Yaya aka tsara kundin adireshi a GNU / Linux?

Da yawa daga cikinmu sun koyi amfani da kwamfutarmu ta hanyar amfani da wasu nau'ikan Windows. Ofaya daga cikin ƙwarewar farko da suke koya mana (ko kuma aƙalla yadda hakan ta faru da ni) shine sarrafa bayananmu da ke cikin kayan aikin mu, ko a kan rumbun kwamfutarka ko na watsa labarai masu cirewa (Har yanzu ina tuna malamai na da suke jarabawa game da yadda ake motsawa, kwafa, ƙirƙira, tsarawa da gano fayiloli da manyan fayiloli a cikin tsarin, waɗancan mutanen sun sami gajiya tare da mai sarrafa fayil na Win 3.1 XD).

A wannan lokacin za mu ga yadda matsayin shugabanci a cikin GNU / Linux. Gaskiya ne cewa ba lallai ba ne a san shi 100%, amma ku yi imani da ni cewa zai sauƙaƙa rayuwarku don samun ra'ayin sa;).

Na yi niyyar wannan labarin in yi aiki da ma'ana biyu na kasancewa jagorar samun dama cikin sauri, haka nan kuma kasancewa jagorar jagora don tunani na gaba. Don wannan, bayanin da, na yi imani, ya fi yawa "Musamman" yana cikin ƙaramin launi don gwadawa da sauƙaƙe karatu cikin sauri.

Babban tsarin kundin adireshi

A cikin tsarin fayil na UNIX (da makamantansu, kamar GNU / Linux), akwai ƙananan ƙananan matakan kundin adireshi waɗanda ke da ɗimbin yawa da daban-daban ajiya da ayyukan ƙungiya a cikin tsarin. Wadannan kundin adireshi za a iya rarraba su cikin:

<° Tsayayye: Ya ƙunshi fayilolin da ba sa canzawa ba tare da sa hannun mai gudanarwa ba (tushen), duk da haka, kowane mai amfani zai iya karanta su. (/ bin, / sbin, / fita, / taya, / usr / bin...)

<° Dynamic: Ya ƙunshi fayilolin da suke canzawa, kuma ana iya karantawa da rubuta su (wasu kawai ta mai amfanin su da tushen su). Sun ƙunshi saituna, takardu, da dai sauransu. (/ var / wasiku, / var / spool, / var / gudu, / var / kulle, / gida...)

<° Raba: Ya ƙunshi fayilolin da za a iya samu akan komputa ɗaya kuma a yi amfani da shi a kan wani, ko ma a raba tsakanin masu amfani.

<° Restuntataccen: Ya ƙunshi fayilolin da ba za a iya raba su ba, mai gudanarwa ne kawai zai iya gyaggyara su. (/ sauransu, / taya, / var / gudu, / var / kulle...)

tushen: shine sunan al'ada na asusun mai amfani wanda ke da dukkan haƙƙoƙi a duk hanyoyi (mai amfani ɗaya ko mai yawa). Akidar kuma ana kiranta superuser. Yawanci wannan shine asusun mai gudanarwa. Tushen mai amfani na iya yin abubuwa da yawa waɗanda mai amfani da kowa ba zai iya ba, kamar canza masu fayil ko izini da ɗaurawa zuwa ƙananan tashar jiragen ruwa. Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da tushen mai amfani don sauƙin amfani na yau da kullun ba, saboda yana sanya tsarin cikin haɗari ta hanyar ba da damar samun dama ga kowane shirin gudana. Zai fi dacewa don amfani da asusun mai amfani na al'ada kuma amfani da umarnin su don samun damar gatan tushen idan ya cancanta.

Wannan tsari ana wakiltar shi a cikin sifar itace, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto mai zuwa:

inda asalin itaciyar/) shine tushen dukkanin kundin adireshi da rassa (kundayen adireshi da fayiloli) tashi ko rataya daga tushe.

 Tsarin bishiyoyi a cikin GNU / Linux

Wasu rarrabuwa na Linux suna yin gyare-gyare ga tsarin itacen kundin adireshi, don dacewa da buƙatunsu. Duk da haka dai daidaitaccen shine mai zuwa:

Wannan shine yadda yake kallon kwamfutata (har ma a cikin hotunan kariyar allo na nuna ruhun ƙarfe na XD):

Isasshen hanyoyin kuma bari mu nitse cikin batun ...

Bayanin eTsarin bishiyoyi

 

<° / (tushe): Kama da tushen kundin adireshi "VS: \”Na tsarin DOS da Windows. Shine matakin mafi girma a tsakanin tsarin shugabanci, shine akwatin ga dukkan tsarin (samun dama ga tsarin fayil, gami da diski masu cirewa [CD's, DVD's, pen drives, etc.)).

