Tsarin cibiyar sadarwa da gudanarwa - SME Networks

Barka dai abokai da abokai!

Janar jeri na jerin: Hanyoyin sadarwar Kwamfuta don SMEs: Gabatarwa

Har yanzu ba mu sadaukar da labarin ga batun da ya samo taken wannan ba. Haka kuma ba mu karanta wani sharhi da ke neman yin rubutu game da shi ba. Mun dauke shi da wasa cewa kowa ya san shi kuma watakila shine dalilin da yasa muka yi biris da shi har zuwa yau. Koyaya, zamu rubuta ɗan taƙaitaccen rubutu game da shi don waɗanda ke buƙatar shakatawa ko koyo game da batun.

Hanyar sadarwa: ma'anar amfani

Don dalilai masu amfani, daya Net - Network Ya ƙunshi na'urori biyu na cibiyar sadarwa kamar su kwakwalwa, sabobin, firintocinku, wayoyin hannu, ko wasu kayan aikin yanar gizo, waɗanda aka haɗa su ta hanyar igiyoyi na zahiri ko kuma hanyoyin haɗin waya da nufin rarrabawa da rarraba bayanai tsakanin na'urorin da aka haɗa.

Don ƙarin bayani ziyarci:

Ka tuna cewa ana ba da haɗin hanyoyin da cikakkiyar niyya kuma ba don jin daɗi ba. 😉

Saitunan cibiyar sadarwa

  • Ina ba da shawara ga waɗanda suke amfani da tsarin aiki CentOS y budeSUSE, a shiryar da shi ta hanyar rubutu Kanfigareshan Sabis Tare da GNU / Linux, daga marubucin Joel Barrios Dueñas. Yana da wahala a gare ni in rubuta batutuwan da za mu tattauna a ƙasa don rarrabawa na Debian, CentOS da OpenSUSE a cikin wannan labarin, tun da na ƙarshe sun bambanta da na farko, musamman a cikin sunaye, wurin fayilolin daidaitawa, abubuwan da ke ciki, da kuma wani bangare falsafar da ke da alaƙa da batun.

Tsarukan aiki da muke amfani dasu ko'ina cikin wannan jerin suna da kayan aikin zane don daidaita na'urori daban-daban na hanyar sadarwa. Koyaya, wannan post ɗin zai mai da hankali kan amfani da na'ura mai amfani da wuta ko tashar jirgin ruwa.

Kamar yadda muka gani a cikin labaran da suka gabata, a mafi yawan lokuta muna saita hanyar sadarwar hanyar sadarwa - ko kuma musaya - yayin aikin shigarwa don tabbatar da cewa, da zarar an shigar da tsarin aiki mai tushe, kwamfutar tana da haɗin haɗi na net.

Daidaitaccen tsari na aƙalla farkon cibiyar sadarwar farko - mafi mahimmanci - yana da mahimmanci ga aikin mai zuwa na Desktop, Wurin aikiko Server cewa muna aiwatarwa.

Ba za mu yi amfani da NetworkManager ba

Don sauƙaƙe rubutun wannan labarin, mai da hankali kan daidaitawar sabar, kuma sauƙaƙe karanta shi, zamu ɗauka hakan babu ana amfani da sabis ɗin da aka ba da kunshin cibiyar sadarwa-manajan. In ba haka ba dole ne mu aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan:

A cikin Debian

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo systemctl ya dakatar da network-manager.service
buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo systemctl status network-manager.service
buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo systemctl musaki network-manager.service
buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifconfig

Idan sanyi na katunan cibiyar sadarwa waɗanda suka dogara da sabis ɗin cibiyar sadarwa-manajan daidai ne, to zamu ci gaba da aiki. Koyaya, yana da lafiya don aiwatarwa:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifdown eth0 && sudo ifup eth0

don sake dubawa cewa komai yana aiki daidai.

A kan CentOS

A cikin littafin a cikin tsarin PDF «Kanfigareshan Sabis Tare da GNU / Linux«, Bugun Yuli 2016, babi na 48.2.2 an keɓe shi ne don batun sabis HanyarKara. Ina tsammanin mawallafinsa Joel Barrios Dueñas ba ya son komai - yana ganin abin wauta ne - amfani da HanyarKara a cikin Servers.

