Linus Torvalds: Linux ba aikin aikin Free Software Foundation bane

Mahaliccin Linux ya faɗi yadda a cikin shekaru XNUMX ƙirƙirar sa ya zama daga zuciyar tsarin aiki buɗe zuwa zama muhallin shimfidar komputa kuma a zuciyar Android, tsarin aikin Google wanda ke samun nasarori masu ban sha'awa akan wayoyin hannu. Allunan, da sauransu.

- Shekaru 20 kenan da haihuwar Linux, menene ainihin ranar da aka kirkireshi? 

Da kyau, a wurina babu wata takamaiman kwanan wata, yayin da nake aiki akan wannan na ɗan wani lokaci kafin a sake shi. Koyaya, Ina tsammanin kowane ɗayan kwanakin da aka ambata suna da hankali. Don haka gwargwadon yadda aka kidaya shi, ana iya samun ranaku daban-daban guda uku. Wanda nake ganin ya fi dacewa shi ne 17 ga Satumba, 1991, wanda lokacin ne na yi sigar Linux-0.01 na fayilolin da aka harhada na loda su a shafin jama'a, ftp.funet.fi. Koyaya, ban taba sanar da sakin sigar ta 0.01 a bayyane ba (kawai na aikawa mutane imel sirri a asirce), saboda haka, saboda wannan dalili, za a ambaci wasu ranaku biyu kuma: Oktoba 5 ita ce farkon. na Linux a bayyane (sanarwar "tuna waɗannan kyawawan ranakun minix-1.1 lokacin da maza suka kasance suna rubuta nasu direbobin don na'urorinsu?" Na Linux-0.02 a cikin minix newsgroup). Kuma wasu suna kirga 3 ga Yuli, domin duk da cewa ban shirya sanya komai ba a wancan lokacin, ranar ce na fara sanarwa a fili na kasance ina aiki a kan aikin. Don haka batun dandano ne. Da kaina, Ina son yin amfani da 17 ga Satumba a matsayin ranar haihuwa.

–Shin kun taɓa tunanin cewa Linux na iya zama da girma haka? 

-Ba shakka ba. A lokaci guda, yawancin ci gaba suna tafiya a hankali, don haka ba a taɓa jin mamakin babban mamaki a kowane lokaci na musamman ba. Kallon baya kawai, zaku sami wannan yanayin na "da kyau, wannan yayi aiki sosai fiye da yadda ake tsammani."

- Shin kuna ganin Linux tana da ma'anar siyasa, shin gudummawa ce ta zamantakewar al'umma ko kuma falalarta tana samarwa ne kawai? 

- Ina tsammanin yana da waɗannan jigogin ga mutane daban-daban. Da kaina, Na yi (kuma har yanzu ina yi) don dalilai na kaina. Ina tsammanin abin farin ciki ne kuma mai ban sha'awa, kuma ina son tsarin aiki don amfanin kaina. Gaskiyar cewa wasu mutane sun taimaka, kuma suna da dalilai mabanbanta don taimakawa (daga waɗanda kawai suke son neman kuɗi zuwa ga waɗanda ke da lamuran zamantakewa ko siyasa) abin sha'awa ne, amma har yanzu waɗancan dalilan ba sune dalilan da yasa nake yin Linux ba . Tabbas, gaskiyar cewa wasu mutane suna da hannu dumu-dumu, kuma gaskiyar cewa Linux yana kawo canji ga mutane da yawa, yana taimaka ma ni gwiwa. Ina jin daɗin yin aiki da Linux don kare kanka, amma a bayyane na ji daɗin cewa babban aiki ne wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a duniya.

- Yaya kake ji idan aka danganta sunanka da kayan da miliyoyin mutane suke amfani da shi a duniya, ba tare da sanin cewa game da kai ba ne? 

"Yana da kyau, tabbas." Dukanmu muna son jin dacewa, kuma muna tunanin cewa muna kawo canji a wannan duniyar. Samun aiki a inda kake jin mai fa'ida, kuma sanin cewa aikin da kakeyi "lamuran" babban ƙalubale ne.

- Menene yanayin Linux a halin yanzu: lambobi nawa ke da lambar, mutane nawa suke aiki? 

