Sida Loogu ilaaliyo GRUB lambarka sirta ah (Linux)

Caadi ahaan waxaan waqtigeenna ku qaadannaa qayb wanaagsan ka hortag marinka aan la fasaxin kooxaheena: waxaan uqeybineynaa dab-damisyada, rukhsadaha isticmaalaha, ACLs, waxaan abuureynaa ereyo sir ah oo adag, iwm. laakiin marar dhif ah ayaan xasuusannaa ilaalin bilawga qalabkeena. Haddii qofku jir ahaan u helo kombuyuutarka, dib ayuu u bilaabi karaa oo beddel xuduudaha GRUB si loo helo marin u helka maamulka kombiyuutarka. Kaliya ku dar '1' ama 's' dhamaadka GRUB 'kernel' si aad u hesho marin noocaas ah.

Si taas looga fogaado, GRUB waxaa lagu ilaalin karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo erey sir ah, si haddii aan la ogeyn, cabirkeeda aan wax laga beddeli karin.

Haddii aad ku rakibtay qalabka wax lagu rakibo ee loo yaqaan 'GRUB boot loader' (oo ah midka ugu caansan haddii aad isticmaasho qaybinta ugu caansan Linux), waxaad ku ilaalin kartaa gelitaan kasta oo ku jira liiska 'GRUB' lambarka sirta ah. Sidan oo kale, mar kasta oo aad doorato nidaam hawlgal si aad u kiciso, waxay ku weydiin doontaa lambarka sirta ah ee aad cayimtay si aad ugu kabaha nidaamka. Iyo gunno ahaan, haddii kombiyuutarkaaga la xado, kuwa ku soo xadgudbay ma awoodi doonaan inay galaan faylashaada. Waxay u egtahay mid wanaagsan, sax?

GRUB 2

Gelitaan kasta oo Grub ah, waxaad abuuri kartaa isticmaale leh mudnaan si aad wax uga beddesho xuduudaha gelitaanka ee ka muuqda GRUB marka la bilaabayo nidaamka, marka laga reebo superuser-ka (midka galaangalka u leh inuu wax ka beddelo Grub adoo riixaya furaha "e"). Waxaan tan ku samayn doonnaa feylka /etc/grub.d/00_header. Waxaan ku fureynaa feylka tifaftiraha aan jecel nahay:

sudo nano /etc/grub.d/00_header

Dhamaadka dhaji kuwa soo socda:

bisad < < EOF
set superusers=”user1″
lambarka sirta ah 1 lambarka sirta1
EOF

Halkee adeegsade1 uu yahay superuser, tusaale:

bisad < < EOF
set superusers="superuser"
furaha superuser 123456
EOF

Si aad u abuurto isticmaaleyaal badan, ku dar halka hoose:

furaha superuser 123456

Waxay umuuqan doontaa waxbadan ama kayar sida soo socota:

bisad < < EOF
dhigay superusers = "superuser"
furaha superuser 123456
lambarka sirta ah2 7890
EOF

Marka aan aasaasno adeegsadayaasha aan dooneyno, waxaan badbaadinnaa isbeddelada.

Ilaali Windows 

Si aad u ilaaliso Windows, waa inaad wax ka beddesho faylka /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober.

sudo nano /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober

Raadi khad koodh ah oo oranaya:

liiska "$ {LONGNAME} (on $ {DEVICE})" {

Waa inay u ekaataa sidan (superuser isagoo ah magaca superuser):

liiska menu "$ {LONGNAME} (on $ {DEVICE})" - isticmaalayaasha superuser {

 
Keydso isbeddelada oo orod:

sudo update-grub

Waxaan furay feylka /boot/grub/grub.cfg:

sudo nano /boot/grub/grub.cfg

Oo meeday gelitaanka Windows (wax sidan oo kale ah):

menuentry "Windows XP Professional" {

ku beddel tan (user2 oo ah magaca isticmaalaha leh mudnaanta marin):

menuentry "Windows XP Professional" –users user2 {

Dib u bilow oo tag. Hadda, markaad isku daydo inaad gasho Windows waxay ku weydiin doontaa lambarka sirta ah. Haddii aad riixdo furaha "e", sidoo kale waxay ku weydiin doontaa lambarka sirta ah.

