Mvumo uye kodzero muLinux

Vangani vedu vakamboda "kudzikisira kupinda" kune mafaera ari mune imwe dhairekitori / dhairekitori kana isu tinongoda kudzivirira vamwe vanhu kubva pakuona, kudzima kana kugadzirisa zvirimo mune imwe faira? Kupfuura imwe, handiti? Tinogona kuzviita mune yedu inodiwa penguin? Mhinduro ndeiyi: Chokwadi hongu : D.

Nhanganyaya

Vazhinji vedu vanobva kuWindows, takanga tajaira kubata ne "dambudziko" iri neimwe nzira, kuzadzisa chinangwa ichi taifanira kushandisa nzira "dzisiri dzechokwadi", sekuviga faira kuburikidza nehunhu hwaro, kufambisa ruzivo rwedu ku nzvimbo iri kure kwazvo yechikwata chedu (mukati memakumi makumi maviri emafolda) kuyedza kudzora "muvengi" wedu XD, kuchinja kana kubvisa kuwedzerwa kwefaira, kana "zvakajairika" zvezviito, kurodha chirongwa chinotibvumidza "kuvhara" kwedu dhairekitori kuseri kweNice dialog box inotibvunza isu password kuti tiwane iyo. Isu taive neimwe nzira iri nani? Aihwa.

Nyaya inoenderana:

Maitiro ekumisa maHDD kana zvikamu kuburikidza nemagetsi

Ndine urombo neshamwari dzangu dze "Windoleros" (ndinozvitaura nerudo rukuru kuti pasave neanogumburwa, ok ?;)), Asi nhasi ndinofanira kuzvidzidzisa zvishoma neWindows: P, nekuti ini ndichatsanangura kuti sei iyi OS haitenderi yemuno kuita uku.

Vangani venyu vakaona kuti kana takagara kuseri kwekombuta ye "Windows" (kunyangwe isiri yedu) isu tinobva tangove varidzi vezvose zvine komputa (mifananidzo, zvinyorwa, zvirongwa, nezvimwewo)? Ndinorevei? Zvakanaka, nekutora "kutonga kweWindows", tinogona kuteedzera, kufambisa, kudzima, kugadzira, kuvhura kana kugadzirisa maforodha uye mafaera kuruboshwe nekurudyi, zvisinei kuti tiri "varidzi" veruzivo urwu here kana kwete. Izvi zvinoratidza kukanganisa kukuru kwekuchengetedza muhurongwa hwekushanda, handiti? Huye, izvi zvese ndezvekuti masisitimu anoshanda eMicrosoft haana kugadzirwa kubva pasi kusvika pakuva vashandisi vazhinji. Pakaburitswa vhezheni dzeMS-DOS nedzimwe shanduro dzeWindows, vakavimba zvizere kuti mushandisi wekupedzisira ndiye achave nebasa reku "chengetedza" komputa yavo kuitira kuti pasave neumwe mushandisi aigona kuwana ruzivo rwakachengetwa mariri. ¬ ¬. Iye zvino WinUsers shamwari, iwe unoziva kuti nei paine ichi "chakavanzika": D.

Kune rimwe divi, GNU / Linux, ichive sisitimu yakagadzirirwa zvakanyanya kune network, kuchengetedzeka kweruzivo rwatinochengetera pamakomputa edu (tisingataure pane maseva) kwakakosha, nekuti vashandisi vazhinji vanozove kana vanogona kuwana chikamu yeiyo software zviwanikwa (zvese zvinoshandiswa uye neruzivo) uye Hardware ayo anotarisirwa pamakomputa aya.

Iye zvino tinogona kuona kuti nei kudiwa kwehurongwa hwemvumo? Ngatinyurirei mumusoro wenyaya;).

Nyaya inoenderana:

DU: maitiro ekuona madhairekitori gumi anotora nzvimbo zhinji

MuGNU / Linux, mvumo kana kodzero dzinogona kuve nevashandisi pamusoro pemamwe mafaera ari mariri dzakasimbiswa mumatunhu matatu akanyatsosiyaniswa. Aya matanho matatu anotevera:

<° Zvibvumirano zveMuridzi.
<° Mvumo yeboka.
<° Mvumo yevamwe vashandisi (kana inonziwo "vamwe").

