Malamulo kuti adziwe dongosololi (zindikirani zida zamagetsi ndi mapulogalamu ena)

Masiku angapo apitawo tawona momwe tingaikitsire Debian 6. Tsopano popeza tayika makina athu, tidziwa bwino pang'ono, ndikufotokozera malamulo ena omwe, kwenikweni, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakugawa kulikonse.

Mau oyamba

Zipangizo zamakompyuta zimakhala ndi zida zakuthupi zomwe zimatchedwa zida zapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso zida zomveka zotchedwa mapulogalamu. Pali zida zomwe zimaloleza kuzindikira magawo onse awiri, mwina kudziwa mawonekedwe a zida ndi kuyeza magwiridwe ake ndi / kapena kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe zingachitike.

Pomwe pakufunika kupempha thandizo pothetsera mavuto, ndikofunikira kuti titha kupereka chidziwitso chonse chomwe chingakhale chofunikira komanso chofunikira pa hardware ndi mapulogalamu omwe amapanga zida. Mwanjira imeneyi, nkhaniyi titha kuwona ngati kukulira kwachikulire momwe tidafotokozera komwe mafayilo amalo amakono amapezeka.

Kulungamitsidwa

Pofunafuna mayankho pamavuto omwe mungakumane nawo mukamagwiritsa ntchito Linux, ndikofunikira kupereka zonse zofunika zavutoli, monga: mtundu wa kompyuta yomwe muli nayo, mtundu wa Debian, mtundu wa kernel, desktop system , etc. Izi zikuthandizani kufotokoza zomwe mudatenga kuti muthe kapena kukonza vutoli.

Nkhani yowonjezera:

Thandizani wosuta muzu mu Ubuntu

Ndikosavuta kupempha ndi kupeza chithandizo mukadziwa momwe mungaperekere izi, ndipo nkhaniyi yapangidwa kuti ipereke mndandanda wamalamulo kuti mukwaniritse cholingacho. Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri a Debian GNU / Linux sakudziwa momwe angaperekere zambiri momwe angathere ndipo sangalandire thandizo lokwanira chifukwa sadziwa momwe angaperekere chidziwitso choyenera.

Misonkhano Yachigawo

M'malamulo ena chidziwitsochi chimapitilira kutalika kwa chinsalucho, kotero kuti athandizire kuwerengera izi, zocheperako zochepa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mwanjira imeneyi ndizotheka kupukusa pansi ndikukweza, kuwonetsa chidziwitso chonse. Kuti mutuluke pager, ingodinani batani Q (kusiya). Nazi zitsanzo ziwiri za momwe gululi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito:

dmesg | Zochepa

y

zochepa /etc/apt/source.list

Wopanga ndi zambiri zamachitidwe

Wopanga zida:

sudo dmidecode -s dongosolo-wopanga

Dzina mankhwala:

sudo dmidecode -s system-product-dzina

Mtundu wamagetsi:

sudo dmidecode -s dongosolo-mtundu

Zida nambala siriyo:

sudo dmidecode -s dongosolo-serial-nambala

SKU (Stock Keeping Unit) kapena P / N (Gawo Nambala) ya malonda:

sudo dmidecode | grep -ndi sku

Zambiri:

sudo dmide kodi




Nkhani yowonjezera:
Zilolezo ndi ufulu mu Linux

Zambiri za processor

Onetsani dzina la wopanga, mtundu, ndi liwiro:

grep 'vendor_id' / proc / cpuinfo; grep 'dzina lachitsanzo' / proc / cpuinfo; grep 'cpu MHz' / proc / cpuinfo

Onetsani zomangamanga (32 kapena 64 bit):

sudo lshw -C CPU | grep m'lifupi

Onetsani mtundu wamakina:

uname-m

Onetsani ngati purosesa ikuthandizira "Virtualization Extensions" (Intel-VT kapena AMD-V), yomwe imayatsidwa kuchokera pakusintha kwa BIOS pakompyuta:

