Imiyalelo yokwazi inkqubo (chonga izixhobo zekhompyuter kunye nolungelelwaniso lwesoftware)

Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo sibone indlela yokufaka Debian 6. Ngoku siyifakile inkqubo yethu, siza kuyazi ngokucokisekileyo, sicacisa eminye imiyalelo esisiseko ethi, enyanisweni, isetyenziselwe naluphi na ukuhanjiswa.

Intshayelelo

Izixhobo zekhompyuter zinezixhobo ezibonakalayo ezibizwa ngokuba lihlabathi jikelele, kunye nezinto ezisengqiqweni ezibizwa ngokuba yisoftware. Kukho izixhobo ezivumela ukufumanisa amacandelo omabini, nokuba kukwazazi iimpawu zesixhobo kunye nokulinganisa ukusebenza kwaso kunye / okanye ukufumanisa ukusilela okunokwenzeka.

Xa kukho imfuneko yokucela inkxaso ekusombululeni iingxaki, kubalulekile ukuba ube nakho ukubonelela ngalo lonke ulwazi olunokwenzeka kwaye luyimfuneko malunga nezixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nesoftware ezenza izixhobo. Ngale ndlela, eli nqaku linokubonwa njengokwandiswa komdala esikuchazile apho zifumaneka khona iifayile zelog.

Ukulungiswa

Xa ujonga iimpendulo kwiingxaki onokuthi ujongane nazo xa usebenzisa iLinux, kubalulekile ukubonelela ngalo lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko malunga nengxaki ekuthethwa ngayo, enje: uhlobo lwekhompyuter onayo, uhlobo lweDebian, uguqulelo lwekernel, inkqubo yedesktop, njl. Oku kuya kunceda ekuchazeni amanyathelo owathathileyo ukwenza okanye ukulungisa ingxaki.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Nika amandla ingcambu yomsebenzisi ku-Ubuntu

Kulula ukucela kwaye ufumane inkxaso xa usazi ukuba ungalunika njani olo lwazi, kwaye eli nqaku lenzelwe ukubonelela uluhlu lwemiyalelo yokufezekisa loo njongo. Abasebenzisi abaninzi abatsha kwi-Debian GNU / Linux abayazi indlela yokubonelela ngolwazi oluninzi ngangokunokwenzeka kwaye abanokufumana uncedo olwaneleyo, kuba bengazi ukuba banikezela njani ngolwazi olufanelekileyo.

Iindibano

Kweminye imiyalelo ulwazi oluneziphumo ligqitha kubude besikrini, ke ukulungiselela ukufundwa kolu lwazi, kusetyenziswa i-pager encinci kwaye ngale ndlela kunokwenzeka ukuba uskrolele ezantsi unyuse, ubonise lonke ulwazi. Ukuphuma kwipheyiji, cofa nje iqhosha Q (uyeke). Nayi imizekelo emi-2 yendlela eza kusetyenziswa ngayo le pager:

dmesg | Ngaphantsi

y

ngaphantsi /etc/apt/source.list

Ulwazi lomenzi kunye nemodeli

Izixhobo umenzi:

Isudo dmidecode -s-inkqubo-yomenzi

Imveliso yeNombre:

I-sudo dmidecode -s-inkqubo-yemveliso-yegama

Inguqulelo yemveliso:

I-sudo dmidecode -s-inkqubo-yenguqulo

Inombolo yesiriyeli yezixhobo:

I-sudo dmidecode -s-inkqubo-yenombolo ye serial

I-SKU (iCandelo lokugcina isitokhwe) okanye i-P / N (Inxalenye yenxalenye) yemveliso:

I-sudo dmidecode | grep -i sku

Ulwazi oluthe kratya:

I-sudo dmidecode




Inqaku elidibeneyo:
Imvume kunye namalungelo kwiLinux

Ulwazi lwenkqubo

Bonisa igama lomenzi, imodeli kunye nesantya:

grep 'umthengisi_id' / proc / cpuinfo; grep 'igama lomzekelo' / proc / cpuinfo; grep 'cpu MHz' / proc / cpuinfo

Bonisa uyilo (32 okanye 64 bit):

Isudo lshw -C CPU | ububanzi be-grep

Bonisa uhlobo lomatshini:

ndidibanise nam -m

Bonisa ukuba iprosesa iyayixhasa "iVenkile yoLwandiso" (i-Intel-VT okanye i-AMD-V), ezenziwa zasebenza kulungelelwaniso lwekhompyuter lweBIOS:

Ukuba iprosesa yi-Intel, kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba ixabiso "vmx" liyavela:

grep -i vmx / proc / cpuinfo

Ukuba iprosesa yi-AMD, kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba ixabiso "svm" liyavela:

grep -i svm / proc / cpuinfo

Ulwazi lwebhetri

acpi-bi

ó

i-acpitool -B

Imemori ye-RAM kunye nokwahlulahlula kwe-SWAP

Bonisa i-RAM iyonke kwaye utshintshe ukwahlulahlula (tshintsha iparameter yokugqibela iye kwi: -b = Byte, -k = Kilobytes, -m = Megabytes, -g = Gigabytes, ngokufanelekileyo):

simahla -o -m

kwaye enye indlela yokwenza ngoluhlobo:

grep 'iMemTotal' / proc / meminfo; grep 'UkutshintshaTotal' / proc / meminfo

Ukubonisa ukuba yeyiphi isahlulelo (kunye nobukhulu) esitshintshayo:

sudo swapon -s

IKernel

Bonisa igama lekernel kunye nohlobo:

uname -r

Shell

Bonisa iqokobhe elisetyenziswayo:

Ngqina $ SHELL

U sasazo

Bonisa igama, uguqulelo kunye negama eliphambili lonikezelo:

lsb_ nceda -idc

Indawo yomsebenzisi

Igama lomsebenzisi wangoku:

Ngqina $ USER

Igama leqela:

Ngqina $ HOSTNAME

Isikhokelo sangoku somsebenzisi:

echo $ IKHAYA

Isikhokelo esisebenzayo ngoku:

Ngqina i-PWD eyi- $

o

pwd

isibulali

Uluhlu lwezixhobo zePCI / PCIe

lspci

Dwelisa zonke izixhobo zePCMCIA

/ sbin / lspcmcia

Dwelisa zonke izixhobo ze-USB:

lsusb

Dwelisa zonke izixhobo ezifunyenwe njenge-SCSI:

lsscsi

Iimodyuli eziyalelwe kwi-kernel ukuba zilayishwe ngexesha lokuqalisa:

ikati / njl / iimodyuli

Dwelisa zonke iimodyuli ezilayishwe yinkqubo:

lsmod | Ngaphantsi

Dwelisa izixhobo (ulwazi lwesishwankathelo):

sudo lshw -ifutshane

Dwelisa izixhobo (ulwazi olubanzi):

Isudo lshw | Ngaphantsi

Ukugcinwa kunye nemidiya yokuqalisa

Dwelisa izahlulelo kwimithombo yeendaba zokugcina:

sudo fdisk -l

Yazi indawo esetyenzisiweyo nefumanekayo kwizahlulelo:

df-h

Yazi ukuba yintoni isahlulelo (kunye nobukhulu) esitshintshayo:

sudo swapon -s

Bonisa ungeniso olungenisiweyo lweGRUB "Legacy" bootloader (ukuya kuhlobo 0.97):

I-sudo grep -i isihloko / i-boot / grub / imenu.lst | grep "#" -v

Bonisa ungeniso olungenisiweyo lweGRUB 2 bootloader:

Isudo grep -i menuentry / boot / grub / grub.cfg | grep "#" -v

Bonisa itafile yokwahlula (iFayile yeNkqubo yeTABLE) yokuba inkqubo inyuka ngokuzenzekelayo ngexesha lokuqalisa:

Ngaphantsi / njl / fstab

Bonisa iUUID (iUniversity Unique IDentifier) ​​ixabiso lazo zonke izahlulelo:

Sudo blkid

Nets

Dwelisa izixhobo zonxibelelwano ze-PCI ezinentambo:

lspci | grep -i ethernet

Dwelisa izixhobo zenethiwekhi ezingenazingcingo ze-PCI:

lspci | grep -i inethiwekhi

Uluhlu lwezixhobo zenethiwekhi ze-USB:

lsusb | grep -i ethernet; lsusb | grep -i inethiwekhi

Bonisa iimodyuli ezilayishwe yinkqubo, ukulawula amakhadi enethiwekhi angenazingcingo:

lsmod | grep iwl

Bonisa ulwazi malunga nomqhubi osetyenziswa sisixhobo esithile senethiwekhi (buyisela ujongano lwamagama ngegama elisengqiqweni lekhadi lenethiwekhi, umzekelo, eth0, wlan0, ath0, njl.):