Ethernet musaya

Matsayi na ƙa'ida, lokacin da muke aiki tare da injunan kama-da-wane QEMU-KVM, tsarin aiki yana gano Ethernet Interfaces tare da sunaye kamar su da ethX, inda X wakiltar ƙimar adadi. Haɗin Ethernet na farko an gano shi azaman eth0, na biyu kamar eth1, da sauransu.

Dangane da tsarin tsarin Debian - da maɓuɓɓuka - suna aiki akan injuna na zahiri, bayanin da ke sama shima gaskiya ne.

Idan muna aiki akan injunan jiki tare da tsarin aiki CentOS y budeSUSE, tsarin aiki yana gano su kamar enoX. Da yawa kamanceceniya na iya faruwa tare da injunan kama-da-wane tare da waɗannan tsarukan aikin- a kan hypervisors na VMware.

A cikin injunan kama-da-wane waɗanda aka kirkira daga tsarin aiki FreeBSD - wanda kuma Free Software ne - gabaɗaya ana gano su kamar emX o vtnetX ya danganta da ko suna kan Qemu-KVM ko akan VMware bi da bi. Idan suna cikin jiki yawanci ana gane su kamar emX.

Gano hanyoyin sadarwa na Ethernet

Don gano duk hanyoyin sadarwar da ke samuwa a kwamfutar tawa sysadmin.desdelinux.fan, muna aiwatarwa:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifconfig -a
eth0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 70: 54: d2: 19: ad: 65 inet addr: 10.10.10.1 Bcast: 10.10.10.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80 :: 7254: d2ff: fe19: ad65 / 64 Yanayi: Link ... lo Link encap: Local Loopback inet addr: 127.0.0.1 Mask: 255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: :: 1/128 Scope: Mai watsa shiri ... virbr0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 52: 54: 00: c8: 35 : 5e inet addr: 192.168.10.1 Bcast: 192.168.10.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80 :: 5054: ff: fec8: 355e / 64 Scope: Link ... virbr0-nic Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 52:54 : 00: c8: 35: 5e BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1 ... vmnet8 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 00: 50: 56: c0: 00: 08 inet addr: 192.168.20.1 Bcast: 192.168.20.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 .6 inet80 addr: fe250 :: 56: 0ff: fec8: 64/XNUMX Matsayi: Hanyar ...
  • Ellipsis guda uku a cikin abubuwan da aka fitar na baya yana nufin cewa an dawo da ƙarin bayani da yawa wanda bamuyi tunani ba don adana sarari.

Kamar yadda na girka a Debian 8 tsarin aiki "Jessie" shirye-shiryen tallafi na injina biyu masu mahimmanci, ma'ana, QEMU-KVM y Sabis na Aikin VMware 10.0.6, umarni ya dawo da duk hanyoyin da ke ciki.

  • Don rikodin: software mai zaman kanta VMware Workstation Server 10.0.6 kwafin doka ne wanda abokina da abokin aikina El NeoZelandes suka ba shi, wanda ya same ta ta hanyar Intanet a ƙasarsa ta asali kuma ya kasance mai alheri da ya aiko mini da shi..

Bari mu ga wane irin bayani za mu iya samu daga fitowar da ta gabata:

  • eth0: Babban hanyar sadarwa tare da adireshin IPv4 10.10.10.1. Adireshin IPv6 shima ana nuna shi.
  • lo: Loopback ko gida tare da IPv4 127.0.0.1 da IPv6 -samuwa ga duk waɗannan musaya - :: 1/128.
  • budurwa0: Hanyar hanyar sadarwa irin ta Bridge -  Bkunya tare da IPv4 192.168.10.1 kuma tare da adireshin MAC 52:54:00:c8:35:5e. Wannan ƙirar haɗin kai shine abin da muka ƙirƙira da daidaitawa ta cikin Manajan Virt-Manajan na Qemu-KVM azaman hanyar sadarwa «tsoho»Na nau'in NAT.
  • nura_m_inuwa: Hanyar sadarwar yanar gizo wanda ke haifar da QEMU-KVM, na irin Anonymous Bridge- Anonymous Bridge kuma da adireshi iri daya MAC 52:54:00:c8:35:5e que budurwa0. Ba shi da adireshin IP ɗin da aka sanya.
  • vmnet8: Hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa NAT kaga cikin VMware Editan Gidan Rediyon Virtual.