<° / bin (binary): Binaries sune masu aiwatarwa na Linux (kama da fayiloli .exe Windows). Anan zamu sami masu aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tsarin aiki.

<° / taya (taya): Anan zamu sami fayilolin da ake buƙata don fara Linux, daga fayilolin sanyi na bootloader (Grub - Lilo), har ma nasa kernel na tsarin.

Boot Loader: tsari ne mai sauki (wanda bashi da dukkan aikin tsarin aiki) an tsara shi ne kawai don shirya duk abin da tsarin aiki yake buƙata don aiki.

Core ko kwaya: shine software wanda shine mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren tsarin aiki. Babban mutum ne mai kula da samar da shirye-shirye daban-daban tare da amintaccen damar zuwa kayan aikin komputa ko ta hanyar asali, yana kula da sarrafa albarkatu, ta hanyar ayyukan kiran tsarin.

<° / dev (na'urori): Wannan babban fayil din yana dauke da na’urorin tsarin, ko da wadanda ba a sanya su ba (wadanda aka sanya su a ciki), misali makirufo, firintoci, mashinan alkalami (sandunan USB) da na’urori na musamman (misali, / dev / null). Linux yana kula da na'urori kamar sune ƙarin fayil ɗaya don sauƙaƙe kwararar bayanai.

/ dev / na'urar banza ko mara amfani (null peripheral): fayil ne na musamman wanda yake watsar da duk bayanan da aka rubuta ko aka tura su a ciki. Hakanan, baya samar da wani bayanai ga kowane tsari wanda yayi ƙoƙari ya karanta daga gare shi, kawai dawo da EOF ko ƙarshen fayil. Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita ta hanyar juyawa, tunda / dev / null fayel ne na musamman kuma ba kundin adireshi ba; saboda haka, baza ku iya motsa (mv) ko kwafe (cp) fayiloli a ciki ba.

<° / sauransu (sauransu): Ana adana fayilolin sanyi na shirye-shiryen da aka sanya a nan, da kuma wasu rubutun da aka zartar a farkon tsarin. Canimar waɗannan fayilolin sanyi za a iya haɓaka ko maye gurbinsu da fayilolin sanyi na mai amfani da kowane ɗayan yake da shi a cikin "gida" na gida (babban fayil ɗin kansa).

• / sauransu / ficewa / Fayil na Kanfigareshan don shirye-shiryen da aka shirya cikin shugabanci / fita.
  

• / sauransu / X11 / Fayil jingina don Tsarin Window na X, fasali 11.

X: Yana kula da nuna bayanan hoto kwata-kwata daga tsarin aiki.

• / sauransu / sgml / Fayil na daidaitawa don SGML.

Harshen SGML: Ya ƙunshi tsarin don ƙungiya da lakabi na takardu. Ana amfani dashi don tantance ƙa'idodi don yiwa takunkumi takardu kuma baya sanya kowane takamaiman alama saiti.

• / sauransu / xml / Fayil na daidaitawa don XML.

XML: Harshen magana ne wanda za'a iya karawa dashi wanda World Conside Web Consortium (W3C) ta kirkira. Sauƙaƙewa ne da daidaitawa na SGML. Abu ne mai sauƙin aiwatarwa saboda yana nisantar da wasu sifofin SGML na ci gaba.

<° / gida (gida): Anan akwai fayilolin sanyi masu amfani da fayilolinsu na sirri (takardu, kiɗa, bidiyo, da dai sauransu), ban da babban mai kulawa (mai gudanarwa, tushen) wanda ke da kundin adireshi daban. Mai kama da "Takardu na" a Windows.

<° / lib (dakunan karatu): Ya ƙunshi mahimman ɗakunan karatu da aka raba (wanda aka fi sani da ɗakunan karatu) na shirye-shiryen da aka shirya, wato, don binaries a / bin / y / sbin /, dakunan karatu na kwaya, da kuma kayayyaki da direbobi.

<° / ma'ana (ma'ana / ma'ana): Ya ƙunshi wuraren hawa na kafofin watsa labarai masu cirewa, kamar masu karatu CD-ROM, Pendrives (memorywa memorywalwar USB), har ma yana aiki don hawa sauran ɓangarorin na diski ɗaya, kamar ɓangaren da wani tsarin yake amfani da shi. aiki.

<° / mnt (firam): Ana amfani da wannan kundin adireshin don hawa hawa na ɗan lokaci. Littafin adireshi ne mai kama da / kafofin watsa labarai, amma galibi masu amfani ne ke amfani dashi. Ana amfani dashi don hawa dutsen rumbun kwamfutarka da bangare akan lokaci akan tsarin; baku buƙatar kalmar sirri, sabanin kundin adireshin / kafofin watsa labarai.