Kujekesa nezve idzi pfungwa, mune network masisitimu (senge penguin) panogara paine chimiro chemubati, superuser kana mudzi. Uyu maneja anotungamira mukugadzira nekubvisa vashandisi, pamwe nekumisikidza iwo maropafadzo ayo mumwe nemumwe wavo achave nawo muhurongwa. Aya maropafadzo anosimbiswa zvese kune wega wega mushandisi HOME dhairekitori uye kune madhairekitori uye mafaera ayo maneja anosarudza kuti mushandisi anogona kuwana.

Mvumo yemuridzi

Muridzi ndiye mushandisi anogadzira kana kugadzira faira / dhairekitori mukati meye dhairekitori repamba (HOME), kana mune imwe dhairekitori iro raanekodzero. Mushandisi wega wega ane simba rekugadzira, nekutadza, mafaera avanoda mukati medhairekitori ravo rekushanda. Mukutaura, iye uye iye chete ndiye achave anokwanisa kuwana ruzivo rwuri mumafaira uye madhairekitori mune yako HOME dhairekitori.

Mvumo yeboka

Chinhu chakasarudzika ndechekuti mushandisi wega wega ndeweboka rebasa. Nenzira iyi, kana boka rikachengetedzwa, vese vashandisi variri vanogoneswa. Mune mamwe mazwi, zviri nyore kubatanidza vashandisi vanoverengeka muboka rakapihwa mamwe maropafadzo muhurongwa, pane kupa ropafadzo dzakazvimiririra kune wega mushandisi.

Mvumo yevamwe vashandisi

Chekupedzisira, maropafadzo emafaira ari mune chero dhairekitori anogona zvakare kubatwa nevamwe vashandisi vasiri veboka rebasa mune iro faira riri kutaurwa rakabatanidzwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, vashandisi vasiri veboka rebasa mune iro faira iri, asi vari vevamwe veboka rebasa, vanonzi vamwe vashandisi vehurongwa.

Yakanaka kwazvo, asi ndoziva sei izvi zvese? Zvakareruka, vhura terminal uye uite zvinotevera:

$ ls -l

Cherechedza: iwo mavara madiki "L" 😉

Zvichaonekwa chimwe chinhu seinotevera:

Sezvauri kuona, uyu murairo unoratidza kana "kunyora" zvirimo muIYI HOME, zvatiri kubata nazvo mitsara mitsvuku uye mitema. Bhokisi dzvuku rinotiratidza uyo muridzi uye iro girini bhokisi rinoratidza kuti ndeipi boka rimwe nerimwe mafaera nemaforodha akanyorwa kare nderake. Mune ino kesi, vese muridzi neboka vanonzi "Perseus", asi vanogona kunge vakasangana nerimwe boka rakadai se "kutengesa". Kune vamwe vese, usazvidya moyo izvozvi, isu tichaona gare gare: D.

Mhando dzemvumo muGNU / Linux

Tisati tadzidza kuti mvumo dzinoiswa sei muGNU / Linux, tinofanirwa kuziva kuti mhando dzakasiyana dzemafaira idzo sisitimu inogona kuve nemusiyano.

Faira rega rega muGNU / Linux rinozivikanwa nemavara gumi ayo anonzi mask. Pane aya gumi mavara, yekutanga (kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi) inoreva iyo faira mhando. Iyi inotevera 10, kubva kuruboshwe kurudyi uye mumabhuroko e9, zvinoreva mvumo dzinopihwa, zvichiteerana, kumuridzi, boka uye vamwe vese kana vamwe. A skrini kuratidza zvese izvi zvinhu:

Hunhu hwekutanga hwemafaira hunogona kuve hunotevera:

Pamusoroi	Ziva
-	Archive
d	dhairekitori
b	Yakakosha Block Faira
c	Yakasarudzika mavara faira (tty mudziyo, purinda ...)
l	Batanidza faira kana batanidzo (nyoro / yekufananidza chinongedzo)
p	Chiteshi yakakosha faira (pombi kana pombi)

Mavara mapfumbamwe anotevera mvumo dzakapihwa vashandisi vehurongwa. Ose matatu mavara, muridzi, boka uye zvimwe mvumo yemushandisi zvinotsanangurwa.

Mavara anotsanangura mvumo iyi anotevera:

Pamusoroi	Ziva
-	Pasina mvumo
r	Verenga mvumo
w	Nyora mvumo
x	Mvumo yekuuraya

Faira mvumo

<° Kuverenga: zvinokutendera kuti utarise zvirimo mufaira.
<° Nyora: inokutendera kuti uchinje zvirimo mufaira.
<° Kuuraya: inobvumira iyo faira kuitwe sekunge yaive chirongwa chinogoneka.

Dhairekitori mvumo

<° Verenga: Iyo inobvumidza kuziva kuti ndeapi mafaera uye madhairekitori dhairekitori iro rine iyi mvumo rine.
<° Nyora: inokutendera iwe kuti ugadzire mafaira mune dhairekitori, angave akajairwa mafaera kana madhairekitori matsva. Madhairekitori anogona kubviswa, mafaera akopisirwa kudhairekitori, kufambiswa, kutumidzwazve zita, nezvimwe
<° Kuuraya: inokutendera iwe kuti upfuure dhairekitori kuti ukwanise kuongorora zvirimo, kuteedzera mafaera kubva kana kuenda kwairi. Kana iwe zvakare ukaverenga uye kunyora mvumo, iwe unogona kuita zvese zvinogoneka mashandiro pane mafaera uye madhairekitori.

Cherechedza: Kana iwe usina mvumo yekuuraya, hatizokwanise kuwana iro dhairekitori (kunyangwe tikashandisa iyo "cd" rairo), nekuti ichi chiito chinorambwa. Izvo zvakare zvinokutendera iwe kudzikisira kushandiswa kwe dhairekitori sechikamu chegwara (seapo patinopfuura nzira yefaira iri mune iro dhairekitori sereferenzi. Ngatiti isu tinoda kuteedzera iyo faira "X.ogg" iri mukati dhairekitori "/ imba / perso / Z" - iro iro iro folda "Z" isina mvumo yekuuraya-, tingaite zvinotevera:

$ cp /home/perseo/Z/X.ogg /home/perseo/Y/

neiri kuwana meseji yekukanganisa ichitiudza kuti hatina mvumo yakakwana yekuwana iyo faira: D). Kana mvumo yekuita dhairekitori ikamiswa, iwe uchave unokwanisa kuona zvirimo (kana iwe wakaverenga mvumo), asi haugone kuwana chero chezvinhu zvirimo, nekuti kune ino dhairekitori chikamu che iyo nzira inodikanwa yekugadzirisa nzvimbo yezvinhu zvako.

Mvumo manejimendi muGNU / Linux

Parizvino, isu taona izvo mvumo kwatiri yeGNU / Linux, inotevera tichaona maitiro ekupa kana kubvisa mvumo kana kodzero.

Tisati tatanga, isu tinofanirwa kuziva kuti kana isu tikanyoresa kana kugadzira mushandisi muchirongwa, isu tinobva tangovapa rombo. Aya maropafadzo, ehe, haazove akazara, ndiko kuti, vashandisi havawanzove vane mvumo imwechete uye kodzero dzeiye superuser. Kana mushandisi akagadzirwa, iyo sisitimu inogadzira nekumisikidza rombo remushandisi refaira manejimendi uye manejimendi manejimendi. Zviripachena, izvi zvinogona kushandurwa nemutungamiriri, asi sisitimu inogadzira mikana yakati wandei kana shoma kune mazhinji emabasa anozoitwa nemushandisi wega pane dhairekitori ravo, mafaera avo, uye pane madhairekitori uye mafaera evamwe vashandisi. Izvi ndizvo zvinowanzo mvumo zvinotevera:

<° Zvemafaira: - rw-r-- r--
<° Zve madhairekitori: - rwx rwx

Cherechedza: iwo haasi iwo mvumo imwechete kune ese GNU / Linux kugoverwa.