El Sabis na Aikin VMware ta nasa Editan Gidan Rediyon Virtual, yana daidaita Bridges waɗanda kuka ƙirƙira tare da kowane maɓallin musayar Mai watsa shiri na daban - watsa shiri. Shin jargon da aka yi amfani dashi a ciki abubuwan da suka gabata?.

Wani aikace-aikacen - ba shi kaɗai ko na ƙarshe ba - don samun bayanai game da musaya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa shine lshw - Kayan aiki na Lissafi. lshw kayan aiki ne wanda yake fitar da cikakken bayani game da yadda injin yake. Idan muna gudu a cikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ binciken fasaha lshw
p lshw - bayani game da daidaiton kayan aiki  
p lshw-gtk - bayanin zane game da kayan aikin kayan aiki

Mun lura cewa har ma yana da zane mai zane wanda muka bar muku don gwadawa. Bari mu shigar da yanayin wasan bidiyo muyi tafiya ta gaba:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo lshw -class network
[sudo] kalmar sirri don buzz:
  *-hanyar sadarwa               
       description: Ethernet interface interface: 82579V Gigabit Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwa: Kamfanin Intel na jiki id: 19 bas bas: pci @ 0000: 00: 19.0 suna mai ma'ana: eth0 sigar: 05 serial: 70: 54: d2: 19: ad: 65 size: 100Mbit / s damar: 1Gbit / s nisa: 32 ragowa agogo: 33MHz damar: pm msi bus_master ...
  *-network ya nakasa
       bayanin: Ethernet dubawa id id: 1 suna mai ma'ana: virbr0-nic serial: 52: 54: 00: c8: 35: 5e size: 10Mbit / s damar: ethernet jiki

Bari mu sarrafa sunaye masu ma'ana na musaya

A wasu lokuta, musamman lokacin da muka canza katin hanyar sadarwar jiki ta kowane dalili, muna lura da lambar X wanda yake gano yanayin aikin ya karu da 1 kuma muna lura dashi kawai lokacin da muke gudu ifconfig -a, tsakanin la halin da ake ciki me ya faru bayan canjin. Hakanan yana iya faruwa yayin da muka cire keɓaɓɓiyar hanyar sadarwa ta kowane irin dalili, sannan kuma ƙara wani.

Abinda ke sama na iya zama mai wahala lokacin da muka saita kuma muka haɗa - daura zuwa ɗaya ko fiye da sabis, wani suna mai ma'ana mai ma'ana, ya kasance eth0, ina 1 o em0. Abu mafi rashin dacewa shine kusan koyaushe yakan faru ne bayan shekaru - watakila - daga tsarin farko. Sannan sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa suna bayyana tare da sunaye kamar su eth1,eth2, ina 2, em1, da sauransu, kuma wasu sabis sun daina aiki yadda yakamata. Wadanda suka sha wahala irin wannan yanayi Ka san abin da nake nufi 😉

Sunaye masu ma'ana na hanyoyin sadarwar cikin Debian - da wasu danginsu - ana iya samun su a cikin fayil ɗin /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules. A cikin CentOS 7 yana cikin fayil ɗin /etc/udev/rules.d/90-eno-fix.rules, alhali a cikin sifofinta na baya fayil iri daya ne kamar na Debian.

A cikin DebianIdan kanaso ka canza suna mai ma'ana na wani keɓaɓɓiyar hanyar sadarwa, nemi layin da yayi daidai da adireshin sa MAC kuma gyara darajar SUNA = ethX ta kowane irin suna mai ma'ana da kuke buƙata. Don canje-canjen suyi nasara, dole ne sake kunna kwamfutarka.

Don CentOS 7, duba aikin «Kanfigareshan Sabis Tare da GNU / Linux»Daga Joel Barrios Dueñas, wanda a ciki aka bayar da cikakken hanya.

  • Muhimmanci: A kowane hali,Ku duba! Tare da sabis HanyarKara idan kana amfani da haɗin sadarwa.

