Bari mu fara shirye-shiryen shekara

Yana da mamaki liyafar da cewa mai kyau Mario Kuma in faɗi gaskiya labarin farko da na buga wanda ke samar da ra'ayoyi sama da dubu 10, wannan yana sanya shingen da ɗan girma ga masu biyowa kuma ina fatan ba zan kunyata ku da wannan ba 🙂 Na gode sosai da kuka samo rubuce-rubucena mai ban sha'awa don raba su ta hanyar 🙂

Shiryawa

Wannan zancen gaye ne, kowa yana son yin shiri, ko kuma aƙalla kowa yana tunanin cewa ƙwarewa ce da ake buƙata, kuma in faɗi gaskiya Ina so in rubuta cikakken littafi kan shirye-shirye, GNU / Linux, tsaro, kuma wataƙila a wasu zan iya, kawai koya yadda ake rubuta littattafai kyauta da tsari mai kyau 😛.

Fasaha na ci gaba cikin sauri

Wannan yana daga cikin dalilan da yasa har yanzu ban rubuta littafin ba 😛 tunda ina son yin wani abu wanda zai iya shawo kan matsalar lokaci a wani fanni inda abubuwa ba kasafai suke wuce kwanaki ba ta hanyar da muke ciki yanzu. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a cikin wannan labarin zan so in gaya muku ɗan bayani game da ra'ayoyin maimakon aiwatarwa, ta wannan hanyar ne za mu iya sake karanta waɗannan layukan a wani lokaci kuma za su ci gaba da zama masu inganci.

Ka'idodin na daɗewa

Kodayake akwai harsunan shirye-shirye da yawa a yau, yawancin ra'ayoyin suna komawa asalin asali. Ta wannan ina nufin cewa da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da aka koya a yau sun kasance suna aiki na dogon lokaci, kuma mai yiwuwa zai ci gaba da kasancewa, wannan saboda ana yin shirye-shiryen personas kuma muddin suka ci gaba da haɓaka, wasu ra'ayoyin zasu kasance.

Sanin tushe

Yawancin kwasa-kwasan da yawa sun riga sun wanzu, wasu kyauta ne wasu kuma babu, waɗanda ke fallasa yawancin maganganu na yawancin shahararrun yarukan shirye-shiryen yau. Amma ba anan zamu yi hakan ba 🙂 Ina so in fada muku kadan game da abin da ya kamata kowane mai gabatar da shirye-shirye ya yi tunani kafin fara shirin don samun kyakkyawan aiki.

Shiga zuciyar mai shirye-shiryen hakika abu ne mai mahimmanci, tuni a wani ɗan tsoffin labarin da muka tattauna akan Tema. Yanzu zamu shiga cikin ra'ayoyin da zasu bamu damar rubuta lambar.

Masu canji da ayyuka

Masu canzawa wurare ne na ƙwaƙwalwa, bari muyi tunani game da akwatin gidan waya waɗanda manyan gine-gine suke da su, an tsara su ne don adana wasu nau'ikan abubuwa, akwai manya da ƙanana, zasu iya zama su kaɗai ko a rukuni. Canji shine ƙimar da kuka san za a yi amfani da ita a kan lokaci, kodayake ba ku san darajarta daidai ba a farkon, idan kun san shi kuma kun san cewa ba zai bambanta ba, muna fuskantar kullun.

Ayyuka, a gefe guda, saiti ne na umarnin. Umarni shine mafi mahimmin abu wanda mai sarrafawa zai iya yi, dalilin kasancewarsa cikin ayyukan shine a bawa mai shirya shirye-shiryen damar tsara jerin umarni don samun damar maimaita su a duk lokacin shirin. Bari mu ga misali mai sauki da daki-daki.

Wannan karamin shiri ne wanda aka rubuta a C, muna da aikin babban, Mai canzawa saludo, da aikin printf wancan ya fito ne daga dakin karatu stdio.h. Bari mu canza misalin kadan sannan mu tattara shi don ganin abin da zai faru.

Mun kara wani aikin da ake kira saludar wanda ya ɗauki matsayin hujja mai canzawa da ake kira saludo kuma buga shi. Wannan ba ya canza sakamakon ƙarshe na shirin da yawa amma yana ba mu damar nuna babbar ma'ana ta amfani da shirye-shirye, abstraction. Bari mu ga sakamakon:

Tsarin sauki, wanda ke cike da ilimi da aiki.