- Adadin mutane yana da wahalar kimantawa. Abu ne mai sauki a bayar da danyan lambobi (kimanin mutane dubu suna da martabar marubuci a kan kowane sakin kwaya a cikin rajistan ayyukan lambar), amma menene ma'anar hakan? Wasu daga cikin waɗannan mutane suna ba da gudummawa ta layin layi ɗaya, wasu suna rubuta dubunnan layuka na lambar. Amma yaya game da waɗannan mutanen da suke yin gwaje-gwaje da sauran tallafi? A halin yanzu, dangane da adadin layin lambar, itacen asalin kwaya na yanzu yana da kusan layi miliyan 14. Ba duk wannan bane "lambar", a bayyane, wannan ya haɗa da duk tsokaci, takardu, ginin kayayyakin more rayuwa, da wasu kayan aikin lambar kuma. Kusan rabin wannan shine direbobi, babban ɓangaren wannan shine gine-ginen tallafi don gine-ginen 20 + da muke tallafawa, kuma muna da fayiloli daban-daban sama da 60, kodayake yawancin mutane suna amfani da ɗaya ko biyu. Don haka daga cikin layuka miliyan 14 na lambar a cikin kwaya, yawancin waɗannan siffofin ba su shafar yawancin masu amfani. Zuciyar kwaya tayi karami sosai. Amma ana iya gaya masa ta wata hanyar kuma: menene Linux? Ba lallai ne kawai batun kwaya ba, amma wani abu ne da ya shafi duk ayyukan da ke kewaye, wasu daga cikinsu ba takamaiman Linux ba ne, amma ana amfani da su a cikin sauran tsarin aiki kuma. Don haka yana da matukar wahala ka bayar da adadi mai sauki na komai.

- Menene manyan matsaloli ga Linux? 

–Da kwaya, ɗayan manyan lamura shine kawai samarda kayan aikin kayan masarufi. Tallafawa duk kayan aikin da ke waje shine abin da muke ɓatar da lokaci da ƙoƙari a yanzu. A lokaci guda, muna da ƙalubale da yawa akan matakin kulawa kuma. Tambaya ce ta yadda za a yi aiki tare a cikin dunkulelliyar dunkulalliyar al'umma, gina ababen more rayuwa (kawai tsara lambar tushe) don samun damar aiki tare. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kayan aikin (kamar aikin Git don kula da lambar tushe) sun fi zama batun zama tare da ƙungiyar ta gari, yawancin ƙalubalen suna da alaƙa da gina haɗin kan jama'a tsakanin mutane don ba su damar aiki tare.

- Su waye manyan abokan? 

–Zabban kalmomin da zakayi bakon abu ne. Akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda nake aiki da su sosai kuma na yarda da kaina. Suna son yin aiki a cikin kamfanonin fasaha da yawa, waɗanda ke cikin Linux. Amma ina aiki tare da su kawai a matsayin mutane, ba a matsayin "wakilan kamfanonin su ba." Don haka na aminta da su kaina, ba don suna aiki a cikin wannan ko waccan kamfanin da ke aiki akan wani batun ba. Babu shakka, akwai kamfanoni da yawa waɗanda suka taimaka sosai wajen taimakawa don tallafawa Linux. Suna yin abubuwa daban-daban, sun fi mai da hankali kan yankuna daban-daban, kuma duk wannan ba kawai game da lambar rubutu bane. Baya ga injiniyoyin da nake aiki tare, kamfanonin da ke yin tallace-tallace, yin binciken kuskure, tallafin mai amfani. Duk yana da mahimmanci. Kuma ba zan ambaci sunayensu ba daban-daban ko kuma ta hanyar kamfanoninsu, saboda ba zan kasance a cikin wani matsayi na faɗi wanda ya fi ɗayan muhimmanci ba: wannan ya dogara da sha'awar ku da amfanin ku.

- Menene babban makiyin Linux?

"Bana tunanin haka." Nakan sanya Linux ne don wasu manufofi na masu kyau, kuma idan nayi la’akari da wani abu musamman, to akasin kanmu ne. Ina so in inganta Linux don ta fi ta yanzu, ba don yin gasa da kowa ba. Na kasance ina yin izgili game da Microsoft, amma ba gaskiya ba ne game da su, ko kuma wani kamfanin fasaha.