Aya maropafadzo anotibvumidza isu kugadzira, kuteedzera uye kudzima mafaera, kugadzira madhairekitori matsva, nezvimwe. Ngatione zvese izvi muchiita: D:

Ngatitorei "Advanced CSS.pdf" faira semuenzaniso. Cherekedza kuti inoratidzika seinotevera: -rw-r--r-- … Yepamberi CSS. Ngatinyatsoongororai.

Tipo	mushandisi	Girai	Vamwe vashandisi (vamwe)	Faira zita
-	rw -	r--	r--	Yepamberi CSS.pdf

Izvi zvinoreva kuti:

<° Rudzi: Archive
<° Mushandisi anogona: Verenga (tarisa zvemukati) uye nyora (gadzirisa) iyo faira.
<° Boka rinoshandiswa nemushandisi rinogona: Verenga (chete) iyo faira.
<° Vamwe vashandisi vanogona: Verenga (chete) iyo faira.

Kune avo vanoda kuziva vari kushamisika panguva ino kuti ndeapi mamwe minda yenyaya yakawanikwa ne ls -l inoreva, iyi ndiyo mhinduro:

Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve zvakaoma uye zvakapfava / zvekufananidza zvinongedzo, heino tsananguro uye yavo kusiyana.

Shamwari shamwari, tinosvika pachikamu chinonakidza uye chinorema chechinyorwa chiri kubvunzwa ...

Chibvumirano chemvumo

Kuraira chmod ("Chinja modhi") inobvumira kugadzirisa mask kuti zviitwe zvishoma kana zvishoma pamafaera kana madhairekitori, mune mamwe mazwi, ne chmod unogona kubvisa kana kubvisa kodzero dzerudzi rwese rwemushandisi. Kana mhando yemushandisi watinoda kubvisa kwaari, kuisa kana kupa ropafadzo isina kutaurwa, chii chichaitika kana uchiita basa iri kukanganisa vese vashandisi panguva imwe chete.

Chinhu chekutanga chekurangarira ndechekuti isu tinopa kana kubvisa mvumo pamatanho aya:

Parameter	Chikamu	Descripcion
u	muridzi	muridzi wefaira kana dhairekitori
g	boka	boka rine iyo faira iri
o	vamwe	vamwe vese vashandisi vasiri muridzi kana boka

Mhando dzemvumo:

Pamusoroi	Ziva
r	Verenga mvumo
w	Nyora mvumo
x	Mvumo yekuuraya

 Ipa muridzi mvumo yekuita:

$ chmod u+x komodo.sh

Bvisa ita mvumo kubva kune vese vashandisi:

$ chmod -x komodo.sh

Ipa mvumo yekuverenga nekunyora kune vamwe vashandisi:

$ chmod o+r+w komodo.sh

Siya chete verenga mvumo kune boka iro iro rairi faira iri:

$ chmod g+r-w-x komodo.sh

Mvumo mune octal manhamba fomati

Pane imwezve nzira yekushandisa iyo chmod yekuraira iyo, kune vazhinji vashandisi, iri "kusununguka zvakanyanya", kunyangwe iri priori iri rinotomhanyisa kunzwisisa ¬¬.

