Arch Linux: Sabunta Tsarin Shigarwa na Basic.

Da farko dai, wannan jagora ne na yau da kullun zuwa tsarin shigarwa na tsarin tushe na Arch dangane da jagororin GESPADAS da kuma Jagorar mara izini na Arch Linux.

Babu wani sabon abu da za'a fada tunda duka suna da kyau amma ga wadanda suka yanke shawarar girkawa da gwada shi, wannan jagorar yana da ni'ima kuma ana sabunta shi zuwa sabon ISO da aka fitar daga rarraba wanda ya haɗa da SYSTEMD ta tsohuwa.

Kodayake na riga na sami gogewa game da rarrabawa, Na lura cewa akwai wasu bayanai kan aikin kuma saboda haka zan yi masa gyara.

GASKIYAR MEDIA:

Da zarar an sauke hoton akwai zaɓuɓɓuka masu yiwuwa guda 2:

• Burnona hoton zuwa CD / DVD tare da shirin daidai (K3B, Brasero, XFBurn, da sauransu).
• Yi amfani da sandar USB ko PENDRIVE (yi amfani da umarnin dd).

KWATA DA SHIRI NA FARKO

Dogaro da nau'in Na'urar sarrafawar da muke da (Bits 32 ko 64) mun zaɓi ɗaya wanda ya dace:

Da zarar aikin ya ƙare, za a nuna alamar tuni an shiga as Akidar.

MAGANAR DA ALPHABET

Da farko dai, dole ne ka saita daidaiton keyboard, saboda wannan dole ne ka rubuta mai zuwa:

# loadkeys distribucion teclado

Misali, idan kuna son amfani da madannai a Latin Spanish Spanish, amfani la-latin1 ko kuma idan Spain ce ta Spain ko kuma ta gargajiya, kawai es. Don ƙarin tuntuɓar shawara a nan.

Dole ne a canza nau'in haruffa, saboda yawancin harsuna suna amfani da alamun da yawa fiye da haruffa 26 na haruffa Ingilishi. In ba haka ba, wasu baƙon haruffa na iya bayyana kamar farin murabba'ai ko wasu alamomi. Don kauce wa abin da ke sama, dole ne ka saka:

# saitin Lat2-Terminus16

HARSHE A GASKIYA

Ta tsohuwa, an saita harshe zuwa Turanci na Amurka. Don canza yare don tsarin shigarwa (Sifen, misali), cire alamar # a gaban gida kuna so a cikin fayil ɗin /etc/locale.gen, tare da Ingilishi (Amurka).

# nano /etc/locale.gen
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
en_ES.UTF-8 UTF-8

Latsa Ctrl X don fita, da kuma lokacin da ta neme ka da ka ajiye canje-canje, latsa Y sa'an nan kuma Intro don amfani da sunan fayil iri ɗaya.

Kwatanta abin da ke sama, da fatan za a aiwatar da mai zuwa:

# yanki-gen 
# fitarwa LANG = es_ES.UTF-8

HADA ZUWA NETWORK

Don kauce wa rikitarwa a lokacin shigarwa, ana ba da shawarar yin hakan ta hanyar sadarwar mai waya tunda tun da direbobi da firmware daban-daban na iya gabatar da matsaloli. Kanfigareshan na katin mara waya za a iya yi bayan an gama aikin shigar da tsarin tushe.

Gabaɗaya, cibiyar sadarwar da aka haɗa tana da nadi eth0 (halin karshe shine ZERO)  Don haka dole ne ku rubuta mai zuwa:

ip mahada saita eth0 up
dhclient mai ladabi0

SHIRI KO RABON HARDAR DUKA

SANARWA: Don dalilan wannan jagorar, za'a ɗauka cewa za'a sanya Arch azaman shine kawai tsarin PC, don yanayin haɗi, don Allah a bincika takaddun da suka dace.

Don rarraba diski, za a yi amfani da mai amfani cfdisk. Saboda wannan mun rubuta a cikin m:

#cfdisk 

Zai gabatar da wani abu kamar haka:

Rarraba faifai gabaɗaya yana da ɗanɗana ga mai amfani, don haka aikin da aka nuna anan kawai shawara ne.

Za'a sanya ɓangarorin 4 zuwa faifai wanda zai zama: TAFIYA, TASKA, GIDA y SWAP.

