Tukwici: Sama da umarni 400 don GNU / Linux waɗanda ya kamata ku sani: D.

Na tsinci kaina a cikin GUTL Wiki wannan cikakken jerin tare da fiye da umarnin 400 para GNU / Linux tare da bayaninsu, kuma ina so in raba su tare da ku don daidaitawa wannan kyakkyawan labarin cewa abokin aikina ya rubuta don koyon zama tare da na'ura mai kwakwalwa.

Bayanin tsarin

1. baka: nuna ginin injin (1).
2. sunan -m: nuna ginin injin (2).
3. uname -r: nuna sigar kwayar da aka yi amfani da ita.
4. dmidecode -q: nuna abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin.
5. hdparm -i / dev / hda: nuna halaye na diski mai wuya.
6. hdparm -tT / dev / sda: yi karatun gwaji a kan diski mai wuya.
7. cat / proc / cpuinfo: nuna bayanin CPU.
8. cat / proc / katsewa: nuna katsewa.
9. cat / proc / meminfo: bincika amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
10. cat / proc / swaps: nuna fayilolin musanya.
11. cat / proc / sigar: nuna sigar kwaya.
12. cat / proc / net / dev: nuna adaftan cibiyar sadarwa da ƙididdiga.
13. cat / proc / firam: nuna fayilolin fayiloli.
14. lspci -TV: nuna na'urorin PCI.
15. lsusb-TV: nuna na'urorin USB.
16. date: nuna kwanan watan tsarin.
17. cal 2011: nuna almanac na 2011
18. Litinin 07 2011: nuna almanac don watan Yuli 2011.
19. rana 041217002011.00: saita (bayyana, saita) kwanan wata da lokaci.
20. agogo -w: adana canje-canje na kwanan wata a cikin BIOS.

Kashewa (Sake yi System ko Fitawa)

1. shutdown -h yanzu: kashe tsarin (1).
2. shigar 0: kashe tsarin (2).
3. nufi 0: kashe tsarin (3).
4. dakatar: kashe tsarin (4).
5. kashewa -h awanni: mintuna &- Shirye-shiryen tsarin kashewa.
6. rufewa -c- Soke tsarin rufe tsarin da aka tsara.
7. kashewa -r yanzu: sake kunnawa (1).
8. sake yi: sake kunnawa (2).
9. logout: Kammala.

Fayiloli da kuma kundayen adireshi

1. cd / gida: shigar da adireshin "gida".
2. cd ..: koma daya matakin.
3. cd ../ ..: koma baya 2 matakan.
4. CD: je tushen tushen.
5. cd ~ mai amfani1: je zuwa mai amfani da adireshin1.
6. cd -: je (dawo) zuwa kundin adireshin da ya gabata.
7. pwd: nuna hanyar kundin aiki.
8. ls: duba fayiloli a cikin kundin adireshi.
9. ls-F: duba fayiloli a cikin kundin adireshi.
10. ls -l: nuna bayanan fayiloli da manyan fayiloli a cikin kundin adireshi.
11. ls -a: nuna fayilolin ɓoye
12. ls * [0-9]*: nuna fayiloli da manyan fayiloli masu ɗauke da lambobi.
13. itace: nuna fayiloli da manyan fayiloli azaman itace farawa daga tushe. (1)
14. maras kyau: nuna fayiloli da manyan fayiloli azaman itace farawa daga tushe. (2)
15. mkdir dir1: ƙirƙiri babban fayil ko shugabanci mai suna 'dir1'.
16. mkdir dir1 dir2: ƙirƙiri manyan fayiloli guda biyu ko kundayen adireshi guda ɗaya (Kirkirar adireshi guda biyu lokaci ɗaya).
17. mkdir -p / tmp / dir1 / dir2: ƙirƙirar itace.
18. rm -f fayil1: share fayil din mai suna 'file1'.
19. rmdir dir1: goge jakar mai suna 'dir1'.
20. rm -rf dir1: share babban fayil mai suna 'dir1' tare da abinda ke ciki akai-akai. (Idan na goge shi akai-akai ina cewa yana tare da abinda yake ciki).
21. rm -rf dir1 dir2: share manyan fayiloli biyu (kundayen adireshi) tare da abubuwan da suke ciki akai-akai.
22. mv dir1 sabuwar_dir: sake suna ko matsar da fayil ko babban fayil (shugabanci).
23. fayil cp1: kwafa fayil
24. fayil cp1 fayil2: kwafa fayiloli guda biyu a tare.
25. cp dir / *.: kwafa duk fayiloli daga kundin adireshi zuwa cikin kundin aiki na yanzu.
26. cp -a / tmp / dir1.: kwafa shugabanci a cikin kundin aiki na yanzu.
27. cp - da 1: kwafa shugabanci.
28. cp -a dir1 dir2: kwafa kundin adireshi guda biyu a tare.
29. ln -s fayil1 lnk1: createirƙiri alamar alama zuwa fayil ɗin ko kundin adireshi.
30. ln fayil1 lnk1: ƙirƙiri hanyar haɗi ta zahiri zuwa fayil ko kundin adireshi.
31. taba -t 0712250000 fayil1: gyara ainihin lokacin (lokacin ƙirƙira) na fayil ko kundin adireshi.
32. fayil fayil1: fitarwa (juji akan allo) na nau'in mime na fayil ɗin rubutu.
33. ikon -l: jerin sanannun ciphers.
34. iconv -f dagaEncoding -t zuwaEncoding inputFile> outputFile: createirƙiri sabon nau'i na fayil ɗin shigarwa da aka ɗauka an shigar dashi dagaEncoding kuma juya shi zuwa ToEncoding.
35. sami. -maxdepth 1-sunan * .jpg -print -exec convert ”{}” -gyara 80 × 60 “babban yatsu / {}” \;: rukuni ya daidaita girman fayiloli a cikin kundin adireshi na yanzu kuma aika su zuwa kundin adireshi a cikin ra'ayoyin thumbnail (yana buƙatar sauyawa daga ImagemagicK).