Gyara sigogin hanyoyin sadarwa

A cikin Debian, idan muna son gyara sigogin katin cibiyar sadarwa har abada, dole ne mu shirya fayil ɗin / Sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya kamar yadda aka tattauna a kasa.

Don sani daki-daki -da ƙari- duk zaɓuɓɓukan da zaku iya amfani dasu ku shawarta musayar mutum. Hakanan muna bada shawarar karanta takaddun bayanan da ke cikin babban fayil ɗin:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ ls -l / usr / share / doc / ifupdown /
duka 44 drwxr-xr-x 2 tushen tushen 4096 Aug 7 2016 contrib
drwxr-xr-x 2 tushen tushe 4096 Aug 7 2016 misalai
-rw-r - r - tushen 1 tushen 976 Jun 21 2012 haƙƙin mallaka -rw-r - r-- tushen 1 18243 13 Mar 2015 1 changelog.gz -rw-r - r- tushen 297 tushen 21 Jun LABARAI na 2012 1.Debian.gz -rw-r - r-- 454 tushen tushen 29 Nuwamba 2014 1 README -rw-r - r- 946 tushen tushen 21 Jun 2012 XNUMX ALL

Shirin dasauran

Ta hanyar shirin dasauran Zamu iya tuntuɓi, lissafa da gyara sifofin katin hanyar sadarwa kamar saurin haɗi, tattaunawa ta atomatik, jimla duba kaya - duba jimla, da dai sauransu Akwai shi a cikin wuraren ajiyar kusan duk rarrabawa.

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo gwaninta shigar ethtool
[sudo] kalmar sirri don buzz:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ethtool eth0
Saituna don eth0: Tashoshin jiragen ruwa masu tallafi: [TP] Hanyoyin haɗin haɗin goyan baya: 10baseT / Rabin 10baseT / Cikakken 100baseT / Rabin 100baseT / Full 1000baseT / Cikakken Bayanin dakatar da tsarin amfani da shi: Babu Goyon bayan tattaunawar kai tsaye: Ee Yanayin haɗin haɗi na talla: 10baseT / Rabin 10baseT / Cikakken 100baseT / Rabin 100baseT / Cikakken 1000baseT / Cikakken Tallan dakatar da firam mai amfani: Babu Tallan kai tsaye na Tallan: Ee Gudun: 100Mb / s Duplex: Cikakkiyar tashar jiragen ruwa: Twisted Biyu PHYAD: 1 Transceiver: Tattaunawar Kai tsaye ta ciki: akan MDI-X: a kan (auto) Taimakawa farkawa-kan: pumbg Tashi-kan: g matakin saƙon yanzu: 0x00000007 (7) haɗin bincike na DRV An gano hanyar haɗi: ee

Canje-canjen da muke yi ta wannan kayan aikin na ɗan lokaci ne kuma za a rasa su a sake farawa kwamfutar ta gaba. Idan muna buƙatar gyare-gyare na dindindin da aka yi ta hanyar dasauran, dole ne mu ƙara cikin fayil ɗin / Sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya umarni «shiryawa"Ko" kafin ɗaga aikin dubawa "kamar haka:

auto1 ta atomatik
iface eth1 internet dcp
pre-up / sbin / ethtool -s eth1 gudun 1000 duplex cikakke

Kamar wancan katin cibiyar sadarwa eth1 wanda ya sami adireshin IP ɗinsa daga sabar DHCP, ana gyara shi dindindin don aiki da saurin 1000 Mb / s a ​​cikin yanayi Cikakken Duplex.

  • Hanyar da ke sama ma tana aiki don katunan tare da IPs masu tsaye.

Adireshin Ip

Za mu ga ƙasa yadda za a saita adireshin IP na kayan aiki, da ƙofar - ƙofa ta hanyar tsoho, ya zama dole don sadarwa tare da sauran cibiyar sadarwar cikin gida kuma kai tsaye tare da Intanet ta hanyar su ƙofa.

  • Lokacin da muke rubutu "kai tsaye»Muna komawa ga sharuɗɗan hanyoyin sadarwar SME waɗanda aka ba da izinin Intanet ba tare da amfani da sabar ba Proxy, wanda yake ba da shawarar ba, kodayake akwai mai iko Firewall akan kwamfutar kanta da take aiki kamar Gateway. Idan lokacinka ya zo zamu tabo batun Proxy.