Isudo ethtool -ijongano

Ukuqwalaselwa kwamakhadi enethiwekhi kunye needilesi ze-IP abazabelweyo:

ikati / njl / inethiwekhi / ujongano

Isisombululo segama lommandla

ikati /etc/resolv.conf

Bonisa imixholo yefayile ye-HOSTS:

ikati / njl / imikhosi

Igama lekhompyutha, njengoko liza kubonakala kwinethiwekhi yendawo:

ikati / njll / igama lomninimzi

ó

grep 127.0.1.1 / njl / yenginginya

ó

Ngqina $ HOSTNAME

Iidilesi ze-IP zasekhaya zamakhadi enethiwekhi (isishwankathelo):

/ sbin / ifconfig | grep -i direc | grep -i Ukubetha

ukuba le nkqubo ibhalwe ngesiNgesi, sebenzisa:

/ sbin / ifconfig | grep -i yongeza | grep -i Ukubetha

Iidilesi ze-IP zalapha zamakhadi enethiwekhi (iinkcukacha):

/ sbin / ifconfig

Iidilesi ze-IP zasekhaya zamakhadi wenethiwekhi ngaphandle kwamacingo

/ sbin / iwconfig | grep -i direc | grep -i Ukubetha

ukuba le nkqubo ibhalwe ngesiNgesi, sebenzisa:

/ sbin / iwconfig | grep -i yongeza | grep -i Ukubetha

Iidilesi ze-IP zasekhaya zamakhadi enethiwekhi angenazingcingo (iinkcukacha):

/ sbin / iwconfig

Bonisa itafile yendlela:

Indlela yendlela -n

Ukufumana idilesi ye-IP yoluntu (yangaphandle):

curl ip.appspot.com

Indawo yokugcina / uhlaziyo lwenkqubo

Jonga umxholo wemithombo yoluhlu lwefayile, equlathe iidilesi zoovimba:

ngaphantsi /etc/apt/source.list

yokuzonwabisa

Dwelisa amakhadi evidiyo (i-PCI / PCIe):

lspci | grep -i vga

Ukuchonga ukuba ikhompyuter iyakuxhasa ukukhawulezisa kwemizobo, isixhobo se-mesa-utils isixhobo kufuneka sifakelwe. Le phakheji iqulethe umyalelo we-glxinfo:

glxinfo | grep -i Ukunikezela

Ukubala i-FPS (isakhelo ngomzuzwana), yenza lo mthetho ulandelayo:

ixesha lokuphuma le-60 glxgears

Yintoni ezakubonisa imizuzwana engama-60 (ngoncedo lokuphuma komyalelo) iwindow encinci enophawu lwejasi ezi-3, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye kwitheminali iwindow amaxabiso aphakathi kwesakhelo ngomzuzwana (i-FPS, izakhelo ngomzuzwana) izakuboniswa. ):

Umzekelo wokusebenza kwemizobo yenkqubo:

Iifayile ezingama-338 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.4 = 62.225 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-280 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.1 = 55.343 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-280 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.2 = 54.179 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-280 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.2 = 53.830 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-280 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.3 = 53.211 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-338 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.4 = 62.225 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-280 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.1 = 55.343 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-280 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.2 = 54.179 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-280 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.2 = 53.830 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-280 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.3 = 53.211 ye-FPS

Umzekelo wokusebenza okungcono kwemizobo kwenye inkqubo:

Iifayile ezingama-2340 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 467.986 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-2400 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 479.886 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-2080 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 415.981 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-2142 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 428.346 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-2442 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 488.181 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-2295 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 458.847 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-2298 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 459.481 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-2416 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 483.141 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-2209 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 441.624 ye-FPS
Iifayile ezingama-2437 kwimizuzwana eyi-5.0 = 487.332 ye-FPS

Ukubonisa ubumbeko lwangoku lwe-X (X Window System):

ngaphantsi /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Ukufumana isisombululo sangoku (ububanzi x ukuphakama) kunye nokutshayela rhoqo (MHz):

xrandr | grep '*'

Ukwazi zonke izigqibo ezixhaswayo ziqwalaselo lwangoku:

xrandr

Ukubonisa ii-webcams (i-USB):

lsusb | ikhamera ye-grep -i

Lo mzekelo ulandelayo ubonakalisa isiphumo see-webcams ezi-2 ezixhumeke kwikhompyutha enye:

Isixhobo seBhasi 001 003: ID 0c45: 62c0 Microdia Sonix USB 2.0 Ikhamera
Ikhamera yeBhasi 002 004: ID 0ac8: 3420 Z-Star Microelectronics Corp. Venus USB2.0 Camera
IiWebcams "zinyuswe" ngokulandelelana kwi / dev / umendo:

Ibhasi 001 -> / dev / ividiyo0
Ibhasi 002 -> / dev / ividiyo1
Ibhasi 003 -> / dev / ividiyo2
[…] Ukujonga ukuba iiwebcams ziye "zaxhonywa" kwindlela yazo ehambelana nazo:

ls / dev / ividiyo * -lh

evakalayo

Dwelisa izixhobo zomsindo:

lspci | grep -i iaudiyo

ó

Isudo lshw | grep -i iaudiyo | imveliso ye-grep

Dwelisa izixhobo zokudlala ezirekhodiweyo:

Apla -l | ikhadi le-grep -i

ukuba inkqubo ibhalwe ngesiNgesi ke iyasetyenziswa:

Apla -l | ikhadi le-grep -i

Dwelisa zonke iimodyuli ezilayishwe yinkqubo, ukuze zisetyenziswe zizixhobo zesandi:

lsmod | grep -i snd

Ezi zilandelayo ziimvavanyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba izithethi zixhunyiwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zisasazwa. Izithethi kufuneka zivulwe kwaye ngexesha lovavanyo ivolumu, iintambo, kunye nokubekwa kunokuhlengahlengiswa. Uvavanyo ngalunye lukhupha isandi kumjikelo, kwaye luphindaphindwe kabini ngaphezulu:

Ukuba inkqubo yesandi yitshaneli e-1 (monaural):

isithethi-kuvavanya -l 3 -t sine -c 1

Ukuba inkqubo yesandi yi-2-channel (stereo):

isithethi-kuvavanya -l 3 -t sine -c 2

Ukuba inkqubo yesandi yi-5.1 ijelo (jikeleza):

isithethi-kuvavanya -l 3 -t sine -c 6

Iirekhodi (iinkuni)

Bonisa imigca engama-30 yokugqibela ye-kernel buffer:

dmesg | umsila -30

Jonga yonke i-kernel buffer:

dmesg | Ngaphantsi

Iigodo ze-X zeseva zinika ulwazi oluluncedo malunga nokumiselwa kwangoku kweseva, kunye nekhadi levidiyo

cd / var / log / ls Xorg * -hl

oku kuyakubonisa zonke iifayile zelog ezivela kwiseva ye-X, kunye nefayile yeXorg.0.log yeyona ikutshanje.

Ukujonga imiyalezo yempazamo (iimpazamo) kunye nemiyalezo yesilumkiso (izilumkiso):

grep -E "(WW) | (EE)" Xorg.0.log | grep -v ayaziwa

Ukuba ufuna ukubona lonke ulwazi lobhaliso:

ngaphantsi kweXorg.0.log

Ukuba ufuna ukubona umxholo werekhodi ngaphambi kwale ikhoyo, faka igama lefayile elithi Xorg.0.log ngegama lefayile ofuna ukuyijonga.

Ukubonisa irekhodi yokuqalisa, kufuneka uyenze kuqala. Kuya kufuneka uyivule ifayile / etc / default / bootlogd kwaye ubeke endaweni yayo ixabiso hayi ngo-ewe, ujongeka ngoluhlobo:

# Sebenzisa i-bootlogd ekuqaleni? I-BOOTLOGD_ENABLE = ewe

Ngexesha lokuqalisa kwenkqubo elandelayo, kuya kwenziwa ifayile / var / log / boot, enokuphononongwa ngoku:

Isudo esingaphantsi / var / log / boot

Iirekhodi zokuqala zangaphambili zinokujongwa kunye:

Isudo ls / var / log / boot * -hl

kwaye kuboniswane nabo njengoko sele kubonisiwe.

Ukubona ezinye izingodo: Uninzi lweelogs zenkqubo zifunyenwe kwi / var / log / directory, nakwimikhombandlela emininzi, ke, ngenisa nje isikhombisi kwaye wenze uluhlu lokubazi:

cd / var / log / ls -hl

Ezinye iindlela zokwazi inkqubo

Nangona kukwakho nezixhobo zemizobo esivumela ukuba siyazi inkqubo, kunokwenzeka ukuba imeko yemizobo ayisebenzi, ngenxa yoko ukusetyenziswa kwesiphelo kubalulekile. Ezinye zezixhobo ezaziwayo zokuzoba yi-hardinfo kunye ne-sysinfo, kwaye ukuzifaka kwisiphelo sendlela, vele ubaleke:

sudo aptitude faka i-hardinfo sysinfo