Ilaali Linux

Si aad u ilaaliso waxyaabaha soo gala Linux ayaa saxar faylka /etc/grub.d/10_linux, oo raadi xariiqda oraneysa:

liiska "$ 1" {

Haddii aad kaliya rabto superuser-ka inuu awoodo inuu marin u helo, waa inuu u ekaadaa sidan:

liiska "$ 1" –users user1 {

Haddii aad rabto isticmaale labaad inuu awood u yeesho inuu galo:

liiska "$ 1" –users user2 {

Waxaad sidoo kale ka ilaalin kartaa gelitaanka baaritaanka xusuusta adoo hagaajinaya faylka /etc/grub.d/20_memtest:

liiska "Imtixaanka xusuusta (memtest86 +)" - Isticmaalayaasha superuser {

Ilaali dhammaan wixii soo galaya

Si aad u ilaaliso dhammaan qoraallada socda:

sudo sed -i -e '/ ^ menuentry / s / {/ –users superuser {/' /etc/grub.d/10_linux /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober / iwm / grub.d / 40_caadi

Si aad uga laabato tillaabadan, orod:

sudo sed -i -e '/ ^ menuentry / s / –users superuser [/ B] {/ {/' /etc/grub.d/10_linux /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ /etc/grub.d/30_os- prober /etc/grub.d/40_custom

GRUB

Aynu ku bilowno furitaanka deegaanka GRUB. Waxaan furay terminal oo waxaan ku qoray:

xoqin

Kadib, waxaan galay amarka soo socda:

md5crypt

Waxay ku weydiin doontaa lambarka sirta ah ee aad rabto inaad isticmaasho. Ku qor oo perison Gali. Waxaad heli doontaa erey sir ah oo sir ah, oo ay tahay inaad si taxaddar leh u hayso. Hadda, oggolaanshaha maamulka, waxaan ku furay faylka /boot/grub/menu.lst oo leh tifaftiraha qoraalka aad ugu jeceshahay:

sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Si aad ugu dhigto ereyga sirta ah 'GRUB menu' ee aad doorbideyso, waa inaad ku dartaa waxyaabaha soo socda mid kasta oo ka mid ah gelitaanka aad rabto inaad ilaaliso:

ereyga sirta ah --md5 my_password

Halka my_password uu noqon doono (encrypted) erayga sirta ah ee ay soo celisay md5crypt: Kahor:

cinwaanka Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.8.1-2-386 (qaabka soo kabashada)
xididka (hd1,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8.1-2-386 xididka = / dev / hdb3 ro hal
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.8.1-2-386

Kadib:

cinwaanka Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.8.1-2-386 (qaabka soo kabashada)
xididka (hd1,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8.1-2-386 xididka = / dev / hdb3 ro hal
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.8.1-2-386
password –md5 $1$w7Epf0$vX6rxpozznLAVxZGkcFcs

Keydso faylka oo dib u bilow. Taasi way fududahay! Si looga fogaado, maahan oo keliya in qof xaasidnimo ah uu beddeli karo xuduudaha qaabeynta ee gelitaanka la ilaaliyo, laakiin sidoo kale inaysan xitaa billaabi karin nidaamkaas, waxaad ku dari kartaa xarriiqda "la ilaaliyo", ka dib cabbirka cinwaanka. Iyadoo la raacayo tusaalaheena, waxay umuuqan doontaa wax sidan oo kale ah:

cinwaanka Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.8.1-2-386 (qaabka soo kabashada)
quful
xididka (hd1,2)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.8.1-2-386 xididka = / dev / hdb3 ro hal
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.8.1-2-386
password –md5 $1$w7Epf0$vX6rxpozznLAVxZGkcFcs

Marka xigta ee qof uu doonayo inuu bilaabo nidaamkaas, waa inuu galayaa lambarka sirta ah.

source: delanover & Macruufka & Forum Ubuntu & Horumarinta