-Bayan takaddun masu zaman kansu, alal misali, ba makiyin motsi bane "buyayyar tushe"? 

-Ahh haka ne. Takaddun shaida matsala ce. Yawancin patents suna da ban dariya, amma yaƙi da su yana da rikitarwa da tsada. Labari mai dadi shine yawancin kamfanoni ma sun ƙi su, don haka akwai fatan cewa tsarin zai canza, ko kuma a ɗan ɗan ɗan ɓarna.

- Wace rarraba Linux kuke ba da shawarar?

–Da kaina, yawanci ina amfani da Fedora, amma mahimmin kalmar ita ce "ƙasa". Hakan ya faru ne saboda wasu dalilai na bazuwar tarihi. Na damu da shirye-shiryen zuciya, don haka a gare ni rarraba hanya ce kawai don samun sabon inji don zama mai amfani. Ban damu da yawa ba saboda zan maye gurbin sassan da nayi ma'amala da su sosai. Labari ne game da kwaya, git, da kuma tarihi wasu ayyukan idan an buƙata. Rarrabawar shawarar da gaske ya ƙare kasancewa tambaya game da abin da aka ba da amfani a kowane yanayi. Ana amfani da Android don wayoyi, Ubuntu don ƙananan koyon karatu, da sauran rarraba al'ada, wanda zai dogara da ku. Ga yawancin mutanen da ke wurin, mafi kyawun ɓarna ya zama wanda yake kusa da mutanen da suke son amfani da Linux, ta wannan hanyar zaku iya raba abubuwan kwarewa da koya daga wasu.

–Ba ku tunanin Ubuntu ya yi sauri a cikin sabuntawa kuma wani lokacin zai iya zama mara amfani? 

-Ban ce ba. Kuna son rarrabuwa masu rarrabawa, gwada sabbin abubuwa, kamar yadda kuke son rayayyun rabarwa waɗanda suka tsufa na dogon lokaci saboda basa son girgiza jirgin ruwan. Kamar yadda ni mutum ne wanda ya fito daga duniyar fasaha, ina tsammanin rabe-raben da ke kan gaba sun fi ban sha'awa, tabbas. Kuma ga yawancin masu amfani hanya madaidaiciya ce don ci gaba kuma. Kuna da damar shiga sabon fasali da damar aiki da wuri. Tabbas, wannan yana zuwa da kaifafan gefuna, wanda ya samo asali daga batun kasancewa mai haske da kasancewa a cikin sabon abu, don haka tabbas wasu masu goyon baya tabbas zasu gwammace da kwanciyar hankali.

- Wane yanayi ne na tebur ya kamata a yi amfani dashi? 

- Babu "ya kamata". Al'amari ne na fifikon mutum da abinda kuka saba dashi. Na sami mummunan kwarewa tare da mutanen da suka haɓaka tebur waɗanda suke tsammanin za su iya canza duniya. Na yi nesa da KDE lokacin da suka yi babban sauyawa zuwa KDE-4. Kuma yanzu ina ƙaura daga Gnome-3 don wannan dalili. Tebur, fiye da kowane abu, wani abu ne wanda ake amfani dashi dangane dashi. Wannan a bayyane yake yasa kasuwar "tebur" gaba daya tana da wahalar sauyawa.

- Shin kalmar "buɗaɗɗiyar tushe" tana barin ƙofar a buɗe don barin software na mallakar ta cikin kernel na Linux?

-Ba. "Buɗaɗɗen tushe" yafi yawa game da rashin mallaka. Wannan shine tsakiyar kalmar "bude".

- Wace akida Linux take da shi? 