<° / ficewa (na zaɓi): Ya ƙunshi fakitin shirye-shiryen zaɓi don aikace-aikacen yau da kullun, ma'ana, ana iya raba su tsakanin masu amfani. Waɗannan aikace-aikacen ba sa adana saitunan su a cikin wannan kundin adireshin; Ta wannan hanyar, kowane mai amfani na iya samun daidaitaccen tsari na aikace-aikacen iri ɗaya, don haka a raba aikace-aikacen amma ba jituwa ta masu amfani ba, waɗanda aka adana a cikin kundin adireshin su / gida.

<° / proc (matakai): Ya ƙunshi galibi fayilolin rubutu, tsarin fayil ɗin kama-da-wane waɗanda ke adana kwaya da matsayin matakai a cikin fayilolin rubutu (misali lokacin aiki, hanyar sadarwa)

<° / tushen (mai gudanarwa): Gida ne na mai gudanarwa (kawai a gare shi). Shi kadai ne / gida wanda ba a haɗa shi ba -a tsoho- a cikin kundin da aka ambata a baya.

<° / sbin (tsarin binaries): Tsarin binary na musamman, umarni da shirye-shirye keɓaɓɓe ga superuser (tushe), misali init, hanya, ifup, kamar su Mount, umount, shutdown). Mai amfani zai iya gudanar da ɗayan waɗannan aikace-aikacen umarnin, idan suna da isassun izini, ko kuma idan suna da kalmar wucewa ta superuser.

<° / srv (ayyuka): Bayanin tsarin game da wasu ayyukan da yake bayarwa (FTP, HTTP ...).

<° / tmp (na ɗan lokaci): Littafin adireshi ne inda aka adana fayilolin wucin gadi (misali: ta hanyar burauzar intanet). Duk lokacin da aka fara tsarin wannan tsabtace kundin adireshi.

<° / usr (masu amfani): Matsayi na biyu na bayanan mai amfani; ya ƙunshi yawancin abubuwan amfani da aikace-aikace masu amfani da yawa, ma'ana, yana da sauƙi ga duk masu amfani. A wasu kalmomin, ya ƙunshi fayilolin da aka raba, amma duk da haka ana karanta su kawai. Wannan kundin adireshin har ma za'a iya raba shi tare da wasu kwamfutocin akan hanyar sadarwar gida.

• / usr / bin: Saitin masu aiwatarwa (ba mai gudanarwa ba ga duk masu amfani) na yawancin aikace-aikacen tebur tsakanin waɗansu (misali Firefox). Suna iya karantawa ne kawai, amma suna iya samun saitunan kansu don kowane mai amfani a cikin / gida. Wasu masu aiwatarwa suna raba ɗakunan karatu guda ɗaya waɗanda sauran aikace-aikace suka raba, don haka gabaɗaya babu dakunan karatu guda biyu iri ɗaya a kan tsarin ɗaya, wanda ke adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma yana ba da ƙarin tsari.

• / usr / hada: Fayilolin rubutun don C da C ++.

• / Usr / lib: Laburare don C da C ++.

• / usr / gida: Yana da wani matakin a cikin wanda ke ba da matsayi mai kama da kundin adireshin kanta / usr.

• / usr / sbin: Tsarin binary mara mahimmanci; misali, daemons don sabis na cibiyar sadarwa daban-daban. Wato, ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen da basa samar da hanyar amfani da mai amfani kuma gabaɗaya ana gudanar dashi a tsarin farawa ko ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Ba mai amfani da su ke gudanar da su kai tsaye yayin da suke gudana, kodayake ana iya saita su kafin a fara su.

• / usr / raba: Fayilolin da aka raba kamar fayilolin sanyi, hotuna, gumaka, jigogi, da sauransu.

• / usr / src: Lambobin tushe na wasu aikace-aikace da kwayar Linux. Kamar / mnt, ana amfani da wannan babban fayil ɗin ta masu amfani kai tsaye don su sami damar adana lambar tushe na shirye-shirye da dakunan karatu kuma ta haka za su iya samun damar ta cikin sauƙi, ba tare da matsaloli tare da izini ba. Yana ba da lambar tushe don samun sararin kansa, mai sauƙi amma nesa da duk masu amfani.

• / usr / X11R6 / X Window Window, Shafi na 11, Saki 6. Wannan kundin adireshin yana da alaƙa da yanayin zane.

 

<° / var (masu canji): Fayiloli masu canzawa, kamar rajistan ayyukan, fayilolin ɓoyewa, rumbunan adana bayanai, fayilolin e-mail na ɗan lokaci, da wasu fayiloli na ɗan lokaci gaba ɗaya. Gabaɗaya yana aiki azaman tsarin rajista. Taimaka don gano asalin matsala.