Jawabin na ɗan lokaci

Amfani da daidaitattun umarnin kowane rarraba Linux kamar ip, ifconfig da hanya, zamu iya saita hanyar sadarwa ta ɗan lokaci kamar yadda zamu gani a ƙasa.

Don sanya adireshin IP da mashin ɗin sa na sirri sannan a bincika aikin, bari mu aiwatar:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifconfig eth0 172.16.10.2 netmask 255.255.0.0
buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifconfig
eth0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 70: 54: d2: 19: ad: 65 inet addr: 172.16.10.2 Bcast: 172.16.255.255 Mask: 255.255.0.0 inet6 addr: fe80 :: 7254: d2ff: fe19: ad65 / 64 Tsarin: Haɗa Hanyoyin Gudanar da GABATARWA MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: fakiti 1 RX: 0 kurakurai: 0 ragu: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 TX fakitoci: kurakurai 659: 0 ragu: 0 overruns: mai ɗaukar 0: 0 haɗuwa: 0 txqueuelen: 1000 RX bytes: 0 (0.0 B) TX bytes: 115601 (112.8 KiB) Katsewa: 20 orywaƙwalwar ajiya: fe600000-fe620000

Mun kawai sanya ɗan lokaci zuwa katin eth0 adireshin IP tsaye 172.16.10.2 tare da abin rufe fuska 255.255.0.0 na Kwalejin «B» Hanyar Sadarwar Intanet Mai zaman kanta.

  • Observen que hemos modificado la configuración de la interfaz de red eth0 del propio equipo sysadmin.desdelinux.fan que antes tenía la IP 10.10.10.1/255.255.255.0 na Networkungiyar Yanar gizo mai zaman kanta ce ta "A" mai zaman kanta, kodayake tana iya karɓar bakuncin kwamfutoci 254 ne kawai bisa ga abin rufe fuska.

A daidaita cikin Gateway ta tsohuwa sannan kuma bincika aikin bari mu aiwatar:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo hanya ƙara tsoho gw 172.16.10.1 eth0

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo hanya -n
Tebur mai sarrafawa na Kernel IP inationofar Hanya Gatemas Genmask Flags Metric Ref Yi amfani da Iface 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.1 0.0.0.0 UG 1024 0 0 eth0 172.16.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 vmnet8 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0

Yanzu haka mun sanya Gateway na ɗan lokaci 172.16.10.1 zuwa dubawa eth0 172.16.10.2, yayin da sauran musaya ke kiyaye darajojin su na baya.

Don cire DUK saitunan daga katin hanyar sadarwa, bari mu gudu:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ip addr to share eth0

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifconfig
eth0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 70: 54: d2: 19: ad: 65 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1 RX fakitoci: 0 kurakurai: 0 ragu: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 TX fakitoci: kurakurai 718: 0 kika: 0 overruns: 0 mai ɗaukar hoto: 0 haɗuwa: 0 txqueuelen: 1000 RX bytes: 0 (0.0 B) TX bytes: 125388 (122.4 KiB) Katsewa: 20 orywaƙwalwar ajiya: fe600000-fe620000

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo hanya -n
Tebur mai sarrafawa na Kernel IP inationofar Hanya Gatemas Genmask Flags Metric Ref Yi amfani da Iface 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 vmnet8 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
  • Bari muyi kyakkyawan kallo, yayin da muke cire DUK saitunan cibiyar sadarwar da ta gabata hatta wanda aka bayyana a cikin fayil ɗin / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya!.

Don dawo da duniya yadda take kafin mu sake fara kwamfutar. Idan ba mu son dakatar da aiki, bari mu gudu:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifconfig eth0 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 70: 54: d2: 19: ad: 65 inet addr: 10.10.10.1 Bcast: 10.10.10.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1 RX fakitoci: 0 kurakurai: 0 kika: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 TX fakitoci: kurakurai 729: 0 kika aika: 0 overruns: 0 mai ɗaukar hoto: 0 haɗuwa: 0 txqueuelen: 1000 RX bytes: 0 (0.0 B) TX bytes: 129009 (125.9 KiB) katsewa: 20 Waƙwalwar ajiya: fe600000-fe620000

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo hanya -n
Tebur mai sarrafawa na Kernel IP inationofar Hanya Gatemas Genmask Flags Metric Ref Yi amfani da Iface 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 vmnet8 192.168.20.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 birrai0

kuma don haka zamu dawo zuwa asalin saiti.

