Mirairo yekuziva iyo system (tsvaga Hardware uye mamwe magadziriso esoftware)

Mazuva mashoma apfuura takaona maitiro ekuisa Debian 6. Iye zvino zvatave nesystem yedu yakaiswa, isu tichazoiziva zvishoma zvakanyatsojeka, tichitsanangura mimwe mirairo yekutanga iyo, muchokwadi, inoshandiswa kune chero kupi kugoverwa.

Nhanganyaya

Midziyo yemakomputa ine zvigadzirwa zvemumuviri zvinonzi pasi rose Hardware, uye zvine musoro zvinonzi software. Pane zvishandiso zvinokutendera kuti uone mativi ese, kungave kuziva hunhu hwemidziyo uye kuyera mashandiro ayo uye / kana kuongorora kutadza kungangodaro.

Kana paine chikonzero chekukumbira rutsigiro mukugadzirisa matambudziko, zvakakosha kuti ugone kupa ruzivo rwese runogoneka uye rwunodiwa nezve Hardware nesoftware inogadzira michina. Mupfungwa iyoyo, chinyorwa ichi chinogona kutaridzika sekuwedzera kwechimwe chekare chatakatsanangura iko iko mafaira erogiyo aripo.

Kururamiswa

Paunenge uchitsvaga mhinduro kumatambudziko aungatarisana nawo kana uchishandisa Linux, zvinodikanwa kuti upe ruzivo rwese rwakakosha nezve dambudziko riri mubvunzo, senge: mhando yekomputa yaunayo, Debian vhezheni, kernel vhezheni, desktop system, nezvimwe. Izvi zvinobatsira kutsanangura matanho awakatora kukonzera kana kugadzirisa dambudziko.

Nyaya inoenderana:

Gonesa mushandisi wemidzi muUbuntu

Zviri nyore kukumbira uye kuwana rutsigiro kana iwe uchiziva nzira yekupa ruzivo rwakadai, uye chinyorwa ichi chakagadzirirwa kupa runyorwa rwemirairo kuti uwane icho chinangwa. Vazhinji vashandisi vatsva kuDebian GNU / Linux havazive nzira yekupa ruzivo rwakawanda sezvinobvira uye vangangowana rubatsiro rwakakwana, nekuda kwekuti havazive nzira yekupa ruzivo rwakakodzera.

Kokorodzano

Mune mimwe mirairo ruzivo rwunoguma rwunopfuura kukwirira kwechidzitiro, kuitira kuti zvive nyore kuverenga kwemashoko aya, pager shoma inoshandiswa uye nenzira iyi zvinokwanisika kupuruzira pasi nekumusoro, kuratidza ruzivo rwese. Kuti ubude pager, ingo tinya iyo Q (kurega) kiyi. Heino mienzaniso miviri yekuti iyi pager ichashandiswa sei:

dmesg | zvishoma

y

zvishoma /etc/apt/source.list

Mugadziri uye modhi ruzivo

Mugadziri wemidziyo:

sudo dmidecode -s system-inogadzira

Chigadzirwa zita:

sudo dmidecode -s system-chigadzirwa-zita

Chigadzirwa chigadzirwa:

sudo dmidecode -s system-vhezheni

Zvishandiso serial nhamba:

sudo dmidecode -s system-serial-nhamba

SKU (Stock Kuchengeta Yuniti) kana P / N (Chikamu Chikamu) chechigadzirwa:

sudo dmidecode | grep -i sku

Rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama:

sudo dmidecode




Nyaya inoenderana:
Mvumo uye kodzero muLinux

Processor ruzivo

Ratidza zita remugadziri, modhi, uye nekukurumidza:

grep 'mutengesi_id' / proc / cpuinfo; grep 'zita remhando' / proc / cpuinfo; grep 'cpu MHz' / proc / cpuinfo

Ratidza kuvaka (32 kana 64 bit):

sudo lshw -C CPU | grep yakafara

Ratidza mhando yemuchina:

zvakafanana -m

Ratidza kana processor yacho ichitsigira "Virtualization Extensions" (Intel-VT kana AMD-V), iyo inogoneswa kubva pakomputa gadziriso yeBIOS:

Kana processor yacho iri Intel, unofanirwa kuziva kana kukosha "vmx" kuchioneka:

grep -i vmx / proc / cpuinfo

Kana processor iri AMD, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kana kukosha "svm" kuchioneka:

grep -i svm / proc / cpuinfo

Bhatiri info

acpi-bi

ó

acpitool -B

RAM ndangariro uye kupatsanura SWAP

Ratidza yakazara RAM uye chinjana chikamu (chinja yekupedzisira paramende kuenda ku: -b = Byte, -k = Kilobytes, -m = Megabytes, -g = Gigabytes, sezvakakodzera):

akasununguka -o -m

uye imwe nzira yekuzviita yakaita seiyi:

grep 'MemTotal' / proc / meminfo; grep 'SwapTotal' / proc / meminfo

Kuti uratidze kupatsanura (uye saizi) chinja chiripo:

sudo swapon -s

Kernel

Ratidza kernel zita uye vhezheni:

zvakafanana -sr

Shell

Ratidza shell iri kushandiswa:

echo $ SHELL

Kuparadzirwa

Ratidza zita, vhezheni uye zita rakakosha rekugovera.

lsb_release -idc

Nzvimbo yemushandisi

Razvino zita rekushandisa:

echo $ USER

Zita rechikwata:

dzokorora $ HOSTNAME

Razvino base base dhairekitori:

echo $ HOME

Razvino dhairekitori rinoshanda:

echo $ PWD

o

pwd

Hardware

Nyora PCI / PCIe zvishandiso

lspci

Nyora zvese zvishandiso zvePCMCIA

/ sbin / lspcmcia

Nyora zvese zvishandiso zveUSB:

lasyb

Nyora zvese zvishandiso zvakaonekwa seSCSI:

lsscsi

Ma module akarairwa kune iyo kernel kutakura panguva yebhutsu:

kati / etc / modules

Nyora ese mamodule ayo akatakurwa nesystem:

lsmod | zvishoma

Nyora iyo Hardware (pfupiso ruzivo):

sudo lshw -pfupi

Nyora zvinyorwa (ruzivo rwakawanda):

sudo lshw | zvishoma

Kuchengetedza uye bhutsu midhiya

Nyora zvakakamurwa pane yekuchengetedza midhiya:

sudo fdisk -l

Ziva nzvimbo yakashandiswa uye inowanikwa muzvikamu:

df-h

Ziva chii chikamu (uye saizi) chinoshandura pane:

sudo swapon -s

Ratidza zvakapetwa zvakatemwa zveGRUB "Nhaka" bootloader (inosvika pane vhezheni 0.97):

sudo grep -i zita /boot/grub/menu.lst | grep "#" -v

Ratidza zvakapinda mukati zveGRUB 2 bootloader:

sudo grep -i menyuentry /boot/grub/grub.cfg | grep "#" -v

Ratidza tafura yekuparadzanisa (File System TABLE) iyo sisitimu inokwira otomatiki panguva yekutanga:

zvishoma / etc / fstab

Ratidza iyo UUID (Yakasarudzika Yakasarudzika IDentifier) ​​kukosha kwezvikamu zvese:

sudo blkid

Nets

Nyora iyo wired PCI network zvishandiso:

lspci | grep -i ethernet

Nyora pasi michina yePCI isina waya.

lspci | grep -i network

Nyora USB network zvishandiso:

lsusb | grep -i ethernet; lsusb | grep -i network

Ratidza ma module akatakurwa nesystem, kudzora isina waya network makadhi

lsmod | grep iwl

Ratidza ruzivo nezve mutyairi anoshandiswa neimwe netiweki kifaa (iro izwi rekushandura rinofanira kutsiviwa nezita rine musoro reti kadhi yenetiweki, semuenzaniso eth0, wlan0, ath0, nezvimwewo):

sudo ethtool -i chinongedzo

Kugadziriswa kwemakadhi enetiweki pamwe neakapihwa IP kero:

kati / etc / network / interfaces

Domain Name Resolution:

kati /etc/resolv.conf

Ratidza zviri mukati meiyo HOSTS faira:

kati / etc / mauto

Zita remakomputa, sezvachaonekwa pane yemuno network:

paka / etc / hostname

ó

grep 127.0.1.1 / etc / hosts

ó

dzokorora $ HOSTNAME

Yemunharaunda IP kero yeiyo wired network makadhi (pfupiso):

/ sbin / ifconfig | grep -i direc | grep -i bcast

kana iyo system iri muChirungu, shandisa:

/ sbin / ifconfig | grep -i kuwedzera | grep -i bcast

Yemunharaunda IP kero yeiyo wired network makadhi (ruzivo):

/ sbin / ifconfig

Yemunharaunda IP kero yeasina waya network makadhi (pfupiso):

/ sbin / iwconfig | grep -i direc | grep -i bcast

kana iyo system iri muChirungu, shandisa:

/ sbin / iwconfig | grep -i kuwedzera | grep -i bcast

Yemunharaunda IP kero yeiyo isina waya network makadhi (ruzivo):

/ sbin / iwconfig

Ratidza tafura yekufambisa:

Sudo nzira -n

Kuti uwane iyo yeruzhinji (yekunze) IP kero:

curl ip.appspot.com

Zvinyorwa / system yekuvandudza

Wona zvirimo mune zvinyorwa.list faira, iro rine kero dzezvakachengetedzwa:

zvishoma /etc/apt/source.list

Video

Nyora pasi makadhi evhidhiyo (PCI / PCIe):

lspci | grep -i vga

Kuti uone kana komputa ichitsigira kumhanyisa kumhanya, iyo mesa-utils chishandiso package inofanirwa kuiswa. Iyi pasuru ine iro glxinfo rairo:

glxinfo | grep -i kupa

Kuti uverenge iyo FPS (mafuremu pasekondi), ita unotevera kuraira:

nguva yekupedza 60 glxgears

Izvo zvinoratidzira kwemasekondi makumi matanhatu (nerubatsiro rwemutemo wekuvhara nguva) hwindo diki rine mifananidzo ye60 magiya, nepo panguva imwe chete mune yekupedzisira hwindo zviyero zvemafuremu pasekondi (FPS, mafuremu pasekondi) zvicharatidzwa.):

Muenzaniso we graphical performance ye system:

Mapfumo 338 mumasekonzi 5.4 = 62.225 FPS
Mapfumo 280 mumasekonzi 5.1 = 55.343 FPS
Mapfumo 280 mumasekonzi 5.2 = 54.179 FPS
Mapfumo 280 mumasekonzi 5.2 = 53.830 FPS
Mapfumo 280 mumasekonzi 5.3 = 53.211 FPS
Mapfumo 338 mumasekonzi 5.4 = 62.225 FPS
Mapfumo 280 mumasekonzi 5.1 = 55.343 FPS
Mapfumo 280 mumasekonzi 5.2 = 54.179 FPS
Mapfumo 280 mumasekonzi 5.2 = 53.830 FPS
Mapfumo 280 mumasekonzi 5.3 = 53.211 FPS

Semuenzaniso wekuita nani kwemifananidzo pane imwe system:

Mapfumo 2340 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 467.986 FPS
Mapfumo 2400 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 479.886 FPS
Mapfumo 2080 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 415.981 FPS
Mapfumo 2142 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 428.346 FPS
Mapfumo 2442 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 488.181 FPS
Mapfumo 2295 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 458.847 FPS
Mapfumo 2298 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 459.481 FPS
Mapfumo 2416 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 483.141 FPS
Mapfumo 2209 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 441.624 FPS
Mapfumo 2437 mumasekonzi 5.0 = 487.332 FPS

Kuti uratidze yazvino X (X Window System) server kumisikidzwa:

zvishoma /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Kuti uwane iko iko kugadzirisa (upamhi x kukwirira) uye kutsvaira frequency (MHz):

xrandr | grep '*'

Kuti uzive zvese zvisarudzo zvinotsigirwa nemagadzirirwo azvino:

xrandr

Kuti uratidze maccam (USB):

lsusb | grep -i kamera

Muenzaniso unotevera unoratidza mhedzisiro ye2 webcams dzakabatana nekomputa imwechete:

Bhazi 001 Chishandiso 003: ID 0c45: 62c0 Microdia Sonix USB 2.0 Kamera
Bhazi 002 Mudziyo 004: ID 0ac8: 3420 Z-Star Microelectronics Corp. Venus USB2.0 Kamera
Webcams "akaiswa" zvakateedzana zvakateedzana pane / dev / nzira:

Bhazi 001 -> / dev / vhidhiyo0
Bhazi 002 -> / dev / vhidhiyo1
Bhazi 003 -> / dev / vhidhiyo2
[…] Kutarisa kuti mawebhucams aka "takirwa" panzira yawo inoenderana:

ls / dev / vhidhiyo * -lh

Audio

Rondedzera odhiyo Hardware:

lspci | grep -i odhiyo

ó

sudo lshw | grep -i odhiyo | grep chigadzirwa

Nyora zvinyorwa zvekutamba zvekuteerera:

aplay -l | grep -i kadhi

kana iyo system iri muChirungu zvino inoshandiswa:

aplay -l | grep -i kadhi

Nyora ese mamodule ayo akatakurwa nesystem, kuti ashandiswe nemidziyo yekurira:

lsmod | grep -i snd

Iyi inotevera bvunzo yekuona kana maspika akanyatso kubatana uye nekuparadzirwa. Masipika anofanirwa kuvhurwa uye panguva yekuyedza vhoriyamu, tambo, uye dhizaini zvinogona kugadziriswa. Yese bvunzo inoburitsa ruzha mukutenderera, uye inodzokororwa ka2 dzimwe nguva:

Kana iyo ruzha system iri 1 chiteshi (monaural):

mutauri-bvunzo -l 3 -t sine -c 1

Kana iyo ruzha system iri 2-chiteshi (stereo):

mutauri-bvunzo -l 3 -t sine -c 2

Kana iyo ruzha system iri 5.1 chiteshi (yakatenderedza):

mutauri-bvunzo -l 3 -t sine -c 6

Marejista (matanda)

Ratidza mitsara makumi matatu yekupedzisira yeiyo kernel buffer:

dmesg | muswe -30

Wona iyo yose kernel buffer:

dmesg | zvishoma

Iwo maX server matanda anopa ruzivo runobatsira nezve iko iko kugadzirisa kweiyo server, uye nezve vhidhiyo kadhi:

cd / var / log / ls Xorg * -hl

izvi zvinoratidzira ese mafaera erogi kubva kuX server, iine Xorg.0.log faira iri ichangoburwa.

Kuona meseji yekukanganisa (zvikanganiso) uye yambiro meseji (yambiro):

grep -E "(WW) | (EE)" Xorg.0.log | grep -v isingazivikanwe

Kana iwe uchida kuona iyo rese rejista ruzivo:

zvishoma Xorg.0.log

Kana iwe uchida kuona izvo zvemukati rekodhi pamberi payo yazvino, chingotsiva iro zita refaira Xorg.0.log ine zita refaira raunoda kutarisa.

Kuti uratidze boot rekodhi, zvinodikanwa kuti umise iyo kutanga. Iwe unofanirwa kuvhura iyo faira / etc / default / bootlogd uye kutsiva iyo kukosha kwete na yes, uchitaridzika seizvi:

# Mhanya bootlogd pakutanga? BOOTLOGD_ENABLE = hongu

Munguva inotevera sisitimu yekutanga, iyo faira / var / log / boot ichagadzirwa, iyo inogona kuongororwa zvino:

sudo zvishoma / var / log / boot

Zvekare boot zvinyorwa zvinogona kutariswa ne:

sudo ls / var / danda / boot * -hl

uye kubvunzwa sezvakaratidzwa kare.

Kuona mamwe matanda

cd / var / danda / ls -hl

Dzimwe nzira dzekuziva iyo system

Kunyangwe paine zvekare graphical zvishandiso izvo zvinobvumidza kuziva iyo system, zvinokwanisika kuti graphical nharaunda haina kushanda, saka iko kushandisa kweiyo terminal kwakakosha. Mimwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa graphical maturusi ari hardinfo uye sysinfo, uye kuamisa iwo kubva kune terminal, ingomhanya

sudo kukodzera kuisa hardinfo sysinfo