Tsarin mallakar mallaka da madadin su na kyauta

Idan ya zo ga fasahar sadarwa (ICT), a zahirin gaskiya "gwagwarmayarmu" ta wuce iyakar kayan aikin kyauta. A zahiri, akwai aƙalla manyan fannoni 4: kayan aiki kyauta, software kyauta, free matsayin y free FormatsWannan labarin ya dogara ne akan asalin Estréllate y Arde kuma yayi ƙoƙari don ba da gudummawar yashi a gare mu don yin tunani tare game da girman ƙalubalen da ke gabanmu.

A cikin duniyar dijital, da tsari a cikin abin da muke adana bayananmu, tunda tsarin mallakar mallaka yana sanya ƙuntatawa akan amfani. Akwai nau'ikan nau'i biyu:

1. Tsarin mallaka (o rufe): su ne waɗanda ke da takunkumin amfani da doka, ba wanda zai iya aiwatar da su tunda ƙayyadaddun bayanan su ba na jama'a bane, suna ƙarƙashin biyan lasisi kuma ana sarrafawa da bayyana ta abubuwan da ke so.
2. free Formats (o bude): su ne waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun bayanai a ƙarƙashin lasisi na kyauta kuma kowa zai iya aiwatar da shi ba tare da ƙuntatawa na amfani da doka ba. Galibi ana buga su kuma ƙungiyoyi ne ke ɗaukar nauyin su bude matsayin, kodayake kamfanoni da dama sun haɓaka su da yawa.

Yana da kyau a faɗi cewa akwai nau'ikan tsari da yawa, kodayake wasu suna iya ɗaukarsu "matasan", don "masu tsarkin" sun kasance tsarukan mallaka. Waɗannan su ne, alal misali, waɗancan tsarukan da ke ba da bayanan su a fili (wato, tsari da ƙwarewar ciki na fayilolin da aka adana a wannan tsarin) amma shirye-shiryen da ke karanta waɗannan tsare-tsaren ana "tilasta" su biya lasisi don amfani da su. Na wannan tsari ta hanyar shari'a kuma ba za a iya shigar da kara a gaban shari'a da sauran ayyukan shari'a ba. Wannan shi ne batun MP3. 

Yakamata muyi amfani da tsari kyauta. Tsarin mallakar mallakar mu ya sanya mu masu amfani da kamammun, ci gaban sifofin kyauta ba'a iya dakatar dashi. Zuwa ga cewa har ma satar fasaha tana amfanar waɗannan masu haɓaka software, saboda yana taimaka wajan "amfani dashi" ga mutane don amfani da shirye-shiryenku kuma, sakamakon haka, tsarin fayil ɗin da suke tallafawa. Babban dalilin da yasa da yawa basa canzawa zuwa Linux, misali, saboda suna mamaki: "... kuma shin zan iya buɗe fayilolin Kalma na a wurin?".

Taimako na tsarin mallakar mallakar Linux
Kusan duk tsare-tsaren (kyauta da na mallaka) ana tallafawa akan Linux.

Bari mu ga tsarin da aka fi sani da halayensu.

Fayilolin rubutu a bayyane

• De facto misali: TXT (.txt), Tsarin kyauta.

Documentos

• De facto misali: DOC (.doc), tsarin MS-Word mai mallakarta.
• Dole ne mu watsar da shi kuma muyi amfani da tsari na kyauta: Rubutun OpenDocument (odt). Don takaddun wadatattun takardu zamu iya amfani da tsari kyauta Tsarin Rubuta Mawadaci (rtf).

Bayanan yada bayanai

• De facto misali: xls (.xls), tsarin MS-Excel na kamfani.
• Dole ne mu watsar da shi kuma muyi amfani da tsari na kyauta: OpenDocument Maƙunsar Bayani (.odasu).

Gabatarwa

• De facto misali: PPT (.ppt), tsarin MS-PowerPoint na kamfani.
• Dole ne mu watsar da shi kuma muyi amfani da tsari na kyauta: Bayanin OpenDocument (.odp).

Takardu (karanta kawai)

• De facto misali: PDF (.pdf), Tsarin Adobe kyauta.
• Madadin kai tsaye shine tsarin kyauta Djvu (.djvu).
• Duk daidaitattun tsare-tsaren harsunan bayanin shafi suna da 'yanci, kasancewar ana san su sosai PostScript (.ps).

Littattafan E-littattafai

• Tsarin mallaka: Microsoft Reader (.kai), Kindle (.prc, .azw),.
• Tsarin kyauta: Rubutun jirgin sama (.txt), Rubutu Mai Yawa (rtf), HTML (.html), PDF (.pdf), Djvu (.djvu), ePub (.epub), MobiPocket (.mobi), Buɗe Ebook (.eb).

Fayilolin matsi

• De facto misali:
• tarballs (.tar.gz) akan Linux.
• Tsarin kyauta ZIP (.zip) da tsarin mallaka RAR (rar) a cikin Windows.
• Wasu tsare-tsaren kyauta don amfani: 7 Zip (.7z), Zip din GNU (.gz), bZip2 (bz2), da dai sauransu.
• Duk daidaitattun tsari don shirya da damfara Suna da 'yanci.

