kusan-umarni akan Debian - Hanyar Sadarwar Kwamfuta don SMBs

Janar jeri na jerin: Hanyoyin sadarwar Kwamfuta don SMEs: Gabatarwa

Taken wannan sakon yana nufin jerin umarnin wasan bidiyo mai farawa da «kusan- Kuma hakan na iya zama da amfani a wasu yanayi. Za mu ba da taƙaitaccen bayanin kowane ɗayan, da wasu misalan amfani. Muna maimaita wannan: Ba za mu iya maye gurbin littattafan da ke bin kowane umurni ba. Muna bada shawara da karfi bincika waɗannan shafukan ta hanyar gudu mutum kamarumurnin.

• Babban maƙasudin wannan labarin shine ci gaba da nunawa sararin samaniya cewa tuaddamarwa a cikin Linux a halin yanzu tana amfani da Qemu-KVM Hypervisor. Kodayake a taken muna rubuta sunan rarrabawa «Debian«, Manufofin gaba ɗaya suna aiki da kowane rarraba ta hanyar takamaiman umarnin kowane ɗayansu. Musamman waɗanda suke da alaƙa da bincike, kwatancen da shigarwa na fakitoci, da sauransu.

Kafin ci gaba da karatun, muna bada shawara ziyarci labarin da ya gabata: Qemu-KVM + Virt-Manajan kan Debian - Sadarwar Kwamfuta don SMEs.

Yaushe za ayi amfani da umarni?

A lokuta da yawa muna sarrafa sabar tallata ƙawancen nesa tare da QEMU-KVM an girka, kuma saboda wasu dalilai ba mu da maɓallin zane-zane na Manajan Injin Virtual - Manajan Virt-Manajan:

• Al'amari na al'ada, idan muka sami damar sabar nesa daga tashar Windows ta hanyar KawaI, ko wani na da yawa hanyoyi wanzu don haɗawa ta hanyar SSH tare da sabar Debian GNU / Linux, kuma na ƙarshen ba shi da wani tallafi da aka sanya don «X«, Ko hoto mai tallafi.
• Muna kawai son sarrafa injunan kama-da-wane a cikin gida ko sabar nesa ta amfani da umarnin wasan bidiyo.

An girka tare da abokan cinikin libvirt

en el previous article mun shigar da kunshin libvirt-bin, kuma a matsayin wani bangare na aikin an girka shi abokan ciniki. Idan muka gudu a cikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo dpkg -L libvirt-abokan ciniki | man shafawa / bin
/ usr / bin
/ usr / bin / virsh
/ usr / bin / virt-host-ingantacce
/ usr / bin / kusan-shiga-harsashi
/ usr / bin / virt-xml-inganta
/ usr / bin / virt-pki-inganta

• virke: shirin virsh shine babban hanyar amfani da mai amfani don cikakken gudanarwa na estungiyoyin Baƙi - Guests. Ana amfani da shi don lissafa, ƙirƙira, dakatarwa, da rufe yankuna. Dole ne a kira wannan umarnin tare da izini na tushen. Yana da hanyoyi biyu don gudana: a cikin yanayin umarni da cikin yanayin ma'amala. Za mu sadaukar da labarin na gaba don yin virsh.
• kusan-rundunar-inganta: kayan aiki wanda ke ba da izinin inganta tsarin Mai watsa shiri - watsa shiri, don haka tana iya tallafawa duk direbobin Hypervisor - Hypervisor. Don samun daidaitattun sakamako, dole ne a gudana umarnin tare da izini na tushen.
• kusan-shiga-harsashi: umarni don aiwatar da a harsashi Musamman don a mai amfani na al'ada a cikin akwati LXC, wanda sunansa iri daya ne da mai amfani dashi. Idan akwati ba ya gudana, umarnin kusan-shiga-harsashi zai yi kokarin fara shi. Ba za a iya kiran wannan umarnin tare da izinin mai amfani ba tushen. Fayil mai tsari na wannan shirin shine /etc/libvirt/virt-login-shell.conf.
• kusan-xml-inganta: inganta fayilolin XML daga libvirt kwatanta su da makirci - tsarin inganci. Muna samun jerin ingantattun sunayen tsari idan muka aiwatar mutum kusan-xml-inganta.
• kusan-pki-inganta- An yi amfani dashi don inganta ko fayilolin PKI na libvirt An tsara su daidai, duka a gefen amintaccen uwar garke da kan abokin ciniki wanda zai yi amfani da yarjejeniyar ɓoye TLS don samun damar isa ga sabar ta nesa. Yinsa zai zama dole idan har muka kunna ikon nesa akan TLS da SSL. Babi na 22.2 na daftarin aiki Viraddamar da tuarfafawa da Jagorar Gudanarwa, an sadaukar da wannan maganin. Muna ba da shawara cewa hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwancin mu suna amfani da gudanarwar nesa ta hanyar SSH, hanya mafi sauƙi da aminci ga LAN ɗin Kasuwanci, wanda zamu ƙaddamar da labarin na gaba.

An girka da kyawawan halaye

A cikin labarin da ya gabata, mun kuma sanya kunshin cikakken manajan. A matsayin ɓangare na wannan tsari, an shigar da kunshin mafi kyau. Idan muna so mu san wane umarni ne na karshen ya ƙunsa, za mu aiwatar:

byzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo dpkg -L virtinst | man shafawa / bin
/ usr / bin
/ usr / bin / kusan-tuba
/ usr / bin / hoto-kama
/ usr / bin / virt-xml
/ usr / bin / kama-kafa
/ usr / bin / virt-clone

• kusan-tuba- umarnin da ke canza ma'anar injin kama-da-wane zuwa tsari VMX y Ovf zuwa tsarin asalin libvirt XML. Tsarin VMX yawanci ana amfani dashi VMware, yayin da OVF «Bude Tsarin Hanya»Kowa na iya amfani da shi Hypervisor goyi bayan shi.
• hoto-hoto- Creatirƙira na'ura mai ɗorewa daga fayil mai bayanin hoto a cikin tsarin XML. Wannan kayan aiki na musamman za'a cire su daga gaba mafi kyau, don haka Ba mu ba da shawara amfani dashi.
• kusan-xml: Yana ba da damar gyara fayilolin XML na asali waɗanda ake amfani dasu libvirt, ta amfani da zaɓin layin umarni.
• kusan-kafa: kayan aikin layin umarni wanda ke ba da damar ƙirƙirar sabbin injina na zamani a cikin Hypervisors kamar su KVM, Xen ko Kwantena na Linux waɗanda ke amfani da laburaren gudanarwa na hypervisor "Labarai". Wannan kayan aikin yana goyan bayan sanya hoto idan muka yi amfani dashi, misali VNC Cibiyar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwar, ko KYAUTATA. Hakanan yana tallafawa cikakken kayan wasan bidiyo ko yanayin rubutu. Ta hanyar amfani da shi zamu iya ƙirƙirar na’ura mai kama da ɗaya ko fiye da rumbun kwamfutoci, ɗaya ko fiye da katunan hanyar sadarwa, na'urorin sauti, kebul na zahiri ko na'urorin PCI, da sauransu. Media ɗin shigarwa na iya zama na gida, mai nisa, wanda aka buga ta amfani da asalin UNIX NFS Network File System protocol, HTTP, FTP. da dai sauransu
• clone- kayan aikin layin umarni don hada injunan da ke akwai ta amfani da laburaren gudanarwa na hypervisor "Labarai". Asali kwafar hoton wata naura mai kirkirar kirkirar sabon baƙo - Bako tare da daidaiton kayan aiki iri ɗaya. Abubuwa na kayan masarufi waɗanda ke buƙatar zama na musamman, misali, adireshin kayan aiki na katin hanyar sadarwa, za a sabunta su don guje wa haɗuwa ko hayaniya tsakanin tsohuwar da sabuwar Bako.

kusan-kallo

Wannan kayan aikin kuma an sanya su lokacin da kuke yin su cikakken manajan. kusan-kallo jakar ta daban ce.

• kusan-kallo: yana ba mu damar nuna kayan wasan bidiyo na hoto, ta hanyar VNC ko SPICE, na takamaiman injiniya, ko yana nan cikin gida ko kuma nesa. Zamu iya koma wa Bako cewa muna son nunawa ta cikin sunansa, ID, ko UUID. Idan na'urar kama-da-wane bata aiki, mai kallo zai jira ya fara.

Sauran umarni "virt-" waɗanda za'a iya girkawa daga wasu fakiti daban

• kyawawan-kyawawan abubuwa- Tarin kayan aikin da suka danganci ƙwarewa. Ya hada da plugin don «Munin«, Da kuma rubutun don canza injunan kamala da aka kirkira tare da VMware Workstation ko VMware Server, zuwa tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a Qemu-KVM.
• kusan-kai: Yana nuna ƙididdigar ƙananan yankuna. Wani irin top o htop don injunan kama-da-wane

An girka tare da kayan kwemu

Kodayake sunan wadannan kayan aikin baya farawa da kusanTabbas dole ne muyi amfani da wasu daga cikinsu a wani lokaci, musamman wanda ke da alaƙa da hotunan mashinan kama-da-wane.

Zamu iya kiransu bayan mun shigar da su Tsarin aikin Qemu-Kvm, kamar yadda aka nuna a talifin da ya gabata. Idan muna so mu san ko wanne yayi umarni da kunshin da ya rage a hannunmu qemu-kayan aiki, kawai muna buƙatar gudu:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo dpkg -L qemu-utils | man shafawa / bin
/ usr / bin
/ usr / bin / qemu-img
/ usr / bin / qemu-nbd / usr / bin / qemu-io

Idan maimakon wariyar da / bin da mun yi masa / sbin, za mu sami wani sakamakon wanda za mu bar muku la'akari.

• immu-img: yana bamu damar ƙirƙira, da canzawa da / ko canza hotunan fayafai waɗanda basa aiki ko waɗanda suke Daga layi.
  Muna ba da shawara gudu umurnin mutum qemu-img. Zamu kawai jaddada cewa KADA MU YI amfani da wannan umarnin gyara duk wani hoto da yake amfani da kowane irin inji ko wata hanya, saboda yana iya lalata hoton. Haka kuma bai kamata mu nemi bayanan hoton da ke kan aiwatar da gyare-gyare ba, saboda za mu iya samun sabani a cikin yanayin sa.

Misalan amfani da wasu daga cikin umarnin

kusan-rundunar-inganta

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ kusan-rundunar-ingantaccen 
  QEMU: Ana bincika kayan aiki na kayan aiki: WUYA QEMU: Duba na'urar / dev / kvm: WUYA QEMU: Duba na'urar / dev / vhost-net: GARGADI (Load da tsarin 'vhost_net' don inganta aikin sadarwar kirki) QEMU: Dubawa don na'urar / dev / net / tun: Wuce LXC: Dubawa ga Linux> = 2.6.26: Wuce

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo mai-karɓar-tabbatacce 
[sudo] kalmar wucewa don buzz: QEMU: Dubawa don ƙwarewar kayan aiki: WUYA QEMU: Duba na'urar / dev / kvm: WUYA QEMU: Duba na'urar / dev / vhost-net: WUYA KEMU: Duba na'urar / dev / net / tun : Wuce LXC: Dubawa ga Linux> = 2.6.26: Wuce

kusan-xml-inganta

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo virt-xml-inganci /etc/libvirt/qemu/dns.xml 
/etc/libvirt/qemu/dns.xml ya inganta

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo virt-xml-inganci /etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/default.xml
/etc/libvirt/qemu/networks/default.xml ya inganta

immu-img

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ qemu-img duba / tera/vmware/omicron/omicron.vmdk
Babu kurakurai da aka samo akan hoton.

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ qemu-img info /tera/vmware/omicron/omicron.vmdk
hoto: /tera/vmware/omicron/omicron.vmdk
Tsarin fayil: girman vmdk: 20G (21474836480 bytes) girman faifai: 3.6G tari_size: 65536 Tsara takamammen bayani: cid: 1473577509 iyaye cid: 4294967295 kirkirar nau'in: monolithic vmware / omicron / omicron.vmdk girman tarin: 0 tsari:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ qemu-img info /tera/vms/omicron.raw 
hoto: /tera/vms/omicron.raw
Tsarin fayil: raw girman kama-da-wane: 20G (baiti 21474836480) girman faifai: 3.4G

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ qemu-img info /tera/vms/miweb.qcow2
hoto: /tera/vms/miweb.qcow2
Tsarin fayil: qcow2 girman kamala: 10G (10737418240 bytes) girman faifai: 4.5G cluster_size: 65536 Sanya takamaiman bayani: jituwa: 1.1 rago ragowa: karya

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo qemu-img maida -p /tera/vms/omicron.raw -O qcow2 /tera/vms/omicron.qcow2
    (27.56 / 100%)