• / var / cache: Ajiyayyen aikace-aikacen kwamfuta, kodayake ana amfani da kundin t / tmp don ɗaya.
• / var / karo / Ana adana bayanai da bayanai, suna nufin haɗuwa ko kurakuran tsarin aiki. Ya fi takamaiman bayani / var gabaɗaya
• / var / wasanni / Masu canzawa daga wasannin tsarin. Wannan kundin adireshin ba shi da mahimmanci kuma galibi ana barin shi ta hanyar aikace-aikacen wasan da kansu, tunda suna amfani da babban fayil ɗin mai amfani a ciki / gida don adana bayanai masu canzawa azaman daidaitawa, misali. Koyaya, wasannin gnome suna amfani da wannan kundin adireshi.
• / var / lib: Bayani kan yanayin aikace-aikacen yanzu, ana iya canza su ta aikace-aikacen da kansu.
• / var / kulle: Fayilolin da ke tabbatar da cewa takamaimai aikace-aikacen da suka buƙaci keɓancewa kawai ke amfani da kayan aiki, har sai an sake shi.
• / var / log: Yana da ɗayan mahimman ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi tunda ana ajiye kowane irin tsarin rajistan ayyukan anan.
• / var / wasiku: Akwatin gidan waya ko sakonni daga masu amfani. Idan baku yi amfani da ɓoye-ɓoye ba, to ana amfani da babban fayil ɗin mutum gaba ɗaya don aiki iri ɗaya ta shirye-shiryen da ke kula da imel.
• / var / ficewa: Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin / fita.
• / var / gudu: Bayanai na kwanan nan. Yana ma'amala da aikin tsarin tun daga bututun karshe. Misali, masu rijista ko masu amfani a halin yanzu, waɗanda suka shiga; da aljanun da suke gudu.
• / var / spool: Ksawainiyar da ke jiran aiki (misali, buga layuka da wasiƙar da ba a karanta ba).
• / var / tmp: Fayil na wucin gadi wanda, sabanin haka / tmp, ba a share su tsakanin zama ko tsarin sake farawa, amma har yanzu ana iya rarraba su.

<° / sys (tsarin): Ya ƙunshi sigogin sanyi na tsarin aiki. Bayanai masu magana game da kwaya, bas, na'urori, firmware, fs (filesystem) da sauransu.

<° / rasa + samu: A kan tsarin Unix, kowane ɗayan sassan / tsarin fayiloli yana da kundin adireshi da ake kira / rasa + samu wanda aka dawo da fayiloli da kundayen adireshi (ko ragowar su) bayan nazarin tsarin fayiloli ta hanyar kayan aikin fsck, duk wannan yawanci ana haifar dashi ne ta hanyar hadarurruka, tilasta kashe kwamfutocin, katsewar lantarki, da sauransu

Duk waɗannan fayilolin da kundin adireshi sun dawo dasu bayan fsck ana adana su tare da tsari mai zuwa a cikin kundin adireshin / rasa + samu, sunan kowane fayil shine lambar shigarwa:

drwxr-xr-x 3 tushen tushe 4096 2010-03-12 09:38 # 123805
drwxr-xr-x 3 tushen tushe 4096 2010-03-12 09:38 # 125488
drwxr-xr-x 3 tushen tushe 4096 2010-03-12 09:38 # 135836
-rw-r - r- tushen 2 tushen 2473 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137864
-rw-r - r- tushen 2 tushen 18505 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137865
-rw-r - r- tushen 2 tushen 56140 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137866
-rw-r - r- tushen 2 tushen 25978 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137867
-rw-r - r- tushen 2 tushen 16247 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137868
-rw-r - r- tushen 2 tushen 138001 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137869
-rw-r - r- tushen 2 tushen 63623 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137870
-rw-r - r- tushen 2 tushen 34032 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137871
-rw-r - r- tushen 2 tushen 2536 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137872

Waɗannan fayilolin na iya zama masu lalacewa ko kuma ba su cika ba, amma muna iya yin sa'a kuma mu sami abin da muke tsammanin ya ɓace bayan fsck. Dole ne mu sake nazarin fayiloli da kundin adireshi ɗaya bayan ɗaya saboda sunan fayil ɗin ya ɓace. Zai iya zama aiki mai wahala a ratsa dukkan fayiloli da kundayen adireshi kuma a gwada mayar da su a inda suke, a wasu lokuta yana iya zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba.

fsck (duba tsarin fayil ko tsarin daidaito fayil): shine mai amfani wanda aikin sa shine warware rashin daidaito a cikin tsarin fayil, tunda yana gyara kuskuren da za'a iya samu a cikin tsarin. fsck yana gudana ta atomatik a tsarin farawa akan gazawa, amma kuma ana iya amfani dashi da hannu ta hanyar mai gudanarwa don tilasta rajistan.

Don haka ka sani, ka yi karatun ta natsu, domin gobe akwai jarabawar XD ...

Harshen Fuentes:

<°wikipedia

<° http://tuxpepino.wordpress.com/2008/01/09/jerarquia-directorios-gnulinux/