Nemo fayiloli

1. sami / sunan fayil1: bincika fayil da kundin adireshi farawa daga tushen tsarin.
2. sami / mai amfani1: bincika fayiloli da kundayen adireshi na mai amfani 'mai amfani1'.
3. nemo / gida / mai amfani1-suna \ *. bin: bincika fayiloli tare da tsawo '. bin 'a cikin kundin adireshi' / gida / mai amfani1 '.
4. nemo / usr / bin -ty-f f-lokaci +100: nemo fayilolin binary waɗanda ba a yi amfani da su ba a cikin kwanaki 100 da suka gabata.
5. samu / usr / bin -type f -mtime -10: bincika fayilolin da aka ƙirƙira ko aka canza a cikin kwanaki 10 da suka gabata.
6. nemo / -name \ *. rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \;: bincika fayiloli tare da '.rpm' ƙari kuma gyara izini.
7. sami / -xdev-sunan \ *. rpm: Bincika fayiloli tare da '.rpm' ƙarin watsi da na'urori masu cirewa kamar cdrom, pen-drive, da sauransu.
8. gano wuri \ *. ps: nemo fayiloli tare da tsawo '.ps' wanda aka fara aiwatarwa tare da umarnin 'updatedb'.
9. wanne ya tsaya: nuna wurin binary, taimako ko fayil na tushe. A wannan yanayin yana tambaya inda umarnin 'dakatar' yake.
10. wanda dakatar: nuna cikakkiyar hanya (duk hanyar) zuwa binary / executable.

Haɗa tsarin fayil

1. hawa / dev / hda2 / mnt / hda2: hawa diski mai suna hda2. Da farko a bincika kasancewar kundin adireshin '/ mnt / hda2'; idan ba haka ba, dole ne ka ƙirƙiri shi.
2. umount / dev / hda2: cire wani faifai mai suna hda2. Fitar farko daga aya '/ mnt / hda2.
3. fuser -km / mnt / hda2- Fitar da karfi lokacin da na'urar ke aiki.
4. umount -n / mnt / hda2: gudanar da saukarwa ba tare da karanta / etc / mtab ba. Amfani lokacin da aka karanta fayil ɗin kawai ko rumbun kwamfutarka ya cika.
5. dutse / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy: Dutsen floppy disk.
6. dutse / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom: hau kan cdrom / dvdrom.
7. hawa / dev / hdc / mnt / cdrecorder: Dutsen sake rubutawa cd ko dvdrom.
8. hawa / dev / hdb / mnt / cdrecorder: Dutsen sake rubutawa cd / dvdrom (a dvd).
9. Dutsen -o madauki fayil.iso / mnt / cdrom: hawa fayil ko iso hoto.
10. hau -t vfat / dev / hda5 / mnt / hda5: hawa tsarin fayil na FAT32.
11. hawa / dev / sda1 / mnt / usbdisk: hawa usb pen-drive ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (ba tare da tantance nau'in tsarin fayil ba).

Labari mai dangantaka:

4 umarni don sanin bayanai daga HDD ko ɓangarorinmu

Sararin diski

1. df -h: nuna jerin abubuwan da aka saka.
2. ls -lSr | ƙari: nuna girman fayiloli da kundayen adireshi da aka tsara ta girman.
3. du-sh dir1: Kimanta sararin da 'dir1' yayi amfani dashi.
4. du -sk * | raba -rn: nuna girman fayiloli da kundayen adireshi da aka tsara ta girman.
5. rpm -q -a –qf '% 10 {SIZE} t% {NAME} n' | raba -k1,1n: Nuna sararin da aka yi amfani da fakitin rpm ɗin da aka tsara ta girman (Fedora, Redhat da sauransu).
6. dpkg-query -W -f = '$ {Girman Girman-girke; 10} t $ {Kunshin} n' | raba -k1,1n: nuna sararin da aka yi amfani da fakiti waɗanda aka girka, waɗanda girmansu ya tsara (Ubuntu, Debian da sauransu).