- Bana jin akwai akidar "daya". Ina ganin bai kamata a samu akida ba. Babban mahimmancin wannan shine kalmar "ɗaya": Ina tsammanin akwai yiwuwar akidu "da yawa". Na yi shi ne don dalilai na na kaina, wasu mutane suna yi ne saboda dalilan su. Ina tsammanin duniya wuri ne mai rikitarwa, kuma mutane dabba ce mai ban sha'awa, waɗanda ke yin abubuwa don dalilai masu rikitarwa. Don haka bana ganin ya kamata a samu akidar "daya". Abin farin ciki ne kwarai da gaske ganin mutane suna aiki a kan Linux saboda sunyi imanin cewa zasu iya sanya duniya ta zama mafi kyawu ta hanyar rarraba fasaha da kuma samar dashi ga mutane sosai. Dayawa sunyi imani da cewa bude hanya hanya ce mai kyau ta yin hakan. Wannan "akida" ce. Ina ganin babbar akida ce. Ba da gaske bane yasa na fara kera Linux, amma ya cika ni da farin ciki ganin yadda ake amfani da Linux ta wannan hanyar. Amma kuma ina tsammanin yana da kyau a ga duk kamfanonin kasuwanci suna amfani da tushen buɗe kawai saboda yana da kyau ga kasuwancin su. Wannan akida ce ta daban, kuma ina tsammanin ita kyakkyawar akida ce. Duniya zata zama mafi munin yanayi idan ba mu da kamfanonin yin abubuwa don kuɗi. Don haka kawai akidar da nake matukar kyama da rashin kauna ita ce irin akidar da ke kokarin kebe wasu. Na raina mutanen da akidunsu ke game da "akidar gaskiya daya tilo", kuma ga wanda duk wanda ba ya bin wannan tsarin koyarwar na gari to "shaidan" ne ko kuma "ba daidai ba" ne. Waɗannan su ne ƙananan masu hankali da wauta, a wurina. Don haka muhimmin bangare game da bude hanya ba akida ba ce, a'a kowa na iya amfani da shi don bukatunsu da dalilansu. Lasisin haƙƙin mallaka yana nan don kiyaye wannan buɗewar a raye, da kuma tabbatar da cewa aikin bai zama ɓarke ​​tsakanin mutane da ke ɓoye ci gaban juna da juna ba kuma dole ne su sake aiwatar da canje-canjen da wasu suka yi, amma ba a can yake bi da wasu akida.

- Shin rikicin kasa da kasa ya kasance wata dama ce ta ci gaban kungiyar bude ido? 

"Ba zan so in faɗi haka ba." Ina tsammanin cewa a wasu lokuta akwai lokuta masu wahala don nuna dalilan yin wani abu (furcin "larura ita ce uwar ƙirƙira" yana game da yadda larura da lokuta masu wahala na iya zama kyakkyawar dama ga sababbin ra'ayoyi da sababbin abubuwa). Amma a lokaci guda, da gaske ina tsammanin cewa ainihin abubuwan ci gaba na faruwa ba tare da rikici ba. Don haka yanzu, a lokutan tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin duniya, kamfanoni da yawa suna ƙaura zuwa Linux da tushen buɗewa saboda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lasisi da abubuwa makamantan hakan ba. Amma a lokaci guda, idan muka kalli baya a wannan lokacin kafin rikicin, mutane suna amfani da Linux a sabbin hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa, suma.

- Shin kuna ganin cewa sabon abu na Android, tsarin aikin Google na wayoyin hannu, wani misali ne na karfin software kyauta? 

-Tabbas. Maganar cewa zaku iya ɗaukar software ta buɗe, kuma kuyi abubuwa dashi da waɗanda maƙasudinta na asali basu taɓa shiryawa ba, kuma kuyi amfani da su ta hanyoyi masu ban mamaki shine ainihin asalin tushen tushen. Android misali ne mai kyau na yadda Linux - wanda mafi yawan mutane suka ɗauka kamar kawai tsarin aikin uwar garke ne shekaru goma da suka gabata - yanzu kuma yana ɗaukan mu a matsayin tsarin aiki na hannu. Kuma wannan daidai ne saboda mutane sun sami damar amfani da software kuma suna aiwatar da nasu abubuwan.

- Me kuke tunani game da littafin rubutu na Googlebook na Google? Shin ba abin ban dariya bane cewa software na bude kayan aiki sun sanya tsarin da zai bar mai amfani da "bawa" ga kamfani daya? 

"Amma kuna da mummunan ra'ayi game da duniya, ko ba haka ba ...?" 

