Maitiro ekumisikidza iyo sevha yewebhu uye kubata webhu paGNU / Linux

Kana iwe wakambozvibvunza kuti sei vamwe kubata masevhisi izvo zviripo padandemutande zvinogona kubata peji rewebhu kana chii chiri dura rewebhu uye kuti rinoshanda sei, kusanganisira ndeapi mabara anoonekwa muURL yemamwe mapeji ewebhu, mutengi anogona sei kubatanidza kune peji rewebhu kure, nezvimwe, mukati Ichi chinyorwa chiri kuzojekesa kwauri. Ini ndichakudzidzisa kwete chete pfungwa dzekuti chii server, iwe uchazozivawo maitiro ako ekugadzira yako yewebhu server nhanho nhanho nekuda kwedzidziso yedu yakapusa.

Nhasi isu tese tinoshandisa masevhisi ari kure emarudzi ese, zvakare iri kuwedzera gore komputa, asi kana paine sevhisi inomira pamusoro pevamwe vese, pamwe ndiyo yavanopa. webhu maseva, sezvo paine matani emawebhusaiti atinoshanyira zuva nezuva kuti tiverenge nhau dzatinoda, tarisa maemail kubva kuwebhu nzvimbo dzinopa mamwe masevhisi seGMail, kuita kutapurirana, kushanda, kutenga online, nezvimwe. Hapana anotiza masevhisi aya, handiti? Nekudaro, kune vazhinji vevashandisi vayo havasati vazivikanwa nezve izvo zviri kumashure kwavo ...

Chii chinonzi server?

Vamwe vashandisi vanofunga izvozvo sevha chinhu chakakosha, chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva pane zvazviri chaizvo. Asi zvataurwa nemutauro wakapusa, sevha hapana chimwe chinhu kunze kwekombuta senge iyo yatinogona kuva nayo mumba medu, chete kuti panzvimbo pekuita sevatengi, iri kuzviita sevha, ndiko kuti, iri kupa sevhisi. Iwe unogona kufunga kuti, pakadaro, nei iyo mifananidzo iyo yatinoona paTV kana mune imwe midhiya panobuda maseva isingawanzo ...

Zvakanaka, iyo mifananidzo senge iyo yandakabatanidza pano mifananidzo yayo server mapurazi. Iri ndiro zita rakapihwa kune akateedzana masumbu emakomputa anoshanda pamwechete sevha imwechete. Ramba uchifunga kuti masevhisi ayo maseva anowanzo kupa anoitirwa mazana, zviuru kana mamirioni evashandisi vanoita sevatengi pamakomputa avo, mafoni, mapiritsi, akangwara maTV, nezvimwe. Naizvozvo, iwo masimba avanofanira kubata akakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura aya emakomputa epamba.

Iwe unongofanirwa kufunga nezve masevhisi senge Twitter, mangani mamirioni evashandisi iyi social network ine, mangani mafaira uye mameseji anotamisirwa sekondi yega yega. Kana iwe uchifunga nezvazvo, iri yakawanda dataNaizvozvo, hazvibvumirwe nehukama senge iyo yatinayo kumba uye yakajairika komputa. Kubatana kwakakurumidza kunodiwa kuitira kuti pasave nekunonoka mukuwana kwevashandisi vese, uye nekuzvipa chinzvimbo chakakodzera kuitira kuti vagamuchire ruzivo rwese.

Neichi chandiri kureva ndechekuti sevhisi iyi makumi kana mazana "emakomputa" anoshandiswa senge atinogona kushandisa kumba akavakirwa mumakabati ane racks. Asi mukukosha, imwe neimwe yadzo haisi kure nekombuta yedesktop senge yatinayo mumba medu. Zvichida vamwe vane microprocessor yakasarudzika senge AMD EPYC, Intel Xeon, nezvimwewo, pamwe ivo zvakare vane akaomarara akaomeswa akagadzirwa seRAID kudzivirira kuti kana chero eawo akakundikana, ruzivo rwacho rwarasika, asi sekutaura kwangu, gara uchifunga kuti iwo makomputa senge kuti iwe unogadzirisa izvozvi, uye ini ndinokuudza izvi nekuti ikozvino ini ndichatsanangura maitiro ekushandura PC yako ive ine mwero server ...