Masu amfani da Kungiyoyi

1. rukuni na rukuni: ƙirƙiri sabon rukuni.
2. sunan rukuni-rukuni: share rukuni.
3. groupmod -n sabon_gungun_ sunan tsohon_gungun_: sake suna wani rukuni
4. useradd -c “Sunan mahaifi” -g admin -d / gida / mai amfani1 -s / bin / bash user1: Createirƙiri sabon mai amfani na ƙungiyar "admin".
5. mai amfani da amfani 1: ƙirƙiri sabon mai amfani.
6. mai amfani -r mai amfani1: share mai amfani ('-r' yana cire kundin adireshin Gida).
7. usermod -c "Mai amfani FTP”-G tsarin -d / ftp / mai amfani1 -s / bin / nologin mai amfani1: canza halayen mai amfani.
8. passwd: canza kalmar shiga.
9. mai amfani passwd 1: canza kalmar shiga ta mai amfani (tushen kawai).
10. chage -E 2011-12-31 mai amfani1: sanya kalma don kalmar sirri ta mai amfani. A wannan yanayin ya ce maɓallin ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2011.
11. pwck: bincika daidaitaccen rubutun tsarin fayil na '/ etc / passwd' da kasancewar masu amfani.
12. tsakar gida: duba daidaitaccen tsari da tsarin fayil '/ etc / rukuni' da wanzuwar ƙungiyoyi.
13. newgrp kungiyar_ suna: Yi rijistar sabon rukuni don canza tsoffin rukunin sabbin fayiloli da aka kirkira.

Izini a cikin Fayiloli (Yi amfani da "+" don sanya izini da "-" don cirewa)

1. ls -lh: Nuna izini.
2. ls / tmp | pr -T5 -W $ KYAUTATA: raba tashar zuwa ginshikan 5.
3. chmod ugo + rwx kundin adireshi1: sanya karanta ®, rubuta (w) sannan aiwatar da (x) izini ga mai (u), rukuni (g) da sauransu (o) a kan kundin adireshi 'directory1'.
4. chmod tafi-rwx kundin adireshi1: cire izinin karantawa ®, rubuta (w) da (x) aiwatarwa ga rukuni (g) da sauransu (o) a kan kundin adireshi 'directory1'.
5. mai amfani mai amfani1 fayil1: canza mai fayil.
6. chown -R mai amfani1 directory1: canza mai kundin adireshi da na dukkan fayiloli da kundayen adireshi da ke ciki.
7. chungiyar chgrp1 fayil1: canza ƙungiyar fayiloli.
8. mai amfani1: rukunin rukuni1: canza mai amfani da rukuni wanda ke da fayil.
9. nemo / -perm -u + s: duba duk fayiloli akan tsarin tare da SUID da aka saita.
10. chmod u + s / bin / fayil1: sanya SUID bit a cikin fayil ɗin binary. Mai amfani da ke aiki da wannan fayil ɗin yana samun gata kamar na mai shi.
11. chmod mu / bin / fayil1: musaki SUID bit a cikin fayil ɗin binary.
12. chmod g + s / gida / jama'a: sanya bit SGID a cikin kundin adireshi –ka yi daidai da SUID amma ta directory.
13. chmod gs / gida / jama'a: musaki wani SGID bit a cikin kundin adireshi.
14. chmod o + t / gida / jama'a: sanya wani ɗan STIKY a cikin kundin adireshi. Ba da izinin share fayil ga masu mallakar halal kawai.
15. chmod ot / gida / jama'a: musaki wani STIKY bit a cikin kundin adireshi.

Halaye na musamman a cikin fayiloli (Yi amfani da "+" don saita izini da "-" don cirewa)

1. chattr + zuwa fayil1: yana bada damar rubutawa ta hanyar buɗe file kawai yanayin append.
2. Fayil din chattr + c1: yana bawa fayil damar matsawa / raguwa kai tsaye.
3. Fayel din chattr + d1: yana tabbatar da cewa shirin yayi watsi da share fayiloli yayin adanawa.
4. Faɗakarwa + na fayil1: yana sa fayil ɗin canzawa, saboda haka baza'a iya share shi ba, canza shi, sake masa suna, ko haɗa shi.
5. Fayel din chattr + s1: yana bawa fayil damar share shi cikin aminci
6. Fayel + S fayil1: yana tabbatar da cewa fayil ɗin ya gyaru, an rubuta canje-canje a cikin yanayin aiki kamar yadda yake tare da aiki tare.
7. chattr + u fayil1: yana baka damar dawo da abubuwan cikin fayil koda kuwa an soke su.
8. lsattr: nuna halaye na musamman.