Dakunan karatu

Dalilin da yasa na kirkiro aikin saludar kawai don nuna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙa'idojin ci gaban software, waɗanda muka riga muka ambata: abstraction. Kamar yadda muka fasalta saludar, printf() an bayyana shi a wani wuri a cikin tsarin aikin mu (GNU misali C library), ana kiran wannan wurin da ɗakunan karatu / module / library. Dakunan karatu su ne jerin ayyukan da ke ba mu damar ƙara aiki a cikin shirye-shiryenmu ba tare da sake inganta dabaran ba. A wannan yanayin, godiya ga printf Ba lallai bane mu damu da duk wata dabarar da ta dace don iya nuna sakon da muke so a cikin m.

Akwai dakunan karatu a kusan duk yarukan shirye-shirye na yanzu, tunda samun sassan lambar da za a zaba da aiwatarwa ya fi sauƙi fiye da ƙirƙirar kowane aiki daga karce.

Zane

Ka yi tunanin tsarin wasiku, ba mu buƙatar sanin duk kayan aikin da ake buƙata don aika ko karɓar wasika, daidai yake faruwa tare da shirye-shirye, ƙididdiga yana da mahimmanci don samar da dorewa da kyakkyawar lamba. Wannan tsari yana baka damar amfani da sunaye general don ayyana matakai janar.  Watau, idan muka kirkiro aikin enviarCarta() mun sani ta wata hanya janar wancan aikin da aka faɗi zai kula da aika wasiƙa, amma ba lallai ba ne waɗanne matakai ake buƙata don yin hakan. Kuma wannan shine wani ma'anar da yasa abstraction yayi kyau, tunda yana bamu damar encapsulate aiwatar sassan.

Karfafawa

Matsayinmu saludar Misali ne bayyananne na rufe abubuwa, yana ba mu damar samun toshewa tare da takamaiman umarnin da zamu iya amfani dasu sau daya ko sau dubu a cikin shirin. Wannan yana sa lambar ta zama mai sauƙin karantawa da sauƙin cire kuskure tunda idan kuskure ya taso, mun san ainihin iyakokin aikinmu, kuma mun san kowane bayani a cikin ƙaramin fili. Wannan ya kawo mu ga ƙa'idar ƙa'idar shirye-shirye gama gari a cikin UNIX

Yi abu ɗaya, yi shi sosai

Kyakkyawan aiki shine wanda solamente Yana yin abu ɗaya, amma yana yin shi sosai. Bari muyi tunani game da wannan na ɗan lokaci ... enviarCarta() da alama zai yi abubuwa da yawa, wanda ba zai iya zama mai kyau ba idan muna son gyara tsarin, yayin saludar() daya kawai yakeyi. Bayan lokaci, idan matsaloli suka taso, na biyu zai fi sauƙi a gyara fiye da ta farko. Optionaya daga cikin zaɓi don kaucewa wannan matsalar shine samar da matakai daban-daban na abstraction don enviarCarta(), wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin aikin akwai wasu kamar su verificarSobre() kuma watakila a cikin wannan kamar verificarRemitente(). Imatelyarshe wannan aikin na ƙarshe (verificarRemitente()) yafi takamaiman bayani fiye da kawai enviarCarta() kuma ta wannan hanyar zamu iya lulluɓe sassan lambar don su yi abin da ya dace kuma abu ɗaya ne kawai a lokaci guda.

Aiwatarwa

Don koyon fasahohin shirye-shirye kuna buƙatar aiwatarwa, kuma tunda yanzu nayi cikakken nazari kan batun, kuna buƙatar gudanar da aiki tare da yare daban-daban, ko matsaloli daban-daban. Da farko ƙoƙarin samar da takamaiman ayyuka, sannan ƙara rikitarwa. Kamar koyaushe, idan shakku ko shawarwari ko tsokaci suka taso, suna taimaka min sosai don sanin waɗanne fannoni don ƙarfafawa. Na gode sosai kuma Mayu 2018 na cike da nasarori da ayyuka masu ban mamaki. Murna