Umarni don sanin tsarin (gano kayan aiki da wasu ƙayyadaddun software)

Kwanakin baya munga yadda ake girkawa Debian 6. Yanzu tunda mun girka tsarin mu, zamu san shi kadan sosai, muna bayanin wasu umarni na asali wadanda, a zahiri, ana amfani dasu don kowane rarraba.

Gabatarwar

Kayan aikin kwamfuta sun kunshi naurorin jiki wadanda ake kira da kayan aiki a duniya, da kuma kayan aiki masu ma’ana da ake kira software. Akwai kayan aikin da ke ba da izinin gano sassan biyu, ko dai don sanin halayen kayan aikin da kuma auna aikinsa da / ko bincikar yiwuwar gazawar.

Lokacin da ake buƙatar buƙatar tallafi don warware matsaloli, yana da mahimmanci a sami damar samar da duk bayanan da zai yiwu kuma ya zama dole game da kayan aiki da software da suka haɗa kayan aikin. A wannan ma'anar, ana iya ganin wannan labarin a matsayin faɗaɗa wanda ya tsufa wanda muka yi bayani a kansa inda fayilolin log system suke.

Tabbatarwa

Lokacin neman amsoshin matsalolin da zaku iya fuskanta yayin amfani da Linux, ya zama dole a samar da duk bayanan da suka wajaba game da matsalar da ake magana a kanta, kamar: nau'in kwamfutar da kuke da ita, Debian version, kernel version, desktop system , da dai sauransu Wannan zai taimaka wajen bayyana matakan da kuka bi don haifar ko gyara matsalar.

Labari mai dangantaka:

Enable tushen mai amfani a cikin Ubuntu

Abu ne mai sauƙin nema da samun tallafi lokacin da kuka san yadda ake samar da waɗannan bayanan, kuma wannan labarin an tsara shi ne don samar da jerin umarni don cimma wannan burin. Yawancin masu amfani da sababbi zuwa Debian GNU / Linux ba su san yadda za su ba da cikakken bayani yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba za su iya samun taimakon da ya dace ba, kawai saboda ba su san yadda za a ba da bayanin da ya dace ba.

Taron gunduma

A cikin wasu umarni sakamakon da aka samu ya wuce tsayin allon, don sauƙaƙe karanta wannan bayanin, ana amfani da ƙaramin pager kuma ta wannan hanyar yana yiwuwa a gungura ƙasa da sama, ana nuna duk bayanan. Don fita daga pager, kawai danna maɓallin Q (sallama). Anan akwai misalai 2 na yadda za'a yi amfani da wannan pager:

dmesg | Kadan

y

/asa /etc/apt/sources.list

Maƙerin kaya da bayanin samfura

Kayan kayan aiki:

sudo dmidecode -s tsarin-masana'anta

Kayyade samfurin:

sudo dmidecode -s tsarin-samfurin-suna

Samfurin samfurin:

sudo dmidecode -s tsarin-sigar

Kayan lambar serial:

sudo dmidecode -s tsarin-serial-number

SKU (Keepungiyar Adana Stockididdiga) ko P / N (Sashin Lamba) na samfurin:

sudo dmidecode | grep -i ku

Detailedarin cikakken bayani:

sudo dmidecode




Labari mai dangantaka:
Izini da haƙƙoƙi a cikin Linux

Bayanin sarrafawa

Nuna sunan masana'anta, samfuri, da sauri:

grep 'vendor_id' / proc / cpuinfo; grep 'sunan samfurin' / proc / cpuinfo; shafa 'cpu MHz' / proc / cpuinfo

Nuna gine-gine (32 ko 64 kaɗan):

sudo lshw -C CPU | Girman man shafawa

Nuna nau'in inji:

sunan -m

Nuna idan mai sarrafawa ya goyi bayan "tuarfafa Virarfafawa" (Intel-VT ko AMD-V), waɗanda aka kunna daga tsarin BIOS na kwamfuta:

Idan mai sarrafawa Intel ne, kuna buƙatar sanin idan ƙimar "vmx" ta bayyana:

grep -i vmx / proc / cpuinfo

Idan mai sarrafawar AMD ne, kuna buƙatar sanin idan ƙimar "svm" ta bayyana:

grep -i svm / proc / cpuinfo

Bayanin batir

aci -bi

ó

aiki -B

Memorywaƙwalwar RAM da kuma SWAP bangare

Nuna duka RAM da swap sashi (canza sashin karshe zuwa: -b = Baiti, -k = Kilobytes, -m = Megabytes, -g = Gigabytes, kamar yadda ya dace):

kyauta -o -m

kuma wata hanyar yin hakan kamar haka:

grep 'MemTotal' / proc / meminfo; grep 'SwapTotal' / proc / meminfo

Don nuna abin da sashi (da girman) swap ke kan:

sudo swapon -s

Kernel

Nuna sunan kwaya da sigar:

sunan -sr

Shell

Nuna harsashi a cikin amfani:

amsa kuwwa $ SHELL

Rarraba

Nuna sunan, sigar da sunan maɓallin rarrabawa:

lsb_saki -idc

Yanayin mai amfani

Sunan mai amfani na yanzu:

amsa kuwwa $ AMFANI

Sunan ƙungiyar:

amsa kuwwa $ HOSTNAME

Littafin tushe na mai amfani na yanzu:

amsa kuwwa $ GIDA

Littafin aiki na yanzu:

amsa kuwwa $ PWD

o

pwd

Hardware

Jera na'urorin PCI / PCIe

lspci

Lissafa duk na'urorin PCMCIA

/ sbin / lspcmcia

Rubuta duk na'urorin USB:

lsusb

Rubuta duk na'urorin da aka gano azaman SCSI:

lsscsi

Kayan da aka umurce su da kwaya don ɗorawa yayin taya:

cat / sauransu / kayayyaki

Rubuta duk matakan da tsarin ya ɗora:

lsmod | Kadan

Rubuta kayan aiki (bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani):

sudo lshw -ananan

Rubuta kayan aiki (cikakken bayani):

sudo lshw | Kadan

Ma'ajin ajiya da taya

Lissafa rabe-raben kan kafofin yada labarai:

sudo fdisk -l

San sararin da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma wadatar sa a cikin bangarorin:

df -h

San abin da sashi (da girma) ke canzawa akan:

sudo swapon -s

Nuna shigarwar da aka shiga don GRUB "Legacy" bootloader (har zuwa sigar 0.97):

sudo grep -i take /boot/grub/menu.lst | shafa "#" -v

Nuna abubuwan da aka shigar da su don GRUB 2 bootloader:

sudo grep -i menu na keɓewa / sakewa / grub/grub.cfg | shafa "#" -v

Nuna teburin bangare (TABle na Fayil ɗin Fayil) wanda tsarin ke hawa ta atomatik yayin farawa:

/asa / sauransu / fstab

Nuna darajar UUID (Ganowa ta Musamman ta Musamman) na dukkan sassan:

sudo blkid

Cibiyoyin sadarwa

Rubuta na'urorin haɗin cibiyar sadarwa ta PCI mai waya

lspci | grep -n ethernet

Rubuta na'urorin sadarwar mara waya ta PCI:

lspci | cibiyar sadarwar grep -i

Rubuta na'urorin cibiyar sadarwar USB:

lsusb | grep -i ethernet; lsusb | cibiyar sadarwar grep -i

Nuna matakan da tsarin ya ɗora, don sarrafa katunan cibiyar sadarwa mara waya:

lsmod | grep ku

Nuna bayanai game da direban da wani keɓaɓɓen na'urar hanyar sadarwa ke amfani da shi (maye gurbin lafazin kalma tare da ma'ana mai ma'ana na katin sadarwar, misali eth0, wlan0, ath0, da sauransu):

sudo ethtool -i dubawa

Kanfigareshan katunan yanar gizo da adiresoshin IP ɗin da aka sanya su:

cat / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya

Resolution Sunan Yanki:

cat /etc/resolv.conf

Nuna abin cikin fayil na HOSTS:

cat / sauransu / runduna

Sunan kwamfuta, kamar yadda za'a gani akan cibiyar sadarwar gida:

cat / sauransu / sunan mai masauki

ó

grep 127.0.1.1 / sauransu / runduna

ó

amsa kuwwa $ HOSTNAME

Adireshin IP na gida na katunan cibiyar sadarwar da aka haɗa (taƙaitawa):