Labari mai dangantaka:

Tare da Terminal: Girma da Umurnin Sararin Samaniya

Rumbun adana bayanai da fayilolin matsawa

1. bunzip2 fayil1.bz2: kwancewa fayil mai suna 'file1.bz2'.
2. fayil bzip2: damfara fayil mai suna 'file1'.
3. gunzip fayil1.gz: kwancewa fayil mai suna 'file1.gz'.
4. gzip fayil1: damfara fayil mai suna 'file1'.
5. gzip -9 fayil1: compresses tare da matsakaicin matsakaici.
6. rar zuwa file1.rar test_file: ƙirƙiri fayil rar da ake kira 'file1.rar'.
7. rar zuwa file1.rar file1 file2 dir1: damfara 'file1', 'file2' da 'dir1' lokaci guda.
8. rar x file1.rar: kasa kwancewa rar fayil.
9. unrar x file1.rar: kasa kwancewa rar fayil.
10. tar -cvf archive.tar fayil1: createirƙiri ƙwallan ƙwallon da ba a ɓoye ba.
11. tar -cvf archive.tar fayil1 fayil2 dir1: ƙirƙiri fayil mai ɗauke da 'file1', 'file2' da 'dir1'.
12. tar -tf archive.tar: Nuna abin cikin fayil.
13. tar -xvf archive.tar: cire kwando.
14. tar -xvf archive.tar -C / tmp: cire kwando a cikin / tmp.
15. tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1: ƙirƙirar ƙwallon kwalba a cikin bzip2.
16. tar -xvfj tarihin.tar.bz2: decompress wani tarihin tar wanda ya matse cikin bzip2
17. tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1: createirƙira ƙwallon ƙwallon gzipped
18. tar -xvfz tarihin.tar.gz- Zazzage tarin kayan tarihin da aka toka.
19. zip file1.zip fayil1: ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin zip mai matsi
20. zip -r fayil1.zip fayil1 fayil2 dir1: damfara, a cikin zip, fayiloli da dama da kundin adireshi a lokaci guda.
21. kasa kwancewa fayil .zip: kwancewa fayil din zip.

Kunshin RPM (Red Hat, Fedora da makamantansu)

1. Rpm -ivh kunshin.rpm: shigar da kunshin rpm
2. Rpm -ivh -nodeeps kunshin.rpm: shigar da kunshin rpm yana watsi da buƙatun dogaro.
3. rpm -U kunshin.rpm: sabunta ɗawainiyar rpm ba tare da canza tsarin fayilolin ba.
4. Rpm -F kunshin.rpm: sabunta ɗawainiyar rpm kawai idan an girka shi.
5. rpm -e kunshin_name.rpm: cire kunshin rpm
6. rpm -ku: nuna duk kunshin rpm da aka sanya akan tsarin.
7. rpm -qa | gaishe httpd: Nuna duk fakitin rpm tare da sunan "httpd".
8. rpm -qi kunshin_ sunan- Samo bayani akan takamaiman kunshin da aka sanya.
9. rpm -qg "Tsarin Yanayi / Daemons": nuna alamun rpm na rukunin software.
10. rpm -ql kunshin_ sunan: jerin jerin fayilolin da aka bayar ta kunshin rpm da aka girka.
11. rpm -qc kunshin_name: nuna jerin fayilolin sanyi da aka bayar ta kunshin rpm da aka girka.
12. rpm -q kunshin_ sunan -abin nema: nuna jerin masu dogaro da aka nema don kunshin rpm.
13. rpm -q kunshin_ sunan -abinda yake bayarwa: nuna damar da aka bayar ta kunshin rpm.
14. rpm -q kunshin_ suna -script: nuna rubutun da aka fara yayin shigarwa / cirewa.
15. rpm -q kunshin_ sunan – musanya: nuna tarihin bita na kunshin rpm.
16. rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf: bincika wane kunshin rpm ne na fayil ɗin da aka bayar.
17. Rpm -qp kunshin.rpm -l: nuna jerin fayilolin da aka bayar ta kunshin rpm wanda ba'a riga an girka ba.
18. rpm –import / media / cdrom / RPM-GPG-KEY: shigo da sa hannun dijital na maɓallin jama'a.
19. Rpm - duba kunshin.rpm: tabbatar da amincin kunshin rpm.
20. rpm -qa gpg -mashaya- Bincika amincin duk abubuwan fakitin rpm.
21. rpm -V sunan kunshin: bincika girman fayil, lasisi, iri, mai shi, rukuni, MD5 taƙaitaccen bincike da gyara na ƙarshe.
22. rpm - ba: bincika duk fakitin rpm da aka sanya akan tsarin. Yi amfani da hankali.
23. Rpm -Vp kunshin.rpm: Binciki kunshin rpm ba a saka ba tukuna.
24. kunshin rpm2cpio.rpm | cpio –a cire - sanya-kundayen adireshi * bin*: Cire fayil mai aiwatarwa daga kunshin rpm
25. rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm: shigar da kunshin da aka gina daga asalin rpm.
26. rpm ginawa-sake gina kunshin_name.src.rpm: gina kunshin rpm daga tushen rpm.