BOOT: Wannan shine inda za'a adana fayiloli masu mahimmanci taya ArchLinux (kamar su kernel, hotuna ram disk, da bootloader, da sauransu). An ba da shawarar girman MiB 100 (babu buƙatar ba shi ƙarin sarari).

/ (GASKIYA): Tsarin aiki da aikace-aikace za'a girka anan. Girmanta ya dogara da amfanin da kuke so ku ba shi ArchLinux. Kimanin 10 GiB ya kamata ya fi isa ga tsarin gargajiya; Idan kuna tunanin cewa zaku girka aikace-aikace da yawa (wasanni, tsakanin su), zai fi kyau kuyi tunani game da 20 ko 30 GiB.

HOME: Inda za a adana saitunanmu na sirri, saitunan aikace-aikacen (da bayanan bayanan ku a ciki), da kuma a al'adance bayanan mu (takardu, hotuna, bidiyo, da sauransu), don haka ana ba da shawarar ware babban filin diski.

SWAP: Aƙarshe, wurin da ake ajiyar bayanan RAM na ɗan lokaci (lokacin da ya cika) akan babbar faifai. Girman wannan ya bambanta dangane da RAM ɗin da aka sanya a cikin PC. Idan kana da kasa da 1GB yana da kyau ka sanya shi ninki biyu na girman RAM na zahiri. Idan kana da matsakaiciyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, misali kamar 1GB misali, ana ba da shawarar a sanya girman shi daidai da SWAP. Idan kana da ƙarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, to abin da ke sama baya aiki kuma tare da kasaftawa 1 ko 2GB ya fi isa.

Detailaya daga cikin bayanan da za'a bincika shine batun kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci lokacin da tsarin ya kasance cikin nutsuwa ko dakatar dashi. Sabili da haka, idan zaku girke Arch akan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, yana da kyau ku sanya SWAP daidai girman su RAM shigar da kimiyyar lissafi.

Amfani cfdisk Dole ne mu ƙirƙiri makircin rabuwar da aka zaɓa, ƙirƙirar bangare ɗaya a lokaci guda, tare da jerin umarnin: Sabo »Firamare | Girman hankali »Girman (a cikin MB)» Farkon.

Bayanai biyu don la'akari:

• Game da batun raba da aka zaba kamar Swap, je zuwa zaɓi "type”Kuma zaɓi 82 (Musayar Linux) na jerin.
• Game da batun raba da aka zaba kamar / taya, zaɓi zaɓi "Bootable"

A ƙarshe, ya kamata ku sami wani abu kamar yadda aka gani a hoto mai zuwa:

Da zarar mun zauna lafiya, dole ne mu zaɓi zaɓi "rubuta", Kuma tabbatar da bugawa"a", Rubuta sabon teburin bangare. Wannan aikin yana cire duk abubuwan da suka gabata daga rumbun kwamfutarka!

Don fita daga cfdisk, a zabi "Dakatar".

SAURARA: Yana da matukar mahimmanci a tuna “suna” na kowane bangare, domin zamuyi amfani dasu a mataki na gaba. Misali: sdaxnumx = taya, sdaxnumx = /,, sdaxnumx = gida da kuma sdaxnumx = musanya.

SIFFOFI ZUWA KASHI

para boot za a yi amfani da ext2 tunda aikin jarida ba lallai bane a nan:

# mkfs -t ext2 / dev / sda1

para /, yi amfani da ext4:

# mkfx -t ext4 / dev / sda2

para home, kuma yi amfani da ext4:

# mkfs -t ext4 / dev / sda3

para swap:

# mkswap / dev / sda4

Muna kunna bangare tare da:

swapon / dev / sda4

RABON DUKA

Kowane bangare an gano shi da kari na adadi. Misali, sda1 ƙayyade farkon bangare na farko faifai, yayin sda yana nuna dukkan faifan.

Dutsen bangare / en /mnt:

Dutsen / dev / sda2 / mnt

Createirƙiri kundin adireshi na sauran ɓangarorin a ciki /mnt:

mkdir / mnt / taya
mkdir / mnt / gida

Sanya bangarorin da suka dace:

hawa / dev / sda1 / mnt / taya
hawa / dev / sda3 / mnt / gida

Jagoran Arch ya ba da shawarar zaɓar madubi, amma wannan ba lallai ba ne don haka zan tsallake shi.