Ngati purosesa ndi Intel, muyenera kudziwa ngati mtengo "vmx" ukuwoneka:

grep -i vmx / proc / cpuinfo

Ngati purosesa ndi AMD, muyenera kudziwa ngati mtengo "svm" ukuwonekera:

grep -i svm / proc / cpuinfo

Zambiri za batri

acpi-bi

ó

acpitool -B

Kukumbukira kwa RAM ndi kugawa kwa SWAP

Onetsani RAM yonse ndikusintha magawano (sinthani gawo lomaliza kukhala: -b = Byte, -k = Kilobytes, -m = Megabytes, -g = Gigabytes, ngati kuli koyenera):

mfulu -o -m

ndipo njira ina yochitira izi ndi iyi:

grep 'MemTotal' / proc / meminfo; grep 'SwapTotal' / proc / meminfo

Kuwonetsa magawano (ndi kukula) kusinthanitsa kuli:

sudo swapon -s

Kernel

Onetsani dzina la kernel ndi mtundu wake:

mofanana -sr

Nkhono

Onetsani chipolopolo chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito:

tchulani $ SHELL

Kufalitsa

Onetsani dzina, mtundu ndi dzina lofunikira pakugawa:

lsb_chonde -idc

Malo ogwiritsa ntchito

Dzinalo lomasulira:

tchulani $ USER

Dzina la timu:

tchulani $ HOSTNAME

Zolemba zamtundu wamakono:

pangani $ HOME

Zolemba zomwe zikugwira ntchito:

lembani $ PWD

o

pwd

hardware

Lembani zida za PCI / PCIe

lspci

Lembani zida zonse za PCMCIA

/ sbin / lspcmcia

Lembani zida zonse za USB:

lsusb

Lembani zida zonse zomwe zadziwika ngati SCSI:

lsscsi

Ma module omwe adauzidwa kuti kernel azinyamula pa boot:

mphaka / etc / modules

Lembani ma module onse omwe dongosololi lanyamula:

lsmod | Zochepa

Lembani ma hardware (mwachidule):

sudo lshw -chidule

Lembani ma hardware (zambiri):

sudo lshw | Zochepa

Zosungiramo zosungira ndi boot

Lembani magawowa pazosungira:

sudo fdisk -l

Dziwani malo omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito komanso omwe alipo mgawoli:

df -h

Dziwani kugawa (ndi kukula) komwe kusinthana:

sudo swapon -s

Onetsani zolembedwera ku GRUB "Legacy" bootloader (mpaka mtundu wa 0.97):

sudo grep -i mutu / boot/grub/menu.lst | grep "#" -v

Onetsani zolembedwera za GRUB 2 bootloader:

sudo grep -i menyuentry /boot/grub/grub.cfg | grep "#" -v

Onetsani tebulo logawanika (File System TABle) lomwe dongosololi limadzikweza lokha mukayamba:

zochepa / etc / fstab

Onetsani mtengo wa UUID (Universal Unique IDentifier) ​​wamagawo onse:

wachikondi blkid

Mitundu

Lembani zida zamagetsi zamagetsi za PCI:

lspi | grep - ndi ethernet

Lembani zida zamagetsi zopanda zingwe za PCI:

lspci | grep -i netiweki

Lembani zida zapaintaneti za USB:

lsusb | grep -i ethernet; lsusb | grep -i netiweki

Onetsani ma module omwe ali ndi pulogalamuyi, kuti muwongolere makhadi opanda zingwe:

lsmod | grep ayi

Onetsani zambiri za dalaivala wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi netiweki inayake (sinthanitsani mawuwo ndi dzina lomveka la kirediti kadi, mwachitsanzo eth0, wlan0, ath0, ndi zina zambiri):

sudo ethtool -i mawonekedwe

Kukhazikitsa kwa ma network ndi ma adilesi omwe apatsidwa a IP:

paka / etc / network / polumikizira

Kusintha kwa Mayina Amasamba:

mphaka /etc/resolv.conf

Onetsani zomwe zili mu fayilo la HOSTS:

mphaka / etc / hosts

Dzina la kompyutayi, monga momwe tidzawonere pa intaneti:

kamba / etc / hostname

ó

grep 127.0.1.1 / etc / hosts

ó

tchulani $ HOSTNAME

Ma adilesi a IP am'manja am'manja am'manja (chidule):