YUM ageaukaka Updaukakawa (Red Hat, Fedora, da makamantansu)

1. yum shigar da sunan kunshin: zazzage kuma shigar da kunshin rpm.
2. Yum localinstall package_name.rpm: wannan zai girka RPM kuma yayi ƙoƙarin warware duk abubuwan dogaro da kai, ta amfani da rumbunan ajiyar ka.
3. yum sabunta kunshin_name.rpm: sabunta duk abubuwan fakitin rpm da aka sanya akan tsarin.
4. yum sabunta kunshin_name: sabuntawa / sabunta kunshin rpm.
5. yum cire sunan kunshin: cire kunshin rpm
6. jerin yum: lissafa duk fakitin da aka sanya akan tsarin.
7. yum binciken sunan_: Nemi fakiti a cikin rpm mangaza.
8. yum masu tsabta: share rpm cache ta hanyar share fakitin da aka zazzage.
9. Yum masu tsabta kai: cire duk fayilolin rubutun kai da tsarin ke amfani dasu don warware dogaro.
10. yum tsaftace duka: cire daga fakitin cache da fayilolin kai tsaye.

Kunshin bashi (Debian, Ubuntu da abubuwan banbanci)

1. kunshin dpkg -i.deb: shigar / sabunta kunshin bashi.
2. dpkg -r kunshin_name: cire cire fakitin daga tsarin.
3. dpkg -l: nuna duk fakitin bashi da aka sanya akan tsarin.
4. dpkg -l | gaishe httpd: Nuna duk fakitin bashi da sunan "httpd"
5. dpkg -s kunshin_ suna- Samu bayanai akan takamaiman kunshin da aka sanya akan tsarin.
6. sunan dpkg -L: nuna jerin fayilolin da aka bayar ta hanyar kunshin da aka sanya akan tsarin.
7. dpkg –abubuwan kunshi.deb: jerin jerin fayilolin da aka bayar ta hanyar kunshin da ba'a sanya su ba tukuna.
8. dpkg -S / bin / ping: bincika wane kunshin na fayil ɗin da aka bayar.

APT Package Updater (Debian, Ubuntu da Kalam)

1. dace-samun shigar kunshin_name: shigar / sabunta kunshin bashi.
2. apt-cdrom shigar da kunshin_name: girka / sabunta kunshin bashi daga cdrom.
3. dace-samun update: sabunta jerin kunshin.
4. dace-samun inganci: sabunta duk abubuwanda aka sanya.
5. dace-samu cire package_name: cire cire fakitin daga tsarin.
6. samin dubawa: tabbatar da madaidaicin ƙuduri na dogaro.
7. m-samun tsabta: share cache daga saukakkun fakitoci.
8. binciken apt-cache-bincike-kunshin: yana dawo da jerin fakitin da suka dace da jerin "abubuwan bincike".

Duba abun cikin fayil

1. fayil cat: duba abubuwan cikin fayil wanda ya fara daga layin farko.
2. tac fayil1: duba abubuwan da ke cikin fayil wanda ya fara daga layin ƙarshe.
3. karin fayil1: duba abubuwan cikin duk fayil.
4. fileasa fayil1: yayi kama da 'ƙarin' umarnin amma yana ba da damar adana motsi a cikin fayil ɗin da ma motsi baya.
5. shugaban -2 fayil1: duba layuka biyu na farko na fayil.
6. wutsiya -2 fayil1: duba layuka biyu na ƙarshe na fayil.
7. wutsiya -f / var / log / saƙonni: duba a ainihin lokacin abin da aka ƙara cikin fayil ɗin.

Maganganun rubutu

1. kyanwa file1 file2 .. | umarni <> file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt: tsarin daidaitawa gaba ɗaya don sarrafa rubutu ta amfani da PIPE, STDIN da STDOUT.
2. kyanwa file1 | umarni (sed, grep, awk, grep, da sauransu ...)> result.txt: janar gaba ɗaya don sarrafa rubutu a cikin fayil kuma rubuta sakamakon a cikin sabon fayil.
3. kyanwa file1 | umarni (sed, grep, awk, grep, da sauransu ...) »result.txt: janar gaba ɗaya don sarrafa rubutu a cikin fayil kuma ƙara sakamakon zuwa fayil ɗin da yake.
4. grep Aug / var / log / saƙonnin: bincika kalmomin “Aug” a cikin fayil ɗin '/ var / log / saƙonnin'.
5. grep ^ Aug / var / log / saƙonnin: nemo kalmomin da suka fara da “Aug” a cikin fayil '/ var / log / saƙonnin'
6. grep [0-9] / var / log / saƙonni: zaɓi duk layi a cikin fayil '/ var / log / saƙonni' waɗanda ke ƙunshe da lambobi.
7. shafa mai Aug -R / var / log /*: Nemi zaren “Aug” a cikin kundin adireshin '/ var / log' da ƙasa.
8. sed 's / stringa1 / stringa2 / g' misali.txt: matsar da "string1" tare da "string2" a cikin misali.txt
9. misali '' ^ $ / d '. txt: cire duk layin layi daga misali.txt
10. sed '/ * # / d; / ^ $ / d 'misali. txt: cire tsokaci da layin wofi daga example.txt
11. amsa kuwwa 'esempio' | tr '[: ƙananan:]' '[: babba:]': maida ƙaramin baƙaƙe zuwa babban abu.
12. sakamakon '1d' sakamako. txt: cire layin farko na file example.txt
13. sed -n '/ stringa1 / p': Nuna kawai layukan da ke ɗauke da kalmar "string1".