GABATAR DA TSARI

Za mu yi amfani da rubutun shigarwa da ake kira pacstrap shigar da tsarin base. Hakanan, ƙungiyar kunshin base-devel ya kamata a sanya idan kun shirya daga baya tattara software daga AUR. Don yin wannan muna yin gaba:

Pacstrap / mnt base base-devel

Da zarar aikin ya kammala, ana ba da shawarar shigar (shigar kawai) bootloader. Ina amfani da kaina SYSLINUX amma zan yi amfani GRUB don wannan jagorar.

Don shigar da bootloader mun rubuta wadannan:

pacstrap / mnt grub-bios

Yana da game GRUB tsara don BIOS. Idan kuna sha'awar rigima UEFI, Ina ba ku shawara ku karanta takaddun hukuma. Idan ba masoyin hakan bane GRUBzaka iya shigarwa syslinux. kodayake a halin yanzu ba ta da tallafi don UEFI.

Tsarin tsari

Da farko za mu samar da fayil din fstab. Don yin wannan dole ne kuyi haka:

# genfstab -p / mnt >> / mnt / sauransu / fstab

Idan kun haɗu da rashin aiki a cikin tsarin shigarwa bayan gudana genfstab, kar a sake gudanar dashi tunda ba zaiyi ba, ya fi sauƙi a gyara fayil ɗin fstab.

A zahiri akwai wata 'yar matsala a nan, tunda adireshin bangare swap ba a kula shi saboda haka yana da kyau a gyara fayil ɗin. Don yin wannan dole ne kuyi haka:

# nano / mnt / sauransu / fstab

Akwai wasu abubuwa da za a yi a nan. Na farko a bangare root filin ƙarshe dole ne ya zama 1, don wasu kuma zai iya zama 2 ko 0 (sifili). Kazalika, data=ordered ya kamata a cire saboda ana amfani da wannan zaɓin ta atomatik ko an ƙayyade ko a'a. A ƙarshe zai zama dole don ƙarawa /dev/sda4 (shine layi na karshe) don haka bangare swap za a kunna daga farawa. Don adana canje-canje danna maɓallin kewayawa Control x, to rubuta y biye INTRO. Don ƙarin tsabta, ga hoton hoto:

Ga sauran ayyukan daidaitawa, zamu yi a chroot akan sabon tsarin da aka girka. Don yin wannan, rubuta waɗannan masu zuwa:

baka-chroot / mnt

A wannan halin, manyan fayilolin sanyi na tsarin bayanan dole ne a daidaita su. Arch Linux. Ana iya ƙirƙirar waɗannan idan basu wanzu, ko, idan sun wanzu, an gyara idan ana so a canza ƙimomin da aka saba. Kusa da bin waɗannan matakan yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin.

LOCAL: Ba za a rude da abin da aka yi a baya ba, wannan matakin shi ne saita harshen ƙarshe don shigarwa. Akwai fayiloli guda biyu waɗanda suke buƙatar gyara. locale.gen y locale.conf.

locale.gen fanko ne ta tsohuwa (ma'ana, duk shigarwar da aka yi sharhi saboda haka baya aiki) kuma ana bukatar a cire alamar # a gaban layi (s) da kake son kunnawa. Kuna iya damuwa fiye da layi ɗaya, banda Ingilishi (US), idan dai layukan da aka zaɓa suna ƙunshe da tsarin UTF-8:

# nano /etc/locale.gen en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 en_ES.UTF-8 UTF-8

Da zarar an adana fayil ɗin, kashe:

# yanki-gen

Za a aiwatar da wannan aikin a kowane ɗaukakawa (inda ba a buƙatar sa hannun mai amfani) daga glibc, sabunta duk wuraren da aka hade a ciki /etc/locale.gen.

locale.conf Babu shi ta tsoho. don haka daga tashar muna aiwatar da haka:

# amsa kuwwa LANG = es_ES.UTF-8> /etc/locale.conf # fitarwa LANG = es_ES.UTF-8

vconsole.conf Anan zamu tantance shimfidar keyboard da font (font) na na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Don yin wannan, yi waɗannan abubuwa masu zuwa:

# nano /etc/vconsole.conf

Za a nuna maka fayil ɗin blank kuma rubuta mai zuwa:

KEYMAP = "la-latin1" FONT = "Lat2-Terminus16" FONT_MAP =

timezone Alamar alama ta /etc/localtime zuwa yankinku fayil /usr/share/zoneinfo/Region/Local ta amfani da wadannan:

# ln -s / usr / share / zoneinfo / Amurka / Hermosillo / sauransu / lokacin gida

hardware clock Ya sanya yanayin agogon kayan aiki gaba ɗaya a cikin tsarin aikin ku. In ba haka ba, ana iya sake rubuta agogon kayan aiki da haifar da jinkirin jirgin.