- A'a, ba hangen nesa bane… Ni dan jarida ne kawai, kuma ina yi muku tambayoyi.

–Hey, kyakkyawan ɓangare na dangi na ɗan jarida ne (mahaifiyata, mahaifina, kawuna da kakana). Ba na jin zai dauki mummunan rauni kafin ya zama dan jarida.

"Amma ba abin dariya bane?"

"Ban tabbata ba inda Chrome za ta." Amma a lokaci guda a bayyane yake (kawai kalli wayoyin hannu da ƙananan kwamfutoci) cewa galibin "waɗanda ba fasaha ba" ba sa son komputa ta musamman. Akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda ba sa son yin gyare-gyare a kan kwamfutansu, amma suna son samun abubuwan da aka fi sani, kamar binciken Intanet, imel, sarrafa kalmomi, sarrafa hotuna, da sauransu. Kuma yayin da allunan suna da kyau sosai a yan kwanakin nan, Ina tsammanin mutane da yawa suna son madannin da madan. Rubuta abubuwa a kan kwamfutar hannu da gaske ba shi da kwanciyar hankali. Don haka ina tsammanin Chromebook yana da ma'ana a cikin irin wannan yankin mabukaci. Me yasa zai maida mutane "bayi"? Al'amari ne na saukakawa. Shin kai bawa ne ga wutar lantarki kawai saboda ka dogara da su, kuma ka biya su don samar da wutar lantarki?

–Kana tsammanin gaskiyar cewa yawancin masu haɓakawa waɗanda suka sanya shirin OpenOffice don rubuta rabuwa da aikin don ƙirƙirar LibreOffice (ana kiran wannan "cokali mai yatsu") yana nuna ƙarfin motsi na buɗe tushen da kuma "mulkin kama karya" na al'ummomi, ko kuma lamari ne na musamman? 

–A gaskiya ina tsammanin OpenOffice wani misali ne a cikin jerin sarƙoƙin sarƙoƙi inda mutane suke ƙoƙarin "sarrafa" wani aiki da yawa kuma daga ƙarshe ya lalace saboda "jam'iyyar" mai iko bata dace da masu amfani ba. Motsawa daga OpenOffice zuwa Oracle da kuma tsaurara wannan ikon shine ya ɓarke ​​shi kwata-kwata, akwai jita-jita tsawon shekaru yadda aka bunƙasa OpenOffice. Kuma a'a, banyi tsammanin lamari ne na musamman ba ta kowace hanya. Yawancin ayyuka sun kasance cikin irin wannan halin kuma abin da ya ƙare faruwa shine cewa lokacin da matsalar ta zama mai tsanani, wani “ya ƙirƙira” aikin (ya ɗauki lambar kyauta kuma ya yi sigar da sabon suna).

Babban mataki ne mai raɗaɗi, kuma baututtuka koyaushe suna cin nasara, amma tabbas suna samun nasara. Kuma wani lokacin cokali mai yatsa yakan zama na ɗan lokaci ne, amma lamari ne da ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar cewa ba za su iya yin watsi da wasu nau'in matsi ba. A wa ancancan lokuta da cokulan da aka juya baya kuma wannan ya ƙunshi buɗe zuciyar zuciyar masu haɓaka. Kuma a wasu lokuta cokali mai yatsa ya zama rata mai faɗi wanda ba ya rufewa, ko don dalilai na fasaha (canjin ya yi kyau sosai don komawa), ko kuma saboda ayyukan biyu suna da ra'ayoyi mabanbanta inda zan je. XEmacs da GNU emacs shine mafi kyawun sanannen tarihin tarihi na wannan, amma ayyuka da yawa sun wuce wannan matakin. Kuma ina tsammanin cokula masu kyau abu ne mai kyau. Wannan shine abin da ke sa mutane su zama masu gaskiya a cikin duniyar buɗewa. Duk wanda ya kula da aikin buda ido ya san cewa kuna bukatar sanya zuciyar ku a bude domin in ba haka ba wani zai iya zuwa ya kirkiri aikin ku. Don haka cokali mai yatsa na iya zama mai raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, amma ina tsammanin ɓangare ne na samfurin buɗe ido gabaɗaya.

