|
Iwo matsva, haasi pachena uye ane kumwe kushandisa. Ayo anga ari mamiriro matatu akakosha ayo, sekureva kweU.S. Patent Hofisi, magene maviri evanhu ane hukama nekenza aifanira kupa patent kukambani yegenetics, anopfuura makore gumi apfuura. Zvino, mutongi wemubatanidzwa munyika iyoyo ari kusarudza kuti kubvumidzwa hakuenderani nebumbiro nekuti, sekutaura kwevamwe, zvigadzirwa zvehunhu hazvigone kuve nemvumo. Mutongo wake ungashandura imwe yesainzi inotungamira pasirese, biotechnology, kumusoro. |
La American Union yeVanhu Vakasununguka (ACLU, mugari wenhaka yekufamba kwekodzero dzevagari vevamakumi matanhatu) nePubPat Foundation (NGO yakapesana neyazvino patent system) yakamhan'arira, vakamirira masangano akasiyana evanachiremba, vaongorori nevakadzi, mhosva inopokana nekupihwa kwepamendi mbiri iyo BRCA1 uye BRCA2 magene muna Chivabvu apfuura. Ose ari maviri ane hukama nekuonekwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzekenza, kunyanya zamu uye ovari. Mutongi weNew York Federal Robert Sweet akanzwa mapato svondo rapfuura asati asarudza kuti ngaasiye nyaya iyi here kana kuti avhure kutongwa nemuromo.
Pakati pevapomeri iri nzvimbo yekutsvagisa paUniversity yeUtah yakawana muna1993 kuti kumwe kuchinja kweBRCA1 kwakabatana nekenza. Neichi chinyorwa, vamwe vevaongorori vakagadzira kambani Zviuru zveGenetics uye vakaramba vachishanda kudzamara BRCA2 yakazvimiririra. Vakaonawo shanduko dzinoverengeka. Pakati pe5% ne10% yevakadzi vane gomarara repazamu vane izvi zvinoshanduka. Uyezve, avo vanotakura aya akachinjika majini vane 40% kusvika 85% njodzi yekukura chirwere.
Kenza bvunzo pa2.200 euros
Yunivhesiti yeUtah Foundation yakamhan'arira chikumbiro patent muna 1995 pamagen'a pachawo uye nekuchinja kwavakawana, asiwo kune angamuka munguva inotevera. Mushure mekuwana mvumo yavo kubva kuUnited States Patent uye Trademark Hofisi (USPTO), yakavapa mvumo kuMyriad Genetics, iyo yakapa kambani iyi kodzero yega pamusoro pavo uye, zvinonyanya kukosha, sekureva kwevanyunyuti, kuzvitonga kuzere kwekutsvagisa, kuvhota vamwe vesaenzi. . Vaviri USPTO nekambani yemishonga yekufungidzira vakasungirirwawo.
Myriad Genetics ndiyo yega inogona kushambadzira yayo DNA bvunzo nyika yese. Vakadzi vanoda kuziva kana yavo BRCA1 uye 2 vatendeuka vanofanirwa kubhadhara angangoita 2.200 euros. Dambudziko nderekuti vazhinji havagone kuzvitenga. Mapoka maviri evakadzi, ayo anounza pamwechete vanopfuura zviuru makumi maviri, vakaonekwa mudare redzimhosva.
Asi sekutaura kwemutauriri weACLU Rachel Myers, hazvisi zvekutongwa kwevanhu chete, ndezvekuvandudza. "Tinopokana mudare redzimhosva rinoti patents dzinokanganisa kutongwa nekutsvagiswa kunogona kutungamira kurapa," anodaro. Mhosva yake inofumurawo mutongi: "Patent pamajini evanhu inoputsa First Amendment [kugadziriswa kweMutemo weUS unovimbisa rusununguko rwekutaura, pakati pevamwe] nemutemo wepatent nekuti majini chibereko chechisiko uye haigone kuve patent", anowedzera .
Shure kwe ACLU nePubPat kune akati wandei eanotungamira masangano ezvekurapa neesainzi eUS. Mukuwedzera kune iyo Association for Molecular Pathology, mhosva yacho yakasainwa neAmerican College yeGenetic Medicine kana iyo ine simba American Society yeClinical Pathology, nenhengo dzayo zana nemakumi matatu, uye iyo Koreji yeAmerican Pathologists, inomiririra zviuru gumi nezviviri zvavo. All vanopokana kuti ma patents maviri ari kukuvadza basa ravo.
Ose ari maviri United States nemitemo yeEuropean patent haibvumidze kunyoreswa kwezvinhu zvitsva pamunhuwo zvake. Asi kwemakore zvavakagonesa, maererano nemutemo wechiSpanish patent, kuchengetedzwa kwechinhu chakasarudzika kubva mumuviri wemunhu, kusanganisira kuteedzana kana kusarongeka kwemajini. Sekutsanangura kunoita Eva Serrano, nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu muCarlke, Modet & Cº patent department, "kana yatove kunze kwemuviri, inogona kuve patent."
Ndiko kuzvidzivirira kwaMyriad. Vakaparadzanisa geni kunze kwemuviri wemunhu uye vakanyora ruzivo rwayo. "Hachisi chinhu chakasikwa asi chakagadzirwa nevanhu," anodaro gweta rekambani Brian Poissant, nhengo yeimwe yemakambani ane mukurumbira munyika.
Mutongi, uyo achiri nevhiki dzinoverengeka kuti asarudze, anofanirwa kuongorora kuti mapatendi maviri anomisa hunyanzvi here mukurwisa gomarara uye nekukuvadza kodzero yehutano hwevagari, sekuchengetedza kunoita vamhan'ari, kana zvinopesana. Sarudzo yake inogona zvakare kuve nemhedzisiro yakasimba pamutemo pamusoro pekuremekedzwa kwemajini evanhu uye, kazhinji, pane biotechnology.
Nekuda kwemvumo iyi, Myriad Genetics ine mvumo yekudzora kuongororwa kwemajini kune hukama ne BRCA1 uye BRCA2. Muchokwadi, vamwe vevamhan'ari vakagamuchira tsamba dzekuyambira kubva kukambani munguva yakapfuura kuti vasiye kuferefeta kwavo.
Hapana zvibvumirano hazvigadzirise
Mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wekambani, Richard Marsh, anovimbisa kuti Myriad Genetics ine kodzero yakasarudzika kune ma BRCA1 nema BRCA2 magene muUnited States. "Zvisinei, hatina kumbobvira takadzivirira kana kuramba chero munhu chinangwa chavo chekuferefeta," anodaro. Uye anopa imwe data: "Kubvira patents payakapihwa, zvingangoita zviuru zvinomwe zviuru zvemazai zvakaburitswa." Iyi kambani, imwe yevekutanga muUS kubheja pamunhu mushonga wekufungidzira, yakashandiswa, sekureva kwaMarsh, makore gumi nemashanu nemazana emamirioni emadhora pamajene maviri nekuchinja kwavo. "Zvuru zvingadai zvisina kushandisa nguva yese iyoyo nemari pasina kuchengetedzwa kwepamutemo," anotsanangura kudaro.
Muzvinafundo uye director wepatent centre yeYunivhesiti yeBarcelona, Pascual Segura, anoyeuka kuti patent "haipe kodzero yakawanda yekushandisa zvakagadzirwa sekudzivirira vamwe kuti varege kudaro." Zvakadaro, chengetedza iyo system. "Kana uchipa patent, unosungirwa kutsikisa ruzivo rwehunyanzvi." Izvo zvinobvumidza munhu wese kutsvaga kwakatenderedza. "Imwe nzira ndeyekuchengeta zvakavanzika uye zvingave zvakanyanya kunyanya," anowedzera.
Pascual Segura anoyeuka zvakare kuti, pane dzimwe nguva uye dzakakosha zviitiko, hurumende dzinogona kutora kodzero dzepamutemo. Mhosva ye ACLU muUS iri kutsvaga, sekubvuma kwaRachel Myers, "kuti mutongo wemutongi une simba rakakura" pane hunhu hwekuzvarwa. Chinangwa chayo, kusanganisira mune sutu kune USPTO, ndechekuti zviitwe zvisiri pamutemo.