Chokwadi izvi maseva ane mhando dzakawanda, pane izvo zvinopa masevhisi egore, akadai sekuchengetedza, pane iwo anopa maemail masevhisi, maseva ewebhu, zvakare mamwe ayo anongove masevhisi akadai seDNS, NTP, DHCP, LDAP, nezvimwewo, kureva kuti, ese ekupedzisira ari zvakafanira uye zvirokwazvo unozvishandisa zuva nezuva usingatombozviziva, nekuti iwo masevhisi ayo vamwe ISP (Internet Service Provider) kana Internet service provider anotipa.

Chii chinonzi peji rewebhu?

Isu takambotaura kuti mamwe maseva ewebhu, ivo vanopa kuitisa kana kuitisa mapeji ewebhu. Peji rewebhu ndere seti yemagetsi kana eruzivo ruzivo (HTML, PHP, CSS, ...) iyo inogona kungove nemavara chete, kana zvimwewo zvirimo senge mawebhu webhu akanyorwa mune mamwe marongero emitauro kana zvinyorwa (Perl, JavaScript , Ruby neRRR kana Ruby paRail furemu, PHP, nezvimwewo), zvemultimedia zvemukati (mifananidzo, mavhidhiyo, marira, nezvimwewo), uye zvakare zvinongedzo zvinowanzo kunongedza iwe kune imwe nzvimbo pane ino peji rewebhu kana kune imwe .

Uye kuti izvi zvikwanisike isu tine sevha dzewebhu dzinovagamuchira, ndiko kuti, inochengeta iyi data rese pane yayo yakaoma dhiraivhu, uyezve nhevedzano yemapurotocol eprotocol senge HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) uye HTTPS (HTTP ine SSL / TLS chengetedzo chengetedzo). Iyo software ichatarisira izvi sezvo isu tichizokudzidzisa iwe gare gare, ndiko kuti, kushandisa bi-inotungamidza kubatana kune mutengi uye kuti iye anogona kufamba kuburikidza neiyo hypertext zvemukati, ndokuti, nzira dzekugovana, kubatanidza uye kusangana pamwe ne ruzivo rwakashandurwa kuWWW (World Wide Web).

Rinoshanda sei?

Zvakanaka, isu tatoziva kuti dandemutande uye dura rewebhu chii, zvinotsanangurwa nenzira yangu uye nemutauro wakapusa kuitira kuti kana munhu wese agone kuzvinzwisisa, kunyangwe avo vasina ruzivo rweiyi tekinoroji. Uye ikozvino ndinoenderera nechikamu chino umo ini ndichaedza kujekesa iyo kushanda kweiyi mutengi-server system. Asi pane izvi, kutanga ini ndinosiyanisa pakati pezviviri:

• Mutengi: mutengi ndiye mushandisi anowana iyo webhusaiti kubva kune yavo kifaa, ingave iri laptop, desktop, piritsi, smartphone, nezvimwe. Kuti uwane mukana, iwe unongoda chete kubatana kweInternet uye webhu bhurawuza, yakakosha software padivi remutengi iri rinotungamira kuratidza zvese izvo zvemukati zvewebhu nenzira-inoshamwaridzika uye inobvumira mushandisi kusangana nazvo. Uye pane izvi isu tinongoda chete kero yewebhu peji kana IP ..., kunyangwe iwe uchigona kunge uchifunga kuti izvi hazvigare zvichidikanwa kuti uwane, sezvo paine injini dzekutsvaga (ex: Google) idzo, kuburikidza nemazwi akakosha, anotendera kuratidza aya mawebhusaiti ane indexed, uye uri kutaura chokwadi.
• Server: Sezvatatsanangura, ichave iine data rese uye software inoshanda sevha, ndokuti, inobvumira mutengi kubatana kuti aite chero chaanoda kuita. Muchiitiko chewebhu dura ichave, semuenzaniso, Apache, Lighttpd, nezvimwe.