Saita hali da canza fayil

1. dos2unix fileos.txt fileunix.txt: maida tsarin fayil ɗin rubutu daga MSDOS zuwa UNIX.
2. unix2dos fileunix.txt fayilos.txt: maida tsarin fayil ɗin rubutu daga UNIX zuwa MSDOS.
3. sake gyarawa ..HTML <shafi.txt> shafi.html: maida fayil din rubutu zuwa html.
4. sake sake -l | Kara- Nuna duk wadatattun fasalin da aka samu.

Binciken tsarin fayil

1. badblocks -v / dev / hda1: Duba mummunan tubalan akan diski hda1.
2. fsck / dev / hda1: gyara / bincika mutuncin fayil ɗin Linux akan disk hda1.
3. fsck.ext2 / dev / hda1: gyara / duba mutuncin ext 2 fayil din fayil akan disk hda1.
4. e2fsck / dev / hda1: gyara / duba mutuncin ext 2 fayil din fayil akan disk hda1.
5. e2fsck -j / dev / hda1: gyara / duba mutuncin ext 3 fayil din fayil akan disk hda1.
6. fsck.ext3 / dev / hda1: gyara / duba mutuncin ext 3 fayil din fayil akan disk hda1.
7. fsck.vfat / dev / hda1: gyara / bincika mutuncin fayil ɗin kitso akan diski hda1.
8. fsck.msdos / dev / hda1: gyara / bincika mutuncin fayil akan tsarin kan disk hda1.
9. dosfsck / dev / hda1: gyara / bincika mutuncin fayil akan tsarin kan disk hda1.

Tsara tsarin fayil

1. mkfs / dev / hda1: createirƙiri fayil ɗin kwatankwacin Linux a kan bangare hda1.
2. mke2fs / dev / hda1: ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin Linux ext 2 akan hda1.
3. mke2fs -j / dev / hda1: ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin Linux ext3 (na lokaci-lokaci) akan bangare hda1.
4. mkfs -t vfat 32 -F / dev / hda1: ƙirƙiri fayil din tsarin FAT32 akan hda1.
5. fdformat -n / dev / fd0: tsara faifan flooply.
6. mkswap / dev / hda3: ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin canzawa.

Ina aiki tare da SWAP

1. mkswap / dev / hda3: ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin canzawa.
2. swapon / dev / hda3: kunna sabon swap bangare.
3. swapon / dev / hda2 / dev / hdb3: kunna bangarorin musayar biyu.

Salvas (Ajiyayyen)

1. juji -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / gida: yi cikakken adana cikin kundin adireshin '/ gida'.
2. juji -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / gida: yi ƙari kari na '/ home' directory.
3. dawo da -if /tmp/home0.bak: maido da salvo mai hulɗa.
4. rsync -rogpav –delete / gida / tmp: aiki tare tsakanin kundayen adireshi.
5. rsync -rogpav -e ssh –delete / home ip_address: / tmp: rsync ta rami SSH.
6. rsync -az -e ssh –delete ip_addr: / gida / jama'a / gida / gida: Yi aiki tare da kundin adireshi na gida tare da jagorar nesa ta hanyar ssh da matsawa.
7. rsync -az -e ssh –delete / gida / gida ip_addr: / gida / jama'a- Yi aiki tare da kundin adireshi na nesa tare da kundin adireshi na gida ta hanyar ssh da matsawa.
8. dd bs = 1M idan = / dev / hda | gzip | mai amfani ssh @ ip_addr 'dd na = hda.gz': adana rumbun kwamfutarka akan mai masaukin nesa ta hanyar ssh.
9. dd idan = / dev / sda na = / tmp / file1: adana abubuwan da ke cikin diski mai wuya zuwa fayil. (A wannan yanayin Hard disk ɗin shine "sda" kuma fayil ɗin "file1" ne).
10. tar -Puf backup.tar / gida / mai amfani: yi ƙari a cikin adreshin '/ gida / mai amfani'.
11. (cd / tmp / na gida / && tar c.) | ssh -C mai amfani @ ip_addr 'cd / home / share / && tar x -p': kwafa abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshi zuwa babban adireshin ta hanyar ssh.
12. (tar c / gida) | ssh -C mai amfani @ ip_addr 'cd / gida / madadin-gida && tar x -p': kwafa kundin adireshi na gida zuwa adireshin nesa ta hanyar ssh.
13. kwalta cf -. | (cd / tmp / madadin; tar xf -): kwafin gida na adana lasisi da hanyoyin haɗi daga wannan kundin adireshin zuwa wani.
14. sami / gida / mai amfani1-sunan '* .txt' | xargs cp -av –target-directory = / gida / madadin / –masoya: nemo da kwafe duk fayiloli tare da tsawo '.txt' daga wannan shugabanci zuwa wani.
15. nemo / var / log -name '* .log' | tar cv –files-daga = - | bzip2> log.tar.bz2: nemo duk fayiloli tare da tsawo '.log' kuma sanya rumbun ajiya na bzip.
16. dd idan = / dev / hda na = / dev / fd0 bs = ƙidaya 512 = 1: yi kwafin MRB (Master Boot Record) zuwa floppy disk.
17. dd idan = / dev / fd0 na = / dev / hda bs = ƙidaya 512 = 1: mayar da kwafin MBR (Master Boot Record) wanda aka ajiye akan floppy.