Jawabin na ɗan lokaci ta amfani da umarnin ip

A lokuta da yawa muna motsawa tare da Laptop - kwamfyutan Cinya zuwa wata hanyar sadarwar SME da ta buƙaci ayyukanmu ko taimako kuma ba ma so mu sake fasalin ƙayyadadden tsarin aikin sadarwarta. Don cimma wannan zamu iya amfani da umarnin ip.

Umurnin ip shigar da kunshin iproute, ko tsawa2 ya dogara da rarrabawa da sigar. A cikin Debian 6 "Matsi" -a ra'ayinmu na kanmu- shafukan umarnin mutum ip sun kasance a bayyane fiye da misali, Wheezy da Jessie. ip idan an ci gaba da amfani da shi don nunawa, ko sarrafa magudi - da kwatance, na'urori, manufofin kwatance da tunnels.

Kuna iya bincika shafukan mutum don sigar shigar da amfani mutum ip.

Na yi amfani da shi ne kawai don sanya wani adireshin IP wanda ya dace da subnet na kamfanin SME LAN. Misali, bari mu sanya adireshin IP 192.168.1.250 ban da wanda kuka riga kuna dashi kuma wanene 10.10.10.1 zuwa katin sadarwar kwamfutata:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ ip addr nuna eth0
2: da: mtu 0 qdisc pfifo_fast jihar UP kungiyar tsoho qlen 1500 mahada / ether 1000: 70: d54: 2: ad: 19 brd ff: ff: ff: ff: ff: ff
    inet 10.10.10.1/24 brd 10.10.10.255 girman duniya eth0
       inganci_lft har abada fifikon_lft har abada inet6 fe80 :: 7254: d2ff: fe19: ad65 / 64 mahaɗan mahada valid_lft har abada fifikon_lft har abada

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.250/24 watsawa 192.168.1.255 dev eth0

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ ip addr nuna eth0
2: da: mtu 0 qdisc pfifo_fast jihar UP kungiyar tsoho qlen 1500 mahada / ether 1000: 70: d54: 2: ad: 19 brd ff: ff: ff: ff: ff: ff
    inet 10.10.10.1/24 brd 10.10.10.255 girman duniya eth0
       valid_lft har abada fifikon_lft har abada
    inet 192.168.1.250/24 brd 192.168.1.255 girman duniya eth0
       inganci_lft har abada fifikon_lft har abada inet6 fe80 :: 7254: d2ff: fe19: ad65 / 64 mahaɗan mahada valid_lft har abada fifikon_lft har abada

Kodayake fitowar umarnin yana nuna cewa canjin yana aiki har abada

valid_lft har abada fifikon_lft har abada

wannan baya faruwa da gaske, wanda zamu iya bincika idan muka musaki kuma nan da nan bayan mun ba da damar yin amfani da umarni a cikin tambaya Ifdow eth0 && ifup mai kyau0. Idan ba mu so mu sake farawa da ke dubawa kuma mu koma zuwa eth0 zuwa yanayin farko, muna aiwatarwa:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ip addr del 192.168.1.250/24 watsawa 192.168.1.255 dev eth0
buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ ip addr nuna eth0

Don sanin umarnin da kunshin yake girkawa tsawa2 mu gudu:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo dpkg -L iproute2 | man shafawa / bin
buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo dpkg -L iproute2 | man shafawa / sbin

Jawabin Dynamic

Idan muna son na'urar ta sami adireshin IP mai ƙarfi, dole ne mu saita hanyoyin sadarwarta ta yadda zata samu ta hanyar dhclient. Dole ne mu bayyana a cikin fayil ɗin / Sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya layuka masu zuwa don wannan ƙirar:

auto0 ta atomatik
iface da dai sauransu dhcp

Idan yayin aikin shigarwa an yanke shawarar cewa katin hanyar sadarwar ya sami IP mai ƙarfi, matakin da ya gabata ba lallai bane saboda dole ne a daidaita shi daidai don ya ba da haya ta IP daga sabar DHCP data kasance a cikin SME Network.

