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Ainihin, yana magana ne game da kamanceceniyar da ke tsakanin ilimin kimiyya da ci gaban software, wanda hakan zai bada damar amfani da "free software" falsafar kuma a ci gaban duk wani aikace-aikacen fasaha wanda ke amfani da tsarin ilimin halittu da ƙwayoyin halitta ko abubuwan da suka samu don ƙirƙirar ko gyaruwar samfura ko matakai. don takamaiman amfani.
Softwareungiyar software ta kyauta, tare da tsarin kasuwancin da ke kewaye da shi, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ya nuna hanyar samun nasarar haɗin gwiwa na haɗin gwiwa. Mun shaidi jerin yunƙuri don canza samfurin software na kyauta zuwa manufofi a wasu yankuna. Gwamnatocin abubuwan kyauta, wadanda mashin dinsu shafuka ne kamar su wikipedia, sun ɗauki wannan samfurin tare da babban nasara. Sauran yankuna, kamar kayan masarufi, har yanzu suna jira don nemo hanyarsu. Editan wannan matsakaicin kwanan nan ya karanta littafi mai ban sha'awa ( Ilimin halitta shine Fasahana Rob Carlson) wanda ke haifar da tambaya mai ban mamaki: shin akwai sarari ga yanayin ƙasa wanda ya danganci "software" kyauta, amma yana cikin masu sarrafa halittu?
Babban jigon littafin shi ne cewa fashin kwayar halittu na cigaba cikin hanzari don zama har yanzu wani fanni na injiniya. "Na'urorin zahiri" ana kera su ne daga abubuwan yau da kullun, kayan aikin ci gaba suna da matukar wayewa, kuma matakin ilimin da ake buƙata don yin wani abu mai ban sha'awa shine faduwa. Gasar shekara-shekara Injin Injiniyan Duniya na DuniyaMakasudin abin shine, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don ƙara yawan samfuran 'ilimin halittu', ana karɓar gabatarwar da aka ƙididdige sosai waɗanda ɗaliban makarantar sakandare suka gabatar. Adadin fashin teku yana yaduwa cikin sauri… kuma zai ci gaba da yin hakan.
Abubuwan kirkirar kirkira waɗanda zamu yaba a wannan yanki suna haifar da kwarin gwiwa da bayyanar da tsoro a lokaci guda. Biopiracy yana da damar canza kiwon lafiya, magance matsalolin makamashi, magance sauyin yanayi, da ƙari. Amma kuma zai iya haifar da lalata muhalli kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga munanan hare-hare, ta mutane da gwamnatoci. Carlson da karfi yana ba da shawarar buɗewa a matsayin mafi kyawun siyasa don magance wannan fasaha. Ya tabbatar da cewa ta hanyar budi ne kawai za mu iya gina irin tattalin arzikin da muke bukata don mu yi amfani da wannan fasahar ta yadda ya kamata, a lokaci guda kuma mu fahimci abin da wasu ke shirin yi da kuma kare kanmu daga kuskure da cin zarafi. Oƙarin kiyaye fasaha a asirce ba ya aiki. Mawallafin wannan fitowar zai iya kwatanta ƙoƙarin ƙuntata fasahar kere-kere zuwa ƙoƙarin hukuma da aka yi ƙarni da suka wuce don iyakance fasahar ɓoyewa.
Koyaya, buɗewa ba kawai yana nufin 'yanci ne daga tsoma bakin hukuma ba; Carlson ya kwashe lokaci mai tsawo yana bincika yiwuwar ƙirƙirar ingantaccen yanayin zamantakewar kasuwanci bisa tushen samfurin buɗe ido. Daga matakin da ba a sani ba, ra'ayin yana tursasawa: ba wuya a iya fahimtar cewa shirye-shiryen nucleotide ainihin aikinsu ɗaya ne da ɗan shirye-shirye. Nucleotide yana iya tsara kidan biyu maimakon daya; kuma mashin din da ke ciki karami ne kuma yana da ruwa kuma yana wari, amma har yanzu shiri ne. Kamar yadda kayan aiki don aiki tare da DNA ke ɗauka kan kamannin komputa - saurin zama ƙarami, mai rahusa da ƙarfi - akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a faɗi don ƙirƙirar ɗakunan karatu mara lasisi bisa ga tsarin kwayar halitta waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin ƙasa. da garaje masu zaman kansu.
Akwai wasu ayyukan don yin hakan. Da Gidauniyar BioBricks yana aiki don ƙirƙirar samfuran samfuran abubuwa masu rai. Wani shirin shine Halittar Bude Halitta, an taƙaita shi da kyau kamar BiOS. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna da alamar raɗaɗi, amma matsalar ƙayayuwa tana tasowa, wanda tuni masu karatun LW za su saba da shi.