/ sbin / ifconfig | grep -i direc | grep -i bcast

idan tsarin yana cikin Turanci, yi amfani da:

/ sbin / ifconfig | grep -i addr | grep -i bcast

Adireshin IP na gida na katunan hanyar sadarwar da aka haɗa (daki-daki):

/ sbin / ifconfig

Adireshin IP na gida na katunan cibiyar sadarwa mara waya (taƙaitawa):

/ sbin / iwconfig | grep -i direc | grep -i bcast

idan tsarin yana cikin Turanci, yi amfani da:

/ sbin / iwconfig | grep -i addr | grep -i bcast

Adireshin IP na gida na katunan cibiyar sadarwa mara waya (daki-daki):

/ sbin / iwconfig

Nuna tebur mai kwatance:

hanyar sudo -n

Don bincika adireshin IP na jama'a (na waje):

kullin ip.appspot.com

Maimaitawa / sabunta tsarin

Duba abin da ke cikin fayil na Source.list, wanda ya ƙunshi adiresoshin wuraren ajiya:

/asa /etc/apt/sources.list

Video

Rubuta katunan bidiyo (PCI / PCIe):

lspci | ba grep -i vga

Don ƙayyade idan kwamfutar tana tallafawa haɓakar zane-zane, dole ne a shigar da kunshin kayan aikin mesa-utils. Wannan kunshin ya ƙunshi umarnin glxinfo:

glxinfo | grep - na bada

Don ƙididdige FPS (firam a dakika ɗaya), aiwatar da umarnin mai zuwa:

kashe lokaci 60 glxgears

Wanne zai nuna na dakika 60 (tare da taimakon umarnin lokaci-lokaci) karamin taga mai motsi na giya 3, yayin kuma a lokaci guda a cikin tagar taga za'a nuna matsakaitan darajojin kowane dakika (FPS, firam a dakika). ):

Misali na zane-zane na tsarin:

Fim 338 a cikin dakika 5.4 = 62.225 FPS
Fim 280 a cikin dakika 5.1 = 55.343 FPS
Fim 280 a cikin dakika 5.2 = 54.179 FPS
Fim 280 a cikin dakika 5.2 = 53.830 FPS
Fim 280 a cikin dakika 5.3 = 53.211 FPS
Fim 338 a cikin dakika 5.4 = 62.225 FPS
Fim 280 a cikin dakika 5.1 = 55.343 FPS
Fim 280 a cikin dakika 5.2 = 54.179 FPS
Fim 280 a cikin dakika 5.2 = 53.830 FPS
Fim 280 a cikin dakika 5.3 = 53.211 FPS

Misali na mafi kyawun zane akan wani tsarin:

Fim 2340 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 467.986 FPS
Fim 2400 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 479.886 FPS
Fim 2080 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 415.981 FPS
Fim 2142 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 428.346 FPS
Fim 2442 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 488.181 FPS
Fim 2295 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 458.847 FPS
Fim 2298 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 459.481 FPS
Fim 2416 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 483.141 FPS
Fim 2209 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 441.624 FPS
Fim 2437 a cikin dakika 5.0 = 487.332 FPS

Don nuna daidaitaccen sabar X (X Window System):

kasa /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Don nemo ƙuduri na yanzu (nisa x tsawo) da kuma share mita (MHz):

xrandr | gaisa '*'

Don sanin duk shawarwarin da tsarin yanzu yake tallafawa:

xrandr

Don nuna kyamaran yanar gizo (USB):

lsusb | kyamarar grep -i

Misali mai zuwa yana nuna sakamakon kyamaran gidan yanar gizo guda biyu da aka haɗa da wannan kwamfutar:

Bus 001 Na'ura 003: ID 0c45: 62c0 Microdia Sonix USB 2.0 Kamara
Bus 002 Na'ura 004: ID 0ac8: 3420 Z-Star Microelectronics Corp. Venus USB2.0 Kamara
An saka kyamaran yanar gizo a jere a jere akan / dev / hanyar:

Bus 001 -> / dev / bidiyo0
Bus 002 -> / dev / bidiyo1
Bus 003 -> / dev / bidiyo2
[…] Don bincika cewa an ɗora kamfunan yanar gizon a hanyar da ta dace:

ls / dev / bidiyo * -lh

audio

Rubuta kayan aikin sauti:

lspci | grep -i sauti

ó

sudo lshw | grep -i audio | samfurin mai

Jera na'urorin sake kunnawa na sauti:

aplay -l | grep -i kati

idan tsarin yana cikin Turanci to ana amfani dashi:

aplay -l | grep -i kati

Rubuta dukkan matakan da tsarin ya ɗora, waɗanda na'urorin sauti zasu yi amfani da su:

lsmod | grep - i snd

Wadannan su ne gwaje-gwaje don tabbatarwa idan masu magana suna da alaƙa da kyau kuma an rarraba su. Ya kamata a kunna lasifikan kuma yayin gwajin ana iya daidaita ƙarar, igiyoyi, da shimfidawa. Kowane gwaji yana fitar da sauti a cikin sake zagayowar, kuma ana maimaita shi sau 2:

Idan tsarin sauti tashar 1 ce (monaural):

mai magana-gwajin -l 3 -t ba -c 1

Idan tsarin sauti 2-channel (sitiriyo):

mai magana-gwajin -l 3 -t ba -c 2

Idan tsarin sauti yana tashar 5.1 (kewaye):

mai magana-gwajin -l 3 -t ba -c 6

Rikodi (rajista)

Nuna layin 30 na ƙarshe na ajiyar kernel:

dmesg | wutsiya -30

Duba duk abin da ake ajiye kernel:

dmesg | Kadan

Rajistan ayyukan saba na X suna ba da bayanai mai amfani game da tsarin sabar yanzu, da kuma game da katin bidiyo:

cd / var / log / ls Xorg * -hl

wannan zai nuna duk fayilolin log daga uwar garken X, tare da fayil Xorg.0.log kasancewa mafi kwanan nan.

Don duba saƙonnin kuskure (kurakurai) da saƙonnin gargaɗi (gargaɗi):

grep -E "(WW) | (EE)" Xorg.0.log | grep -v ba a sani ba

Idan kana son ganin duk bayanan rajista:

ƙasa da Xorg.0.log

Idan kana son ganin abubuwan rikodin kafin na yanzu, kawai maye gurbin sunan fayil din Xorg.0.log da sunan fayil din da kake son dubawa.

Don duba rikodin taya, ya zama dole a kunna ta da farko. Bude fayil din / sauransu / tsoho / bootlogd kuma maye gurbin ƙimar a'a tare da ee, kamar haka:

# Gudun bootlogd a farawa? BOOTLOGD_ENABLE = eh

A lokacin farawa na gaba za'a samar da fayil / var / log / boot, wanda za'a iya yin bita a yanzu:

sudo kasa / var / log / boot

Ana iya kallon bayanan taya na baya tare da:

sudo ls / var / log / boot * -hl

kuma a nemi shawara kamar yadda aka nuna.

Don ganin wasu rajistan ayyukan: Mafi yawan rajistan ayyukan ana samun su a cikin / var / log / directory, da kuma a cikin ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi, saboda haka, kawai shigar da wannan kundin adireshin kuma yi jerin don sanin su:

cd / var / log / ls -hl

Sauran hanyoyin sanin tsarin

Kodayake akwai kayan aikin zane wanda ke ba mu damar sanin tsarin, yana yiwuwa yanayin zayyanan baya aiki, saboda haka amfani da tashar yana da mahimmanci. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun kayan aikin zane-zane sune hardinfo da sysinfo, kuma don girka su daga tashar, kawai gudu:

sudo basira shigar Hardinfo sysinfo