Idan shine zamu canza daga Static IP zuwa Dynamic one, ko kuma zamu ƙara sabon dubawa kuma muna son samun IP mai ƙarfi, don bawa wannan damar damar aiwatarwa

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifup eth0

umurta cewa a wannan yanayin yana ba da umarnin shirin dhclient fara aikin DHCP. Don kashe aikin dubawa da muke aiwatarwa

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo ifdown eth0

Umurnin da ya fara aikin saki - saki saituna ta amfani da DHCP kuma rufe hanyar sadarwa.

Gudu mutum yacce don ƙarin bayani game da shirin abokin ciniki na DHCP.

A tsaye adireshin

Mun gani a cikin labaran da yawa da suka gabata yadda za a saita IP tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwa. Babban fayil ɗin daidaitawa shine / Sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya. Misali:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ cat / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya
# Wannan fayil din yana bayanin hanyoyin sadarwar da ake samu akan tsarin # da yadda ake kunna su. Don ƙarin bayani, duba musaya (5). # Hanyar sadarwar hanyar sadarwar lopback ta atomatik losa iface lop loopback # Babban hanyar sadarwar yanar gizo damar-hotplug eth0
Iface eth0 inet static
    address 10.10.10.1/24
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    network 10.10.10.0
    broadcast 10.10.10.255
    gateway 10.10.10.101
    # dns-* options are implemented by the 
    # resolvconf package, if installed
    dns-nameservers 192.168.10.5
    dns-search desdelinux.fan

Sigogin daidaitawar hanyar sadarwa eth0 daga fayil ɗin da ke sama ya nuna:

  • kyale-hotplug eth0: Ma'anar kalmar "mota»Kuma«izini-atomatik«. Layi yana nuna cewa dubawar jiki eth0 dole ne tashi - up ta atomatik ta ɓangarori daban-daban yayin farawa kwamfuta. Yawanci ta ifup
  • Iface eth0 inet static: layi yana nuna cewa ke dubawa - nuna girman eth0 dole ne a saita shi don hanyar sadarwa TCP / IP IPv4 icallyididdigar-ƙaddara IP- kuma ba ta da ƙarfi ba, kamar yadda yake a cikin Shafin Dynamic Addressing tare da layi iface eth0 internet dcp
  • adireshin 10.10.10.1: sanya IPv4 10.10.10.1 zuwa dubawa
  • 255.255.255.0 shafin yanar gizo- Maɓallin Subnet don LAN na Class "C" na yau da kullun har zuwa kwakwalwa 254. Daidaita ma'anar bayan bayyana adireshin 10.10.10.1/24 a cikin layin da ya gabata
  • cibiyar sadarwa: subnet wanda aka sanya adireshin a tsaye
  • watsa shirye-shirye: Watsawa ko talla IP
  • ƙofa: ƙofa don yawanci haɗawa da Intanet
  • dns-sunayen- Adireshin IP uwar garken IP idan an shigar da kunshin shawarwari wanda bai kamata a rude shi da fayil din ba /etc/resolv.conf - ko warware
  • dns-bincika: tsoho yankin bincike a cikin tambayoyin DNS

Za'a iya sauƙaƙa abubuwan da ke cikin fayil ɗin da ke sama zuwa:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ cat / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya
auto lo iface lo inet loopback

izinin-hotplug eth0 iface eth0 adireshin da ke tsaye tsaye 10.10.10.1/24

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ ip addr nuna eth0
2: kwari: mtu 0 qdisc pfifo_fast jihar UP kungiyar tsoho qlen 1500 mahada / ether 1000: 70: d54: 2: ad: 19 brd ff: ff: ff: ff: ff: ff inet 65/10.10.10.1 brd 24 ikon yin komai a duniya eth10.10.10.255 valid_lft har abada fifita_lft har abada inet0 fe6 :: 80: d7254ff: fe2: ad19 / 65 mahaɗan mahada valid_lft har abada fifikon_lft har abada

Duk sauran sigogin zasu ɗauki ƙa'idodin tsoho, ba tare da manta ƙimar da muka bayyana a cikin fayil ɗin ba /etc/resolv.conf al NO yi shigar da kunshin shawarwari.