CD-ROM

1. cdrecord -v gracetime = 2 dev = / dev / cdrom -eject blank = sauri -force: tsaftace ko goge cd.
2. mkisofs / dev / cdrom> cd.iso: ƙirƙiri hoton iso na cdrom akan faifai.
3. mkisofs / dev / cdrom | gzip> cd_iso.gz: createirƙiri hoto mai banƙyama na cdrom akan faifai.
4. mkisofs -J-ya yarda-jagora-dige -R -V “Label CD” -iso-matakin 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd: ƙirƙiri hoton iso na kundin adireshi.
5. cdrecord -v dev = / dev / cdrom cd.iso: ƙone hoton iso.
6. gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev = / dev / cdrom - Dankwairo: ƙone hoton iso mai matsawa.
7. hawa -o madauki cd.iso / mnt / iso: hawa hoton iso.
8. cd -paranoia -B: ɗauki wakoki daga cd zuwa fayilolin wav.
9. cd-paranoia - "-3": canja wurin farkon waƙoƙi 3 daga cd zuwa fayilolin WAV.
10. cdrecord-scanbus: scan motar don gano tashar scsi.
11. dd idan = / dev / hdc | md5sum: gudanar da md5sum akan na'urar, kamar CD.

Ina aiki tare da NETWORK ( LAN da Wi-Fi)

1. ifconfig dabi'a0: nuna sanyi na katin sadarwar Ethernet.
2. idan eth0: kunna mahaɗan 'eth0'.
3. Ifdown eth0: kashe musanya 'eth0'
4. ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0: saita adireshin IP.
5. ifconfig eth0 promisc: saita 'eth0' a yanayin gama gari don samun fakiti (shaƙawa).
6. dhclient mai ladabi0: kunna interface 'eth0' a cikin yanayin dhcp.
7. hanya -n: nuna tebur yawon shakatawa.
8. hanyar ƙara -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway: saita shigar da tsoho.
9. hanya add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1: saita madaidaiciyar hanya don bincika cibiyar sadarwar '192.168.0.0/16'.
10. hanya del 0/0 gw IP_gateway: cire hanya madaidaiciya.
11. amsa kuwwa "1"> / proc / sys / net / ipv4 / ip_forward: kunna ip yawon shakatawa.
12. sunan mai masauki: nuna sunan mai masauki na tsarin.
13. rundunar www.example.com: sami sunan mai masauki don warware sunan zuwa adireshin IP (1).
14. nslookup www.example.com: nemi sunan mai gida don warware sunan zuwa adireshin IP kuma akasin haka (2).
15. ip link show: nuna matsayin hanyar haɗi na duk musaya.
16. mii-kayan aiki eth0: nuna matsayin mahada na 'eth0'.
17. akidar ethtool: nuna ƙididdigar katin sadarwar 'eth0'.
18. netstat-tup- Nuna duk haɗin sadarwar da ke aiki da PIDs ɗin su.
19. netstat-tupl- Nuna duk masu sauraron cibiyar sadarwa akan tsarin da PIDs dinsu.
20. tashar tcpdump tcp 80: nuna duk zirga-zirga HTTP.
21. iwlist scan: nuna hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya.
22. iwconfig eth1: nuna sanyi na katin sadarwar mara waya.
23. whois www.example.com: bincika bayanan Whois.

Microsoft Windows Networks (SAMBA)

1. nbtscan ip_addr: ƙudurin cibiyar sadarwar halittu.
2. nmblookup -A ip_addr: ƙudurin cibiyar sadarwar halittu.
3. smbclient -L ip_addr / sunan mai masauki: nuna ayyukan nesa na mai gida a cikin windows.

IP tebur (FIREWALL)

1. iptables -t tace -L: nuna dukkan kirtani a teburin tacewa.
2. iptables -t na -L: Nuna dukkan kirtani daga teburin nat.
3. iptables -t tace -F: share dukkan dokoki daga tebur mai tacewa.
4. iptables -t nat -F: share dukkan dokoki daga nat table.
5. iptables -t tace -X: goge kowane layin da mai amfani ya kirkira.
6. iptables -t tace -A INPUT -p tcp –dport telnet -j ACCEPT: bawa mahaɗan haɗin waya damar shiga.
7. iptables -t tace -AUTUWAR -p tcp –dadin tashar http -j DROP: toshe hanyoyin HTTP fita.
8. iptables -t tace -GABAN gaba -p tcp –dport pop3 -j ACCEPT: ba da damar haɗi POP zuwa sarkar gaba.
9. iptables -t tace -A INPUT -j LOG –log -prefix “DROP INPUT”: rijistar zaren shigar da abubuwa.
10. iptables -t nat -A GABATARWA -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE: saita PAT (Port Translation Translation Port) akan eth0, ɓoye fakitoci masu ƙarfi.
11. iptables -t nat-PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp –dport 22 -j DNAT –to-makoma 10.0.0.2:22: tura fakiti mai jagora daga mai masauki zuwa wani.

Kulawa da gyarawa

1. top: nuna ayyukan Linux ta amfani da mafi yawan cpu.
2. ps -afita: yana nuna ayyukan Linux.
3. ps -e -o pid, args - daji- Nuna ayyukan Linux a cikin tsarin fasali.
4. maras kyau: nuna bishiyar tsari.
5. kashe -9 Tsari_ID- Forcearfafa aiki da kuma dakatar da shi.
6. kashe -1 Tsari_ID: tilasta aiwatar don sake shigar da sanyi.
7. lsof -p $ $: nuna jerin fayilolin da aka buɗe ta matakai.
8. lsof / gida / mai amfani1: yana nuna jerin fayilolin buɗewa a cikin hanyar da aka bayar na tsarin.
9. madauri -c ls> / dev / null: nuna tsarin kiran da aka yi da karɓa ta hanyar aiwatarwa.
10. madauri - -f bude ls> / dev / null: nuna kira zuwa laburari.
11. agogon -n1 'cat / proc / katsewa': nuna katsewa a ainihin lokacin.
12. karshe sake yi: nuna sake yi tarihi.
13. ssamara: nuna kwaya da aka ɗora
14. kyauta -m- Nuna matsayin RAM a cikin megabytes.
15. smartctl -A / dev / hda- Kula da amincin rumbun kwamfutarka ta hanyar SMART.
16. smartctl -i / dev / hda: bincika idan an kunna SMART a kan diski mai wuya.
17. wutsiya / var / log / dmesg: nuna abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin shigar kwaya.
18. wutsiya / var / log / saƙonni: nuna abubuwan da suka faru a tsarin.

Sauran umarni masu amfani

1. apropos ... keyword: nuna jerin umarnin da suke cikin maɓallin kewayawa na shirin; Suna da amfani lokacin da kuka san abin da shirin ku yake yi, amma ba ku san sunan umarnin ba.
2. mutum ping: nuna shafukan yanar gizo a kan layi; misali, a cikin umarnin ping, yi amfani da zaɓin '-k' don nemo kowane umarni mai alaƙa.
3. menene keyword: yana nuna bayanin abin da shirin ke yi.
4. mkbootdisk –device / dev / fd0 `uname -r`: createirƙiri abun shaye shaye
5. gpg -c fayil1: sanya fayil tare da mai tsaron GNU.
6. fayil gpg1.gpg: yanke fayil tare da GNU Security Guard.
7. wget -r ba www.example.com: sauke cikakken shafin yanar gizo.
8. wget -c ku www.example.com/file.iso: zazzage fayil tare da yiwuwar dakatar da saukarwa da sake dawowa daga baya.
9. amsa kuwwa 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso'| da karfe 09:00: Fara saukarwa a kowane lokaci. A wannan yanayin zai fara ne da ƙarfe 9.
10. ldd / usr / bin / ssh: nuna gidajen dakunan karatu da shirin ssh ya bukata.
11. wanda aka ce masa hh = 'tarihi': sanya sunan laƙabi don umarni –hh = Tarihi.
12. chsh: canza umarnin Shell.
13. chsh –list-bawo: umarni ne mai dacewa don sanin idan yakamata kayi nesa a wani tashar.
14. wanene -a: nuna wanda aka yi rijista, da lokacin bugawa na tsarin shigowa na ƙarshe, matakan da suka mutu, tsarin rajista na tsarin, matakan aiki waɗanda aka samar ta init, aiki na yanzu da canje-canje na ƙarshe na agogon tsarin.