Yana iya samarwa /etc/adjtime ta atomatik ta amfani da ɗayan dokokin masu zuwa:

# hwclock --systohc --utc

kuma don lokaci-lokaci:

# hwclock --systohc --kasuwa

Ba a ba da shawarar na ƙarshe ba.

KAYAN KERNEL

Don loda modal na kwaya yayin taya, sanya fayil ɗin tare da tsawo *.conf a babban fayil /etc/modules-load.d/, tare da sunan fayil wanda ke nufin shirin da ake amfani dashi.

Ana ɗaukar dukkan matakan da suka dace ta atomatik udev, don haka da wuya ku ƙara komai a nan. Dole ne kawai ku ƙara matakan da aka san cewa ba su nan.

# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf virtio-net

KARANTA

Yourara naka hostname a cikin kayan tarihi /etc/hostname. Yana da kyau a faɗi cewa hostname Sunan ne wanda za'a sanya shi zuwa kayan aiki kuma ta hanyar dashi za'a iya gane shi a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Don yin wannan kuma daga console rubuta abubuwa masu zuwa:

# jefa waje suna na > / sauransu / sunan mai gida

Shirya fayil hosts yin rajistar myhostname amfani. Don yin wannan, yi waɗannan abubuwa masu zuwa:

# nano / sauransu / masu masaukin baki 127.0.0.1 localhost suna na :: 1 localhost suna na

Adana fayil ɗin kuma fita.

Ganin cewa muna amfani da hanyar sadarwar da aka haɗa don girkawa, a halin yanzu kuma don farawa da sabis ɗin cibiyar sadarwa, rubuta waɗannan a cikin tashar:

# systemctl a kunna dhcpcd @ .service

Tabbatar cewa hanyar sadarwar yanar gizo daidai ce (bisa al'ada eth0) za mu tabbatar a ciki /etc/conf.d/netcfg. Don yin wannan, ba damuwa ko cire # daga WIRED_INTERFACE = »eth0 ″. Downarin ƙasa a cikin fayil ɗin shine ƙayyadadden hanyar sadarwa mara waya. Don ɗan lokaci yi sharhi ko sanya alama #. Adana fayil ɗin kuma fita.

Hakanan an bada shawara don shirya fayil ɗin pacman.conf. Don yin wannan a cikin m ko wasan bidiyo yi abubuwa masu zuwa:

# nano /etc/pacman.conf

Anan zaku iya ƙara ko gyaggyara wuraren adana bayanai. An ba da shawarar barin shi yadda yake kuma ƙara kawai ne kawai ko kunna waɗanda suke buƙata.
Idan ka girka ArchLinux x86_64, an bada shawarar cewa ka kunna ta cire # daga ma'aji [multilib].

Idan kana son amfani AUR, yi wadannan: A karshen fayil din rubuta:

[archlinuxfr] SigLevel = Sabis na Zaɓin Zaɓuɓɓuka = ​​http://repo.archlinux.fr/$arch

Adana shi ka fita.

KIRKI RAMDISK STARTUP MUHALLI

A nan ni da kaina na ba da shawarar ƙarawa KEYMAP don haka an ɗora shi kuma an yi amfani da shi daga farko. Don wannan kuna buƙatar shirya fayil ɗin mkinitcpio.conf. A cikin m ko wasan bidiyo muna rubuta:

# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf

Dole ne a ƙara shi a layin ƙarshe na HOOKS kalmar KEYMAP. Babu matsala idan ya kasance a karshen, a tsakiya ko a farkon. Misali:

Adana canjin kuma fita fayil ɗin. Anyi abin da ke sama, sannan zamu ci gaba don samar da ramdisk rubuta umarnin nan mai zuwa:

# mkinitcpio -p Linux

MAFARKIN FARA-GABA

Mun riga mun shigar da bootloader grub kuma a nan zamu ci gaba don daidaita shi. Dalilin yin hakan har zuwa wannan shine duk lokacin da nayi shi kamar yadda aka lura a cikin jagorar GESPADAS nakan sami sakonnin kuskure kuma yawanci suna kai ni ga sake fasalin dukkan tsarin.