Iko kusanganiswa kwemitengo yeboka rega rega revashandisi inoumba octal nhamba, iyo "x" chidimbu ndeye makumi maviri iri 20, iyo w bit i1 iri 21, iyo r bit i2 iyo iri 22, isu tine ipapo:

<° r = 4
<° w = 2
<° x = 1

Iko kusanganiswa kwemabheti akavharwa kana kudzimwa muboka rega rega kunopa kusanganisa kusere kwehunhu, ndiko kuti, huwandu hwemabheti pa:

Pamusoroi	Octal kukosha	Descripcion
- - -	0	hauna mvumo
- - x	1	ita mvumo chete
- w -	2	nyora mvumo chete
- wx	3	nyora uye ita mvumo
r - -	4	verenga mvumo chete
r - x	5	verenga nekuita mvumo
rw -	6	verenga uye nyora mvumo
rwx	7	mvumo dzese dzakaiswa, kuverenga, kunyora nekuita

Paunosanganisa mushandisi, boka, uye zvimwe mvumo, unowana matatu manhamba anoita iyo faira kana dhairekitori mvumo. Mienzaniso:

Pamusoroi	Valor	Descripcion
rw- --- --	600	Muridzi akaverenga nekunyora mvumo
rwx --x --x	711	Iye muridzi akaverenga, kunyora nekuita, iro boka uye vamwe chete vanoita
rwx rx rx	755	Iyo kuverenga, kunyora uye kuuraya muridzi, boka uye vamwe vanogona kuverenga nekuita iyo faira
rwx rwx	777	Iyo faira inogona kuverengerwa, kunyorwa uye kuurayiwa nemunhu wese
r-- --- --	400	Iye chete muridzi ndiye anogona kuverenga iyo faira, asi kana anogona kuigadzirisa kana kuitisa uyezve kana iro boka kana vamwe havagone kuita chero chinhu mariri.
rw-r-- ---	640	Muridzi wemushandisi anogona kuverenga nekunyora, boka rinogona kuverenga faira, uye vamwe havagone kuita chero chinhu

Special mvumo

Pachine mamwe marudzi emvumo yekutarisa. Aya ndiwo maSUID (Set User ID) bvumo yemvumo, iyo SGID (Set Group ID) mvumo zvishoma, uye iyo inonamira bit (inonamira zvishoma).

nguva yakatarwa

Iyo setuid bit inogoverwa kumafaira ekushandisa, uye inobvumira kuti kana mushandisi achigadzira iyo faira, maitiro acho anowana mvumo yemuridzi weiyo yakaurayiwa faira. Muenzaniso wakajeka wefaira rinobatika ne setuid bit ndeiyi:

$ su

Tinogona kuona kuti chidimbu chakapihwa se "s" mukutora kunotevera:

Kugovera ichi chidiki kune faira zvingave:

$ chmod u+s /bin/su

Uye kuibvisa:

$ chmod u-s /bin/su

Cherechedza: Tinofanira kushandisa chidimbu ichi nehanya zvakanyanya sezvo chichigona kukonzera kukwira kweropafadzo musystem yedu.

setgid

Iyo setid bit inobvumidza kuwana iwo maropafadzo eboka rakapihwa iyo faira, iro zvakare rinogoverwa kumadirector. Izvi zvinobatsira zvakanyanya kana vashandisi vakati veboka rimwe chete vachida kushanda nezviwanikwa mukati medhairekitori imwechete.

Kugovera ichi chidiki tinoita zvinotevera:

$ chmod g+s /carpeta_compartida

Uye kuibvisa:

$ chmod g-s /carpeta_compartida

namuka

Ichi chidiki chinowanzo kupihwa mumadirector anowanikwa nevashandisi vese, uye inobvumidza kudzivirira mushandisi kubva mukubvisa mafaera / madhairekitori emumwe mushandisi mukati meiyo dhairekitori, nekuti vese vane mvumo yekunyora.
Tinogona kuona kuti chidimbu chakapihwa se "t" mukutora kunotevera:

Kugovera ichi chidiki tinoita zvinotevera:

$ chmod o+t /tmp

Uye kuibvisa:

$ chmod o-t /tmp

Hesi shamwari, ikozvino unoziva kudzivirira zviri nani ruzivo rwako, neizvi ndinovimba unorega kutsvaga dzimwe nzira Folder Lock o Dhairekita Guard kuti muGNU / Linux hatidi ivo zvachose XD.

PD: Ichi chinyorwa chakakumbirwa nemuvakidzani wehama yeshamwari XD, ndinovimba ndakagadzirisa kusahadzika kwako ... 😀