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ qemu-img info /tera/vms/omicron.qcow2 
hoto: /tera/vms/omicron.qcow2
Tsarin fayil: qcow2 girman kamala: 20G (21474836480 bytes) girman faifai: 3.5G cluster_size: 65536 Sanya takamaiman bayani: jituwa: 1.1 rago ragowa: karya

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo qemu-img ƙirƙiri -f qcow2 /tera/vms/hyp2.qcow2 20G
Tsarin '/tera/vms/hyp2.qcow2', fmt = qcow2 size = 21474836480 encryption = kashe cluster_size = 65536 lazy_refcounts = kashe 

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo qemu-img info /tera/vms/hyp2.qcow2
hoto: /tera/vms/hyp2.qcow2
Tsarin fayil: qcow2 girman kamala: 20G (baiti 21474836480) girman faifai: 196K cluster_size: 65536 Tsara takamammen bayani: mai jituwa: 1.1 rago ragowa: karya

kusan-xml

Na farko, mun kirkiro sabon kundi:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo qemu-img ƙirƙiri -f qcow2 /tera/vms/dns2.qcow2 10G

Sannan mu shiga cikin yankin "dns" na yanzu:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ virt-xml - haɗi qemu: /// tsarin dns --add-device --disk /tera/vms/dns2.qcow2 --confirm
--- Asalin XML +++ Canza XML @@ -128,5 +128,10 @@  + + + + +

Ayyade 'dns' tare da canza XML? (y / n): y
An bayyana ma'anar 'dns' cikin nasara.

A ƙarshen labarin mun ba da cikakken tsarin sabon fayil ɗin da aka gyara /etc/libvirt/qemu/dns.xml.

kusan-tuba

Bari mu canza wani inji mai kirkirar da aka ƙirƙira ta Wurin Aikin VMware zuwa ga tsari libvirt, ba tare da farko tantancewa cewa tsarin jujjuyawar rumbun kwamfutarka shine quwa 2, kuma kuma cewa sabon hoton na'urar kirkirar hoto an ƙirƙira shi a cikin babban ma'aji / tera / vms. Hakanan muna son fitowar umarnin ya zama bayyane kamar yadda zai yiwu, don haka muke amfani da zaɓi -d.

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo virt-convert -d / tera / vmware / miweb / -disk-format qcow2 -destination / tera / vms

Bayan haka, mai kallon-kallo yana haɗuwa ta atomatik zuwa sabon Baƙon da aka canza, kuma muna iya ganin ɗaukacin aikin boot ɗin.

clone

Bari mu haɗa na'ura ta kama-da-wane «dns":

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ virt-clone - haɗi ƙemu: /// tsarin -o dns --auto-clone
Sanya 'dns-clone.qcow2' | 10 GB 00:20 Sanyawa 'dns2-clone.qcow2' | 10 GB 00:01     

An kirkiro clone 'dns-clone' cikin nasara.

Muna bincika amfani da umarnin virke, wanda shine samfoti na labarin na gaba:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo virsh jerin
 Sunan Yanki ----------------------------------------------- -----

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo virsh list - duka
 Id Name State ---------------------------------------------------- ----- - dns rufe - dns-clone rufe - miweb rufe

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo virsh fara dns-clone
An fara amfani da dns-clone na yanki

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ virt-viewer - haɗi qemu: /// tsarin dns-clone

kusan-kafa

Muna son ƙirƙirar wani inji mai suna «WordPress»Don karbar bakuncin shafin na Kasuwancin Intanet. Ba za a buga shi a Intanet ba. Cewa yana da kimanin megabytes 1024 na RAM, babban faifai na gigabytes 80 na ci gaba mai ƙarfi, wanda ya dogara da Debian Jessie, kuma an haɗa shi da hanyar sadarwa «tsoho".

Don sauƙaƙa rayuwarmu, zamu fara ƙirƙirar hoton diski ta amfani immu-img:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo qemu-img ƙirƙiri -f qcow2 /tera/vms/wordpress.qcow2 80G
Tsarin '/tera/vms/wordpress.qcow2', fmt = qcow2 size = 85899345920 encryption = kashe cluster_size = 65536 lazy_refcounts = kashe

Na gaba, mun ƙirƙiri inji kuma mun fara aikin shigarwa:

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo kusan-shigar - haɗi ƙemu: /// tsarin --virt-type = kvm \
- sunan kalma --ram 1024 --vcpus = 1 \
--disk / tera/vms/wordpress.qcow2 \
--cdrom /home/buzz/isos/Linux/debian-8/debian-8.0.0-amd64-CD-1.iso \
--os-type linux --n hanyar sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa = tsoho \
--bayanin wordpress.desdelinux.fan

kusan-kai

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ virt-top - haɗi ƙemu: /// tsarin
kusan-15 39: 21: 86 - x64_2 2 / 1600CPU 3863MHz 2MB 2 yankuna, 2 aiki, 0 gudu, 0 barci, 0 an dakatar, 0 rashin aiki D: 0 O: 0 X: 0.7 CPU: 768% Mem: 768 MB ( 22 MB ta baƙi) ID S RDRQ WRRQ RXBY TXBY% CPU% MEM TIME SUNAN 0 R 0 104 0 0.3 6.0 0 11.49: 21 dns 0 R 0 104 0 0.3 13.0 0 13.42: XNUMX miweb

Tsarin fayil din dns.xml

Da farko yana iya zama da ɗan wahalar fahimtar tsarin fayil ɗin ma'anar na'urar kama-da-wane ko Bako, kamar yadda fahimta ta Qemu-KVM hypervisor da ɗakunan karatu masu dangantaka kamar libvirt. Fayil din yana cikin daidaitaccen tsari.xml. An tsara shi ta hanyar tubalan ma'ana, wanda ke ƙunshe cikin babban toshe «yankin".

....

A cikin wannan toshe zamu sami ma'anar dukkanin na'ura mai mahimmanci:

• sunan kungiyar
• uuid na kungiyar
• adadin RAM
• yawan sarrafawa
• nau'in tsarin aiki da gine ginen sa. na'urar na taya.
• Fasali cewa yana tallafawa kamar ACPI "Interface Power Power Power Interface", APM "Gudanar da wutar lantarki ta atomatik", da PAE.
• Model (s) na CPU da halayen su
• saitin agogo: shin UTC ne "Timeungiyar Lokaci ordinaya" ko a'a.
• Amsawa ga al'amuran kamar kashewa, sake yi, ko lalacewar tsarin
• idan Firayim Minista "Gudanar da Iko" ya ba da damar abubuwan da suka faru "dakatar da rubutu zuwa ƙwaƙwalwa" da "dakatar da rubutu zuwa diski"
• emulator nau'in na'urori daban-daban ko Na'urorin KVM
• ga dukkan rumbun kwamfutoci: direba, nau'in faifai, hanyar fayil ɗin hoto, makasudin na'urar, nau'in bas, rami «Ramin»Pci wanda aka haɗa shi da shi, da sauransu, ya danganta da faifan kama-da-wane: IDE, SATA, SCSI, USB ko Virtio.
• kayan gani kamar CDR
• lamba da nau'in masu haɗin USB
• pci slot don faifan IDE
• Mai haɗa serial don sadarwa
• Mai haɗa layi daya don bugawa
• katunan cibiyar sadarwa tare da adireshin MAC na musamman, nau'in katin hanyar sadarwa, wacce mahaɗin pci take haɗe da ita, kuma wacce hanyar sadarwa ce ta zamani da zata haɗa ta
• pty jerin consoles
• Na'urorin shigar da bayanai kamar padkwamfutar hannu", Maballin komputa"linzamin kwamfuta", da dai sauransu
• katin bidiyo da RAM, nau'I, ƙira, rami, bas, da sauransu.
• da wani dogon sauransu

A takaice, La Mar Océana na ma'anoni da na'urori waɗanda suke da mahimmanci kuma masu goyan bayan Qemu-KVM hypervisor da ɗakunan karatu masu alaƙa, don samun cikakkun kayan aikin kamala kamar na gaske.

buzz @ sysadmin: ~ $ sudo cat /etc/libvirt/qemu/dns.xml 
<!--
GARGAƊI: WANNAN FILE NE MAI KYAUTA.  Canje-canje zuwa ga shi ne mafi kusantar TO rubuta da rasa.  Canje-canje ga wannan daidaitawar xml yakamata ayi ta amfani da: virsh edit dns ko wani aikace-aikacen ta amfani da libvirt API.

Isarwa mai zuwa

• Umurnin Virsh
• Gudanar da nesa na hypervisors da injunan su na yau da kullun ta amfani da SSH

Ka tuna cewa wannan zai zama jerin labaran ta Hanyoyin sadarwar Kwamfuta don SMEs. Za mu jira ku!