Koyo daga aiki na lura cewa shine mafi kyau don samar da ita sau ɗaya bayan mun tsara komai da kuma ƙirƙirar hoton taya.

Gudanar da matakai masu zuwa:

# grub-shigar / dev / sda # cp /usr/share/locale/en\@quot/LC_MESSAGES/grub.mo /boot/grub/locale/en.mo

ko shi ma (GESPADAS ne ke amfani da shi)

# cp /boot/grub/locale/en@quot.mo /boot/grub/locale/en_US.mo

Wannan mataki na karshe shine don gyara na a bug abin da GRUB kuma ba Arch. Sannan aiwatar da haka:

# grub -mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

Wannan tsari na ƙarshe zai haifar da fayil ɗin sanyi na atomatik GRUB.

Da zarar an gama sama, zamu ci gaba saka contraseña al usuario ROOT. Don yin wannan a cikin tashar mun rubuta:

#wajan

Za a umarce ku da shigar da kalmar sirri kuma ku tabbatar da ita.

Tare da wannan, an gama daidaitawa, yanzu dole ne ku fita daga yanayin chroot. Don yin wannan kawai ku rubuta exit.

Dole ne ku kwance sassan, don yin wannan rubuta waɗannan a cikin m:

# umount / mnt / {boot, gida,}

Yanzu a, zamu sake farawa da tsarinmu tare da:

# sake yi

Kar ka manta da cire CD / DVD ko USB na shigarwa, da kuma idan ya zama dole a sake tsara tsarin taya na sassan (ana yin wannan a cikin kwayar halittar PC).

Mai zuwa zai bayyana akan allo:

Yanzu mun rubuta tushe a cikin rubutun da kalmar sirri da muke tantancewa da voila, muna cikin tsarin Arch ɗinmu, muna aiki cikakke kuma a shirye muke don daidaitawa. Dakatar kafin hakan ni da kaina na bada shawarar yin wadannan:

Da farko dole ne ka shigar da kayan aikin sudo; don yin wannan, aiwatar da haka:

#pacman -S sudo

Sannan a cikin tashar mun rubuta:

EDITOR = nano visudo

Rashin bayyana layin da kungiyar ta fito %wheel. Za ku lura cewa akwai 2, ni da kaina na ba da shawarar rashin damuwa da wanda ya nemi kalmar sirri. Wannan zai bamu damar aiwatar da umarni daga root tare da mai amfani da mu.

Yanzu mun shigar da aikace-aikacen YAOURT, wanda ke ba mu damar gudanar da shigarwar aikace-aikace daga ajiyar AUR. Don yin wannan a cikin tashar sanya abubuwa masu zuwa:

# pacman -S yaourt

Irƙiri mai amfani da mu tare da:

#radin

Shigar da sunan shiga cikin sunan mai amfani da za ku yi amfani da shi, a ciki additional groups magatakarda:

odiyo, lp, na gani, adanawa, bidiyo, dabaran, wasanni, wuta, na'urar daukar hotan takardu

A sauran kawai danna maballin INTRO. Ka mai da hankali domin za a yi maka wasu tambayoyi kuma ɗayansu sunanka. Ko kuna son sanya shi ko a'a lamari ne na mutum, amma kada ku bar shi fanko.

Sake yi tsarin kuma, amma amfani dashi systemctl reboot kuma shiga tare da mai amfani da kuka ƙirƙira.

Daga nan zaku iya yin canje-canje da daidaitawa waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don barin kayan aikin ku gaba ɗaya don ƙaunarku kuma keɓance shi a matsayin mafi kyawun plasca.

Ina fatan wannan zai taimaka, kamar yadda na ambata, shigar da wannan rarrabawar da ba ta da rikitarwa kwata-kwata, kawai idan ta nemi kulawa da aiki.

Kamar yadda na ambata a farkon, wannan jagorar ya dogara da aikin GESPADAS da kuma jagora mara izini na Arch Linux.

Anan ga wasu fuskokin kayan aikin 2 da na sanya:

Kwamfuta na Netbook tare da GNOME SHELL 3.4:

Teburina tare da XFCE 4.10: