow downThen the search would be case-insensitive.
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Know file type:
This command will help us to know what type of file is the one we select. It is quite simple but it can be very useful to us from time to time.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ file / "file-address"
Example: file / home / kzkggaara / Downloads /avatar.png
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Completely delete a folder:
This helps us to delete a folder or directory along with all the files and subdirectories it contains.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ rm -r / "folder-address"
Example: rm -r / home / kzkggaara / Work / squid-logs76 /
Note: This command does not send the folder or its contents to the Trash, this deletes it completely. And also, depending on what you want to delete, they will need or not administrative permissions (if they are going to delete something within their own personal folder there should be no problem).
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Completely delete one type of files within a folder:
This helps us to delete a type of files within a folder or directory.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ rm *. "file-type-extension-you-want-to-delete" / "address-of-the-folder-to-check"
Example: rm * .jpg / home / kzkggaara / Downloads /
Note: This command does not send the folder or its contents to the Trash, this deletes it completely. And also, depending on what you want to delete, they will need or not administrative permissions (if they are going to delete something within their own personal folder there should be no problem).
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Chop or split files:
This helps us to divide a file into a size defined by us.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ split -b "whatever-size-we-want" k / "address-of-the-folder-to-check" «name-of-the-parts-of-the-file »
Example: split -b 40k /home/kzkggaara/Documentos/test.odt test1.odt
Note: The size is given in KB by default, if you want it to be in MB instead of KB then just change the "k" by a "m".
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Join split files with split:
This helps us to join the files previously divided with the split command.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ cat "Name-of-the-parts-of-the-file"*> / "Address-of-the-folder-where-we-will-put-file-once-joined"/
Example: cat test1 * /home/kzkggaara/test.odt
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To change screen resolution and refresh time:
This, as it says above, helps us to change the screen resolution and refresh time (hertz) but first it is necessary to check what screen resolutions our PC supports:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo xrandr -q
After checking that the resolution we want is supported, we proceed to change it using the following command:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo xrandr -s "desired-resolution" -r "desired-refresh-time"
Example: sudo xrandr -s 1280 × 1024 -r 70
Note: To use this command it is obvious that it is necessary to have a desktop environment installed, since otherwise we would change the resolution? to the terminal ?? LOL. To know more about it, here we publish a specific article about this.
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Take a screenshot or screenshot:
With this I show you how to make a screenshot of our desktop, how instead of doing it to our desktop completely we can do it to a window, how to save it etc etc ...
But first we must install a small 4MB package called imagemagick which we can find both in the Ubuntu repos and in those of Debian and derivatives. After having it installed ...
To capture the desktop instantly:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ import -window root / "Where-do-you-want-to-save-the-capture"
- » Example: import -window root /home/kzkggaara/screenshot.jpg
To capture the desktop after a while:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sleep "number-of-seconds" s; import -window root / –Where-they-want-to-save-the-capture–
- » Example: sleep 5s; import -window root /home/kzkggaara/window.jpg // The capture will take place after 5 seconds.
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Convert images from one format to another:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ convert /"Image-you-want-to-convert" / «Image-that-will-be-created-after-converting-the-previous one»
Example: convert /home/kzkggaara/Downloads/render.png /home/kzkggaara/Downloads/render.jpg
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Change dimensions of an image:
This helps us to enlarge or reduce the size of an image, and this can help us to reduce its weight.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ convert -sample "desired-dimensions" /«Original-image» / «Image-that-will-be-created-after-working-the-previous»
Example: convert -sample 800 × 600 /home/kzkggaara/screenshot.jpg /home/kzkggaara/modified-screenshot.jpg
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Convert a colored image to black and white:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ convert-sample /«Original-image» -monochrome / «Image-that-will-be-created-after-working-the-previous»
Example: convert /home/kzkggaara/picture.jpg -monochrome /home/kzkggaara/picture_modified.jpg
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Create an animated gif with multiple images:
This is a command that I just learned just a few minutes ago haha, with this command we can create an animated image (gif) using frames to many other images ... it's really fast, easy and best of all, we don't have to open Gimp nothing like it to do it haha.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ convert -delay "time-between-frame-and-frame" "image # 1" «Image # 2» «image # 3 »«image # 4 » (... and as many as they want) "Gif-name" .gif
Example: convert -delay 300 userbar1.jpg userbar2.jpg userbar3.jpg userbar4.jpg userbarkzkg.gif
Note: The time between frame and frame (image and image) is in milliseconds, so 100 = 1 second, 200 = 2 seconds, 300 = 3 seconds, 400 = 4 seconds, etc. etc. etc.
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Extract the audio from a video:
This is another command that surprised me when I found it, haha ​​I no longer need any software to extract the audio because with this it can be extracted easily, there is also the advantage that the more codecs you have installed then there will be no video file at the which you cannot extract the audio from. To make it work you need to have the package installed mplayer and all the dependencies it needs.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ mplayer -vo null -dumpaudio -dumpfile / "audio-file-to-be-extracted" / «Video-from-which-you-get-the-audio».avi
Example: mplayer -vo null -dumpaudio -dumpfile /home/kzkggaara/test.mp3 /home/kzkggaara/Videos/Anime/project.avi
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Convert an MPEG file to an AVI:
I put this rather in case someone needs it because to tell the truth I am not very good at converting videos from one format to another, so I do not know very well the advantages of using one or another encoding system, etc. For it to work you need to have the package installed mplayer and all the dependencies it needs.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ mencoder / "video-to-convert" -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec = mpeg4: vpass = 1 -oac copy -o / "video-convert"
Example: mencoder /home/kzkggaara/Downloads/kitty.mpg -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec = mpeg4: vpass = 1 -oac copy -o /home/kzkggaara/Downloads/kittyconverted.avi
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To shut down the PC:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo shutdown -h now
Note: It is necessary to enter our root password since administrative permissions are required.
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To turn off the PC after a specified time:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo shutdown -h + "desired-time"
Must change ""Desired-time"”For the number or number of minutes to wait before shutting down the system.
Example: sudo shutdown -h +10 // The system will shut down 10 minutes after entering this command line.
Note: It is necessary to enter our root password since administrative permissions are required.
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To turn off the PC at a specific time:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo shutdown -h "desired-time"
Must change ""Desired-time"”By logically the time they want the system to turn off. Clock in 24 hour format, that is; from 0 to 23.
Example: sudo shutdown -h 22:30 // The system will turn off at 22:30 p.m., that is; at 10:XNUMX at night.
Note: It is necessary to enter our root password since administrative permissions are required.
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To restart the PC:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo shutdown -r now
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo reboot
Note: It is necessary to enter our root password as administrative permissions are required. Also, either of the two previous lines do the same; restart the PC.
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To restart the PC after a certain time:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo shutdown -r +"Desired-time"
Must change ""Desired-time"”For the number or amount of minutes to wait before restarting the system.
Example: sudo shutdown -r +10 // The system will reboot 10 minutes after entering this command line.
Note: It is necessary to enter our root password since administrative permissions are required.
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To restart the PC at a specific time:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo shutdown -r "Desired-time"
Must change ""Desired-time"”By logically the time they want the system to restart. Clock in 24 hour format, that is; from 0 to 23.
Example: sudo shutdown -r 22:30 // The system will restart at 22:30 p.m., that is; at 10:XNUMX at night.
Note: It is necessary to enter our root password since administrative permissions are required.
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Using the calculator:
Suppose we want to make a calculation too complicated to do it mentally, or we just don't feel like thinking hahaha, the solution to this would be "bc"
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ bc
After writing that simple command, we can write the calculation we want to do:
Example: 1 + 49 / 25
And when pressing [enter] the desired result will not appear. To exit the calculator we just put quit.
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Shows the properties and characteristics of an image:
This command will tell us exactly various values ​​of an image, such as its extension, size, etc.
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ identify "image"
Example: identify /home/kzkggaara/banner.png
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How to configure the network:
These commands that I leave below I use a lot to configure the network in servers and virtual network cards.
To change the IP address we put:
kzkggaara @ mail-server: ~ $ ifconfig ethx XXXX
Example: ifconfig eth0 192.168.191.1
Note: eth0 is the default network card (of the board) but if you have any other network card then it would be eth1.
To change the netmask:
kzkggaara @ mail-server: ~ $ ifconfig netmask XXXX
To change the broadcast address:
kzkggaara @ mail-server: ~ $ ifconfig broadcast XXXX
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Check your email:
This despite the fact that the way it is shown is not very "pretty", it is useful since we save having to configure an email manager.
The first thing we have to do is connect to the server through TELNET:
kzkggaara @ mail-server: ~ $ telnet «server» 110
Example: telnet mail.interaudit.cu 110
Note: Port 110 is the POP3 access port.
The second thing is that we will see a welcome message from the server, now what follows is to log in to our user:
user "our-user"
Example: user kzkggaara
The third thing is to put the password to complete the login:
pass “password”
Example: penguin pass
And ready we are already logged in, there it will tell us how many emails we have, I leave the necessary commands:
list: returns the list of messages and what each one occupies in bytes.
stats: tells us how many messages we have and how many bytes they occupy, in total
retr "mail ID": Show the email corresponding to the ID you entered.
give "mail ID": Delete the email corresponding to the ID you entered.
rset: Retrieve a message that we have marked for deletion with dele, before closing the session.
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Surfing the Internet:
Here I leave one of the many ways that there are to surf the internet from the console or terminal. This can be done since we will install a browser that works without X server, in this case we will use left2 but there are many others.
To install it we just put:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ sudo apt-get install links2 (in case of using distros based on Debian)
And voila, now all that remains is to access a website:
kzkggaara @ geass: ~ $ links2 “website”
Example: links2 www.mcanime.net
And although it looks something different from how we are used to seeing it, it does help us to visit some site or find some information quickly. It is good to note that it will not load CSS or images or java scripts haha. Below I leave the shorcuts:

ESC : Show Menu
^ C, q : Remove
^ P, ^ N : Slide up, slide down.
(,) : Swipe left, right, up, down, select link.
-> : Follow link.
<- : Go back.
g : Go to URL.
G : Go to URL based on current URL.
/ : Look for.
? : Search back.
n : Find next.
N : Search previous.
= : Document information.
\ : Document source code:
d : To download.

Compress and decompress all types of files:
In order not to make this post much longer, I only leave the link to the article that we published talking about this: With the terminal: Compress and decompress files