Wannan matsalar, tabbas, ta haƙƙin mallaka ce. A halin yanzu, a cikin Amurka da wasu ƙasashe, ana iya samun izinin tsarin halittar jini, don haka kamfanoni a cikin ɓangaren suna tara yawancin su yadda ya kamata. Abubuwa suna matsowa kusa da inda yake da wahala ayi aiki da kimiyyar kere kere ta fuskar kasuwanci ba tare da shiga cikin takaddun wani ba; patents cewa sau da yawa rufe muhimman hakkokin halitta mamaki. Carlson ya ba da labari mai ban sha'awa: da alama masana'antar motoci da jiragen sama sun riga sun sami wannan matsalar kuma, a kowane yanayi, ya zama cewa kamfanoni ba sa iya yin komai saboda koyaushe suna yin takaddama game da haƙƙin mallaka. Gwamnati ta shiga tsakani a Amurka a bangarorin biyu, ta tilasta kirkirar wuraren yin ruwa don kamfanoni su daina kai karar juna su kuma fara yin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da fasaha.
Hanyoyin ruwa (kamar takaddama a cikin gaba ɗaya) suna fifita manyan kamfanoni da aka kafa akan ƙananan. Amma ƙananan sune inda mafi yawan bidi'a a kowane fanni ya samo asali. Carlson ya damu da cewa Amurka na shirin fuskantar wani yanayi inda kamfanoni masu karamin karfi ba za su iya wadatar ta ba sannan kuma a murde sabuwar dabara. Hanyar bude hanya ga kimiyyar kere-kere na iya bayar da madaidaiciyar hanyar fita daga wannan halin.
Amma duk da kamanceceniya da software, aiki a cikin wannan filin tare da buɗaɗɗen tushe zai zama mai wahala. An kiyaye software ta dokokin mallakar fasaha a duk duniya; Wannan ya sauƙaƙa amfani da tsarin ba da izini na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ne na iya samar da tsarin doka wanda mutane (da kamfanoni) suke jin suna da gudummawa. Tsarin halittu ba sa jin daɗin irin wannan kariya, don haka haƙƙin mallaka ita ce hanya ɗaya kaɗai ga duk wanda ya ji da buƙatar samun wani matakin iko kan yadda ake amfani da wani binciken. Za'a iya kafa hanyar ba da izinin mallakar patent-style, amma ba ta da amfani sosai kuma, a kowane hali, tsadar samun takardar izinin ta haifar da cikas ga samun wanzu a yankin izini bisa ikon mallakar fasaha . 'Yan fashin kwalejin da ke aiki a cikin garaje ba za su hada kai da al'umma ba dangane da tsarin lamban kira.
Sakamakon bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin shari'a, yunƙurin kafa tsarin kwatankwacin tushen tushe a fagen kimiyyar kere-kere dole ne su kulla yarjejeniyoyinsu a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban da waɗanda software ɗin ke amfani da shi. BioBricks dole ne ya kasance cikin yankin jama'a; shi daftarin Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta BioBrick (yarjejeniyar hadin kai, ba tsarin sarrafa izini ba) yana bukatar abokan hadin gwiwa su yi "alkawarin da babu makawa cewa ba zai yi amfani da duk wani ikon mallakar fasaha ba a matsayin mai hada kai da masu amfani da kayayyakin gudummawar." Sabanin haka, BiOS ya kasance mafi tsari a matsayin wurin haƙƙin mallaka wanda, don shiga, dole ne ku biya kuɗi. Carlson bai dauki ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin ba da kyau, amma kuma ya yarda cewa ba zai iya ƙirƙirar kyakkyawan ra'ayi ba.
Daga qarshe, abin da za a iya buqata shi ne sabon takamaiman tsarin mulki na doka don binciken ilmin halitta. Kamar yadda Carlson ya nuna, ba a ambaci haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin mallaki na ilimi a cikin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ba; halittun doka ne. Wataƙila wata rana wasu chamberan majalisar dokoki masu wayewa fiye da wanda ke mulkarmu a yau zasu sami hanyar ƙarfafa ci gaban buɗe kimiyyar kere-kere wacce ke aiki a kowane mataki. Zai zama mai ban sha'awa don ganin idan hukuncin kwanan nan na Kotun Farko ta Farko (Kotun Gundumar Amurka) ƙin yarda da haƙƙin mallaka ya haifar da kyakkyawan tunani a wannan hanyar.
Ba lallai bane ku zama istan ƙagaggen labari don tunanin duniyar da theancin yin amfani da shi, gyaggyarawa da rarraba lambobin ilimin halitta (aƙalla) yana da mahimmanci kamar sauran freedancin da suka shafi software da aka shirya akan silicon. Ala kulli hal, da alama ba mu gina wata duniya da ke yin la’akari da irin wadannan ’yanci; bamu ma samu kyakkyawan ra'ayin yadda duniya zata kasance ba. A bayyane yake, a masana'antar kimiyyar kere-kere akwai karancin mutane na kansu da za su taka rawar Richard Stallmans, Linus Torvald, da sauran mutane da yawa da suka taimaka wajen yin aikin software kyauta.
Source: https://lwn.net/Articles/381091/, fassarar Ricardo García Perez don Rebelión