Hotunan Disk

• De facto misali: ISO (.iso), Tsarin kyauta.
• Sauran tsare-tsaren kyauta bisa tushen ISO: CUE / BIN (.bin, .ceto).
• Tsarin mallakar mallaka: Clone CD Control fayil (.ccd), Kai tsaye Taskar Amsoshi (.da), Matsakaicin Mai Bayyanawa (.mds), ROM na Nero (.nrg), da dai sauransu.

Bitmap zane-zane

• De facto misali: babu ko ɗaya, mafi yawan waɗanda aka yi amfani da su sune GIF, JPEG da PNG.
• A halin yanzu duk daidaitattun tsare-tsaren bitmap Suna da 'yanci.
• Tsarin PNG (.PNG) yana cimma matsawa mafi girma ba tare da asarar inganci ba.
• Don bayyane ko rayarwa, GIF (.gif) shima zabi ne mai kyau, ba tare da asarar inganci ba.
• Tsarin JPEG (.jpg) ya dace da hotunan da aka yi niyya don Intanit, saboda yana matsawa tare da asarar inganci, amma ana iya daidaita ingancin.
• Tsarin WebP (.webp) an kirkireshi kwanan nan Google ta dogara da Codec VP8. Yana gasa kai tsaye tare da JPEG.

Zane mai zane

• De facto misali: Photoshop (.psd), Tsarin mallakar Adobe Photoshop.
• Dole ne mu watsar da shi kuma muyi amfani da tsari kyauta: eXperimental Computing Facility (.xcf), Tsarin da aka yi amfani dashi a ciki GIMP.

Kayan zane-zane

• De facto misali: Flash Macromedia (.swf), Tsarin mallaka na Adobe. Hakanan ana amfani dashi sosai microsoft metafile (.wmf).
• Dole ne mu watsar da shi kuma muyi amfani da tsari na kyauta: SVG (.svg).

CAD

• De facto misali: DWG (.dwg), Tsarin mallaka na AutoCAD.
• Dole ne mu watsar da shi kuma muyi amfani da tsari na kyauta: DXF (.dxf).

3D

• De facto misali: babu, akwai da yawa Tsarin 3D.
• Dole ne muyi amfani da tsari kyauta: Saukewa: X3D (.x3d).

audio

• De facto misali: MP3 (.mp3), Tsarin mallakar Fraunhofer Institute.
• Dole ne mu watsar da shi kuma muyi amfani da tsari na kyauta: ogg vorbis (.ogg), FLAC (.flac) don sauti mara asara da Magana (yawanci a cikin akwatin .ogg) don yin rikodin murya.
• Sauran hanyoyin:
• AAC (.m4a, .mp4), Tsarin mallakar ta iTunes.
• wma (.wma), tsarin mallakar MS-Windows Media Audio.
• QuickTime (.mov), Tsarin mallakar Apple.
• RealAudio (.ra), Tsarin mallakar RealNetworks.
• AMR (.amr), tsarin mallaka don rikodin murya.

Video

• De facto misali:
• MPEG (.mpg), Tsarin MPEG na mallaka.
• DIVX (.avi), tsarin mallaka na DivX.
• Dole ne mu watsar da su mu yi amfani da:
• Og Theora (.ogv).
• xvid (.avi).
• Yanar Gizo (.zaka)
• Sauran hanyoyin:
• WMV (.wmv), Tsarin mallakar MS-Windows Media Video.
• QuickTime (.mov), Tsarin mallakar Apple.
• ainihin bidiyo (.rm), Tsarin mallakar RealNetworks.

Multimedia ganga

Un akwatin multimedia wani nau'in fayil ne wanda ke adana sauti, bidiyo, subtitles, surori, meta-data, da dai sauransu. Za'a shigar da sauti da bidiyo a ɗayan samfuran da ke sama, saboda haka zamu buƙaci kododin da suka dace.

• De facto misali:

• MPEG-4 (.mpg), Tsarin MPEG na mallaka.
• AVI (.avi), Tsarin mallaka na Microsoft (ASF, .asf, don yawo).
• Dole ne mu watsar da shi kuma mu yi amfani da:
• Ogg (.ogg).
• matroska (.mkv).
• Sauran hanyoyin:
• QuickTime (.mov), Tsarin mallaka na Apple don kododin sa.
• RealMedia (.rm), Tsarin kamfani na RealNetworks don kododin sa.

DVDs

• Odearfafa ko kewaye kare-kariya kariya ta DVDs ɓoye ɓoye doka ne a ƙasashe da yawa (fashin teku). Amma a wasu ƙasashe waɗannan ayyukan halal ne:
• a Spain da haƙƙin mallaka na sirri ba ka damar yin kwafin DVD da CD a kowane matsakaici.
• A Amurka, wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna bayyana shi a matsayin doka don warware tsarin kwafin DVD macrovision don yin kwafin ajiya tare da shirye-shirye kamar DVD Decrypter.
• a kasar Norway, kotuna sun bayyana halalcin soke tsarin kwafi na DVD CSS (Tsarin Scrambling System) a cikin gwaji akan saurayi Jon johansen (aka DVD Jon) lokacin da ya karya algorithm.

Bidiyo na Yanar gizo

• De facto misali: Bidiyo Flash (.flv), Tsarin mallaka na Adobe.
• Dole ne mu watsar da shi kuma muyi amfani da tsari na kyauta: HTML 5 + VP8.