Ndinoda kunongedzera chimwe chinhu, uye ndezvekuti sekuziva kwako, iyo IP kero Iyo ndiyo inoratidza muchina wakabatana netiweki, mune ino kesi ichave iyo IP yewebhu dura. Pane zvimwe services seizvi izvo zvinokuratidza iyo IP peji rako raunofarira, semuenzaniso, kana iwe ukatsvaga pagoogle.es ichakuratidza iyo IP inoenderana neseva pane inoitirwa sevhisi. Kana iwe ukaedza kuisa iyi nhamba mubara rekero rewebhusaiti yako, uchaona kuti zvese nekupinda pawww.google.es ndokuti IP, mune mbiri zviitiko zvinoratidza Google.

Nei ndiri kutaura izvi? Zvakanaka nekuti zvinondibatsira kubatana ne DNS maseva. Aya maseva mamwe masevhisi ane matafura ane mazita emawebhusaiti neayo anowirirana IP, kuitira kuti kana mumwe munhu akatsvaga kero nemazita uye asingashandisi IP, sevha inoita kuti browser riratidze zvirimo zvewebsite yakataurwa. Izvi zvinoitirwa kuti iwedzere kuverengerwa kuvanhu. Hatigone kurangarira iwo manhamba ese nyore, asi isu tinogona kurangarira mazita eedu webhusaiti yatinofarira, handiti?

Uye ini ndinopedzisa nekutsanangudza chii chinonzi URL (Yunifomu Resource Locator) kana yunifomu sosi locator, iyo yatinoona kumusoro kwebhawa rebhurawuza redu patinowana webhusaiti. Semuenzaniso, ngatiti iwe unyoresa domain myweb.es. Mune ino kesi, iyo domain ichave yako uye iwe unogona kuishandisa kuratidza yako peji rewebhu. Fungidzira kuti mumwe munhu anowana iyo kero http://www.miweb.es/info/inicio.html#web:

• http://: Inoratidza kuti tiri kupinda tichishandisa iyo HTTP protocol, kunyangwe inogona zvakare kuve HTTPS, FTP, nezvimwe. Asi mune ino ndiyo yekutanga, saka zviri mukati mewebhu.
• WWW: iwe unoziva zvinobva kuWorld Wide Web.
• myweb.es: iyi ndiyo duraini iwe yaunyoresa, ndiko kuti, iro zita rinotsiva IP ye server kana iyo inomiririra iyo ine yako webhusaiti. Naizvozvo, richava zita rinoratidza sevha kana muchina, mushure mezvose ... Pamusoro pezvo, iine TLD (Top Level Domain) iri mune iyi kesi .es, kuona kuti iyi webhusaiti kubva kuSpain, kunyangwe inogona kunge iri .se kubva kuSweden, .com kubva kukambani, .org Sangano, nezvimwe.
• /info/home.html#web: izvi zvinongotsanangudza kuti izvi zvirimo zvakawanikwa, ndiko kuti, dhairekitori reinfo uye mukati maro mune imba.html faira ine hypertext uye kunyanya chikamu dandemutande. Iyo inogona zvakare kuve mufananidzo, iyo PDF, vhidhiyo, nezvimwe. Sezvazvinoitika mune yako maneja maneja kana iwe ukaenda kunzira pane yako yemunharaunda hard drive, handiti?

Ini ndinofunga kuti neizvi pane zvakakwana basa rakajeka akatsanangura nenzira yakapusa.

Dzidziso: kuvaka yako yewebhu server nhanho nhanho

Kana iwe une GNU / Linux kugovera chero, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti kana iwe uchinge wagadzirisa network yako nemazvo, sezvo iwe usingakwanise kuve ine simba IP, inofanirwa kuve yakamira kana zvikasadaro inochinja kukosha kwayo uye zvingave zvakaoma kuwana webhu. Uye zvakare, iwe unofanirwa zvakare kutarisisa kune kana iwe uine firewall yakagadzirirwa ne iptables kana imwe software iyo isina mutemo unorambidza kutamisa kuburikidza nechiteshi 80 kana 8080, nezvimwe, sekunge iwe uine AppArmor kana SELinux, ivo vanofanirwa kunge vachibvumira mushandisi kuti aite. web server daemon, mune ino Apache.

Nhanho inotevera ndeyekuisa software yekushandisa yedu yewebhu server, mune ino kesi Apache uye mamwe mapakeji ekupedzisa iyo LAMP, asi inogona kunge iri imwe. Mune yangu nyaya, kubva kunaDebian:

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install apache2
sudo service apache2 restart
sudo apt-get install mysql-server php5-mysql
mysql -u root
mysql -u root -p (sin no introdujiste el password durante la instalación)
sudo apt-get install php libapache2-mod-php5 php5-mycrypt
sudo apt-get install php5-sqlite

Ipapo unogona kugadzirisa mamwe ma parameter kubva kuseva kana uchiida, kana pamwe ikasashanda uye iwe ukawana iyo peji randinokuratidza mumufananidzo wekare, tarisa matanda nekuti chimwe chinhu chakakanganisika ... Nenzira, iwe unogona kuona izvo peji nekuwana yako webhurawuza uye nekumisikidza localhost 127.0.0.1 .2 mune kero bar kana iyo tuli IP iyo iwe yawakagadzirira kune yako server. Iwo default ports anove ari mu /etc/apacheXNUMX/ports.conf kana iwe uchida kuzvishandura.

Kana iwe uchida iwe unogona zvakare kuisa imwe mamwe mapakeji, kana iwe zvakare uchironga kuve neye mail server, kana mamwe ekumisikidza mapaneru senge phpAdmin, nezvimwe.

Gamuchira webhusaiti yako pane server

Kana tangova nevhavha yedu yakagadzirira, yeuka kuti iyo PC yawakatsaurira kuseva inofanira kugara iri uye yakabatana kunetiweki kuitira kuti dandemutande riwanikwe kubva kune chero chishandiso, zvikasadaro server ichave "pasi". Iye zvino tave nazvo chete gamuchira webhusaiti yedu, kuti isu tinogona kunge takazvigadzira isu pachedu tichishandisa HTML kana imwe kodhi, kana kushandisa CMS senge WordPress inoita kuti zvinhu zvive nyore kwazvo kwatiri uye kuti isu tigone kuitirana munzvimbo imwechete ...

Uye nekuda kweizvi tichazviita mu iyo / var / www / html / dhairekitori kuti kunze kwekunge isu tachinja iyo Apache kumisikidzwa, ichave iripo panowanikwa mawebhusaiti. Semuenzaniso, iwe unogona kuita bvunzo diki uchishandisa PHP nekugadzira iyo faira neyako aunofarira mavara edhita nezviri mukati:

<?php phpinfo() ?>

Idaidze test.php uye ikozvino, mushure mekutanga patsva apache2 daemon, iwe unozogona kuona kana ichigona kuwanikwa kubva kubhurawuza: 127.0.0.1/test.php.

Ndinovimba iyi dzidziso yakubatsira iwe uye kuti iwe zvirinani unzwisise zvishoma zvirinani mashandiro emaseva, kuitira kuti ikozvino pese paunowana blog yedu kuverenga chinhu chenhau, iwe unoziva zvese zviri kuseri kwayo. Usakanganwa kusiya yako inotsanangura, kusahadzika, kana mazano, ...