–Shin Linux zata ajiye lasisin GPLv2 ko kuwa zata yi kaura zuwa GPLv3? 

–Oh, Linux zai kasance cikin sigar GPLv2.

- Yaya aikin yau da kullun yake a halin yanzu? 

"Na rubuta lamba kaɗan a kwanakin nan." Ina karanta imel, na hada lambobin daga wasu, na tattauna canje-canje kuma na fadawa mutane dalilin da yasa ba zan hada lambar su ba. Don haka kashi 99 cikin XNUMX na abin da zan yi yana da alaƙa da sadarwa, da kuma adana babban matattarar lambar asalin kernel, ba tare da shirya kaina ba. Ina yin wasu canje-canje, kuma a cikin kowace sakin lamba yawanci akwai maganganu da yawa da ni na rubuta (ban da ɗaruruwan maganganun da na haɗu ina yin su), amma ba lambar lambar ba ce a zahiri.

–Yaushe aka fitar da nau'in kwaya 3? 

–Na yi la’akari da gaske na fitar da na gaba kamar na 3.0, wani bangare saboda wannan batun cika shekaru 20 da kafuwa, amma kuma saboda lambobin suna kara girma da girma: sigar 2.6 ta yi girma sosai, kuma kashi na 39 na sigar na yanzu shi ne adadi mai yawa yana da wuyar tunawa.

- Mene ne kamfanonin kayan aikin da ba sa son tallafawa Linux? 

- Mafi yawan kamfanonin masarrafar suna tallafawa Linux. Amma da yawa daga cikinsu ba su da takardu masu kyau (kuma mafi mahimmanci, ba su da al'adar rubuta bayanan jama'a ta kowane fanni) kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna zaune har yanzu a saman "shinge" nasu. Yawancin kamfanoni suna da alama musamman ma. Nvidia, a cikin duniyar PC, ta kasance matsala, kamar yadda masu yin mara waya mara waya a tarihi suke. Mutane a cikin duniyar mara waya suna da alama sun daina aiki, amma masu yin zane-zanen har yanzu matsala ce. Don haka duniyar Linux gabaɗaya tana da matsala don nemo ingantattun matattarar 3D. Kuma saboda? Wa ya sani. Wataƙila suna tsoron kada a nuna cewa an taɓa satar dukiyar wani, kuma ta hanyar bayyanawa jama'a za a san su kuma za a kai ƙarar su. Gaskiya ban san dalili ba. An ambaci wannan a matsayin ɗayan dalilai masu yuwuwa, don rufe lambar kuma an rufe kayan aikin. Wani dalili na daban, musamman tunda sunada tushe, shine cewa anyi shi da kyau kuma yana buguwa don suna matukar jin kunyar nuna shi.

- A ƙarshe, za ku iya zama tare da Richard Stallman - mahaliccin Free Software Foundation, kuma manufar software ta kyauta - don kawar da bambance-bambance, ko kuwa tuni an kasa sasanta su? 

"Oh, Na zo karo da RMS sau da yawa kuma muna da ra'ayoyi mabanbanta game da yadda ya kamata a yi abubuwa." Ya fi mai da hankali kan duk wata tambaya ta "akida" ta yadda ya kamata a yi abubuwa. Kuma ni ina adawa da hakan.

- Me yasa kuke tsammanin mutane ke amfani da kalmar GNU kadan don magana game da Linux? 

–Ban taɓa amfani da sunan GNU ba. Linux ba aikin aikin Free Software Foundation ba ne, kuma FSF ba ta taɓa yin komai da ita ba. Yawancin kayan aiki ba GNU bane, ko dai, kodayake GNU C mai haɗawa kuma babbar dabara ce. Don haka kalmar GNU / Linux ba ta da ma'ana sosai. Bayan na faɗi haka, ban taɓa tunanin cewa mutane ba za su iya kiran shi duk abin da suke so ba. Yawancin rarrabawa suna ba wa tsarin suna: Fedora, SuSE, Ubuntu, Android, Mandriva, jerin suna kan ci gaba. Don haka idan FSF suna son kiranta GNU / Linux, me yasa zan damu? Ba shi da ma'ana sosai fiye da kiran wani nau'in hat wanda, bayan duka.

Source: page 12