/ sbin / ifconfig | grep -i direc | grep -i bcast

ngati dongosololi lili mchingerezi, gwiritsani ntchito:

/ sbin / ifconfig | grep -i owonjezera | grep -i bcast

Ma adilesi a IP amtundu wamakadi a network (tsatanetsatane):

/ sbin / ifconfig

Ma adilesi a IP amtundu wamakhadi opanda zingwe (chidule):

/ sbin / iwconfig | grep -i direc | grep -i bcast

ngati dongosololi lili mchingerezi, gwiritsani ntchito:

/ sbin / iwconfig | grep -i owonjezera | grep -i bcast

Ma adilesi a IP amtundu wamakhadi opanda zingwe (tsatanetsatane)

/ sbin / iwconfig

Onetsani tebulo loyendetsa:

njira ya sudo -n

Kuti mudziwe adilesi ya IP yapagulu (yakunja):

Kupiringa ip.appspot.com

Zosungira / zosintha dongosolo

Onani zomwe zili mu fayilo ya source.list, yomwe ili ndi ma adilesi azosungidwa:

zochepa /etc/apt/source.list

Video

Lembani makadi avidiyo (PCI / PCIe):

lspci | grep -ndi vga

Kuti muwone ngati kompyuta ikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo zithunzi, mesa-utils phukusi lazida liyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Phukusili muli lamulo la glxinfo:

glxinfo | grep -i kupereka

Kuti muwerenge FPS (mafelemu pamphindikati), tsatirani lamulo ili:

Kutha ma glxgears 60

Zomwe ziwonetsedwe kwa masekondi 60 (mothandizidwa ndi lamulo lotuluka) zenera laling'ono lokhala ndi makanema ojambula atatu, pomwe nthawi yomweyo pazenera lakumapeto mawonekedwe amizere pamphindi (FPS, mafelemu pamphindi) iwonetsedwa. ):

Chitsanzo cha magwiridwe antchito a mawonekedwe:

Mafelemu 338 mumasekondi 5.4 = 62.225 FPS
Mafelemu 280 mumasekondi 5.1 = 55.343 FPS
Mafelemu 280 mumasekondi 5.2 = 54.179 FPS
Mafelemu 280 mumasekondi 5.2 = 53.830 FPS
Mafelemu 280 mumasekondi 5.3 = 53.211 FPS
Mafelemu 338 mumasekondi 5.4 = 62.225 FPS
Mafelemu 280 mumasekondi 5.1 = 55.343 FPS
Mafelemu 280 mumasekondi 5.2 = 54.179 FPS
Mafelemu 280 mumasekondi 5.2 = 53.830 FPS
Mafelemu 280 mumasekondi 5.3 = 53.211 FPS

Chitsanzo cha magwiridwe antchito azithunzi pamakina ena:

Mafelemu 2340 mumasekondi 5.0 = 467.986 FPS
Mafelemu 2400 mumasekondi 5.0 = 479.886 FPS
Mafelemu 2080 mumasekondi 5.0 = 415.981 FPS
Mafelemu 2142 mumasekondi 5.0 = 428.346 FPS
Mafelemu 2442 mumasekondi 5.0 = 488.181 FPS
Mafelemu 2295 mumasekondi 5.0 = 458.847 FPS
Mafelemu 2298 mumasekondi 5.0 = 459.481 FPS
Mafelemu 2416 mumasekondi 5.0 = 483.141 FPS
Mafelemu 2209 mumasekondi 5.0 = 441.624 FPS
Mafelemu 2437 mumasekondi 5.0 = 487.332 FPS

Kuti muwonetse kusintha kwa seva ya X (X Window System) pakadali

zochepa /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Kuti mupeze malingaliro aposachedwa (m'lifupi x kutalika) ndi kusesa pafupipafupi (MHz):

xrandr | grep '*'

Kudziwa malingaliro onse omwe makonzedwe apano amathandizira:

xrandr

Kuwonetsa ma webukamu (USB):

lsusb | grep -i kamera

Chitsanzo chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa zotsatira za mawebusayiti awiri olumikizidwa ndi kompyuta yomweyo:

Basi 001 Chipangizo 003: ID 0c45: 62c0 Microdia Sonix USB 2.0 Kamera
Basi 002 Chipangizo 004: ID 0ac8: 3420 Z-Star Microelectronics Corp. Venus USB2.0 Camera
Ma Webcams "amaikidwa" motsatizana pa / dev / njira:

Basi 001 -> / dev / kanema0
Basi 002 -> / dev / kanema1
Basi 003 -> / dev / kanema2
[…] Kuti muwone ngati mawebusayiti "adakonzedwa" panjira zawo:

ls / dev / kanema * -lh

Audio

Lembani zida zomvera:

lspci | grep -i mawu

ó

sudo lshw | grep -i zomvetsera | mankhwala a grep

Lembani zida zosewerera zakumvetsera:

aplay -l | grep -i khadi

ngati dongosolo liri mu Chingerezi ndiye likugwiritsidwa ntchito:

aplay -l | grep -i khadi

Lembani ma module onse omwe makinawo adanyamula, kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zida zomvera:

lsmod | grep -ndi snd

Otsatirawa ndi mayeso kuti atsimikizire ngati okamba alumikizidwa bwino ndikugawidwa. Oyankhula akuyenera kuyatsidwa ndipo poyesa kuchuluka kwa zingwe, zingwe, ndi masanjidwe amatha kusintha. Mayeso aliwonse amatulutsa mawu mozungulira, ndipo amabwerezedwa kawiri:

Ngati mawu amawu ndi 1 njira (monaural):

wokamba-mayeso -l 3 -t sine -c 1

Ngati makina amawu ndi 2-channel (stereo):

wokamba-mayeso -l 3 -t sine -c 2

Ngati makina amawu ndi 5.1 njira (yozungulira):

wokamba-mayeso -l 3 -t sine -c 6

Zolembera (zipika)

Onetsani mizere 30 yomaliza ya kernel buffer:

dmesg | mchira -30

Onani gawo lonse la kernel buffer:

dmesg | Zochepa

Zipika za seva ya X zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pakukonzekera kwa seva, komanso za khadi ya kanema:

cd / var / log / ls Xorg * -hl

izi ziwonetsa mafayilo onse amthumba kuchokera pa seva ya X, fayilo ya Xorg.0.log ndiyo yaposachedwa kwambiri.

Kuti muwone mauthenga olakwika (zolakwika) ndi mauthenga ochenjeza (machenjezo):

grep -E "(WW) | (EE)" Xorg.0.log | grep -v osadziwika

Ngati mukufuna kuwona zonse zolembetsa:

zochepa Xorg.0.log

Ngati mukufuna kuwona zolembedwa zisanachitike zomwezi, chotsani dzina la Xorg.0.log ndi dzina la fayilo yomwe mukufuna kuwona.

Kuti muwonetse mtundu wa boot, ndikofunikira kuyiyambitsa kaye. Muyenera kutsegula fayilo / etc / default / bootlogd ndikusintha mtengowo ndi inde, mukuwoneka motere:

# Thamangani bootlogd poyambira? BOOTLOGD_ENABLE = inde

Poyambitsa dongosolo lotsatira, fayilo / var / log / boot ipangidwa, yomwe ikhoza kuwunikiridwa:

sudo zochepa / var / log / boot

Zolemba zakale za boot zitha kuwonedwa ndi:

sudo ls / var / log / boot * -hl

ndi kufunsidwa monga wasonyeza kale.

Kuti muwone zipika zina: Mitengo yambiri yamakompyuta imapezeka mu / var / log / lowongolera, komanso muma subdirectories angapo, chifukwa chake, ingolowetsani chikwatu ndikupanga mndandanda kuti muwadziwe:

cd / var / log / ls -hl

Njira zina zodziwira dongosololi

Ngakhale palinso zida zowonetsera zomwe zimaloleza kudziwa dongosololi, ndizotheka kuti mawonekedwe owonekera sagwira ntchito, chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito malowa ndikofunikira. Zina mwazida zodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi hardinfo ndi sysinfo, ndikuziyika kuchokera ku terminal, ingothamangani:

sudo aptitude kukhazikitsa hardinfo sysinfo