Bridge - Haɗin Bridge

Don yin gada - Bridge kana buƙatar shigar da kunshin kayan gada:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo gwaninta shigar da kayan gada

Ana amfani da gadoji a cikin Virarfafawa. Bari mu ce muna da sabar HP Proliant ML 350 Gen 8 ko Gen 9 uwar garken tare da hanyoyin sadarwa na 4. Zamu iya barin ɗayan ta don sadarwa kai tsaye tare da Mai watsa shiri - watsa shiri wannan yana goyan bayan injunan kamala. Tare da sauran ukun zamu iya yin gada mara suna -ba tare da sanya kowane adireshin IP ba- kuma haɗa injunan kama-da-wane zuwa waccan gada don su sami damar amfani da SME LAN, waɗannan injunan kama-da-wane suna da adreshin IP masu ƙarfi ko tsayayye.

Wannan aboki mai amfani ya bani abokina kuma abokin aikina Eduardo Noel ne adam wata. Hakanan, a cikin fayil ɗin / usr / share / doc / ifupdown / misalai / gada za mu sami rubutun - script kan yadda za a cike hanyoyin sadarwa da yawa.

buzz @ mai watsa shiri: ~ $ sudo nano / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya
auto lo iface loace inp loopback izinin-hotplug eth0 iface eth0 inet adreshin tsaye 192.168.10.27 iface eth1 inet manual iface eth2 inet manual iface eth3 inet manual # Bridge Anonymous auto br0 iface br0 inet manual Bridge_ports eth1 eth2 eth3

Tsaya

Maganar Sadarwa tana da wahala kuma yana buƙatar karatu da aiki sosai. Sysadmin yana bukatar sanin abubuwan mahimmanci. Wannan labarin shine kawai Mafi qarancin Yankin Shiga. Babu sauran.

Ba mu taɓa - kuma ba za mu taɓa - ba OSI samfurin «Bude Haɗin Tsarin»Wanne ne samfurin samfurin don ladabi na hanyar sadarwa tare da gine-ginen da aka shimfida a cikin 1980 wanda Internationalungiyar forasa ta forasa don Ingantawa«ISO".

Sauka cikin ka'idojin ka'idoji na OSI samfurin, kusan yayi daidai da saukowa zuwa Gidan yanar gizo mai zurfi ko Yanar gizo mai zurfi ... a kalla a gare ni cewa ban zama ba Dan Dandatsa.

Isarwa na gaba

Gabatarwa zuwa Sabis na Tabbatarwa


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  1.   Zodiac Carburus m

    Umurnin ip Na yi amfani da shi kamar ku, Fico, a lokuta da yawa kuma ya zama jigon rayuwa. Dole ne kawai ku yi rubutu game da hanyoyin sadarwar masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka keɓe don hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci. Labari mara kyau don haka "mai amfani ne" ko jagora kuma yawancin sun ziyarta bashi da karin tsokaci.

  2.   Zodiac Carburus m

    Na gano tsallakewa daga ɓangarenku, Fico. A cikin sanarwar gada ya ce:
    iface br0 inet jagora

    Kamar yadda kuka sani, tare da wannan layin guda lokacin da sake farawa gadar baya hawa kai tsaye. Ya kamata a ce:

    mota br0
    IFACE BRO INET MANUAL
    Bridge_ports eth1 eth2 eth3

    Marabanku. 🙂

  3.   federico m

    Barka dai Zodiac.
    Kai kamar yadda koyaushe kake karanta sakonnina a cikin zurfin.
    Zan saka batun cibiyoyin sadarwar masu zaman kansu a cikin labarin farko na Samba 4. Kuma a, na manta ne in rubuta mota br0 a farkon daidaitawar gada. Bari mu gani idan ƙaunataccen Luigys, mai kula da rukunin yanar gizo, yana gyara post ɗin.
    Na gode sosai da lokacinku, Zodiac.

  4.   son shi m

    Ina son karanta irin waɗannan koyarwar akan RSS. Na karanta su na dogon lokaci kuma na faɗi cewa su kamar surori ne. Nace ... Na gode, na karanta ka

  5.   federico m

    Da kyau, ci gaba da jin daɗin karatu, Ado Ello. Murna!