Umahluko phakathi "kwesoftware yasimahla" kunye "nomthombo ovulekileyo"

Nangona ukwenziwa kwesoftware evulekileyo kunye nesoftware yasimahla yabelana ngeelayisensi zabo, la FSF ucinga ukuba intshukumo evulekileyo yemithombo yefilosofi yahlukile kwifayile yasimahla yokuhamba kwesoftware. Oku kufaneleke ngakumbi kuba bahlala bedidekile kwaye amagama athi "simahla" kunye "nomthombo ovulekileyo" asetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo.

Oku kwavela ngo-1998 xa iqela labantu, kuquka u-Eric S. Raymond noBruce Perens, babumba i-Open Source Initiative (OSI). Iinjongo zabo yayikukunika ukubalasela okukhulu kwizibonelelo zokwabelana ngeekhowudi zomthombo, kunye nomdla kwizindlu ezinkulu zesoftware kunye nezinye iinkampani kwishishini lobuchwephesha obuphezulu kwingcinga. Ngelixa i-FSF kunye noRichard Stallman bekhetha ukubeka lo mbandela ngokwemigaqo yokuziphatha besebenzisa igama elithi iSoftware yasimahla.

Aba bakhuseli bayabona ukuba igama elithi "umthombo ovulekileyo", ngesiNgesi kwindawo evulekileyo, liphepha ukungaqondakali kwegama elithi "simahla" ngesiNgesi, elisetyenziswa yi-FSF xa kuthethwa nge "software yasimahla" (isoftware yasimahla). Kwelinye icala, inika igama "lobuchwephesha" kunye "nokungathathi hlangothi" elingoyikisi iinkampani okanye oorhulumente; Ngokuchaseneyo, igama elithi "simahla" likhokelele abaninzi kwilizwe lezorhwebo ukuba balisuse kwi-radar yabo kuba "akukho shishini linokubakho apho" noorhulumente abaninzi nabantu ukuba bayidibanise nobukomanisi, njalo njalo.

Igama elithi "umthombo ovulekileyo" waqanjwa nguChristine Peterson weZiko lokujonga izinto ngamehlo, kwaye igama lesiNgesi kwiimveliso zesoftware yasimahla labhaliswa ukuba lisebenze njengophawu lwentengiso.

Abantu abaninzi bayayiqonda inzuzo yenkqubo yokuphuhliswa kwesoftware xa abaphuhlisi banokusebenzisa, ukuguqula, kunye nokusasaza kwakhona ikhowudi yemvelaphi yenkqubo, zonke ezo zaziphakanyiswe nguRichard Stallman kunye ne-FSF. Ukufumana uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha ngeenzuzo zezi nkululeko zikhoyo xa kuphuhliswa isoftware, ndincoma ukufunda "ICathedral kunye neBazaar" nguEric S. Raymond.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuhamba kwesoftware yasimahla kugxininisa ngokukodwa kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha okanye yokuziphatha yesoftware, ukubona ukugqwesa kubuchwephesha njengemveliso enqwenelekayo, kodwa ivela kumgangatho wayo wokuziphatha. Intshukumo yomthombo ovulekileyo ibona ukugqwesa kobugcisa njengeyona njongo iphambili, kunye nokwabelana ngeekhowudi zomthombo njengeendlela zokufikelela kuloo njongo.. Ngesi sizathu, i-FSF iyazikhwebula kuzo zombini intshukumo yomthombo ovulekileyo kunye negama elithi "Umthombo ovulekileyo".

Kuba i-OSI ivuma kuphela iilayisensi ezingqinelana ne-OSD (Inkcazo evulelekileyo yomthombo), uninzi lwabantu luyitolika njengeskim sokuhambisa, kwaye ngokutshintshiselana ngokukhululekileyo "umthombo ovulekileyo" nge "isoftware yasimahla". Nangona kukho umahluko obalulekileyo wefilosofi phakathi kwala magama mabini, ngakumbi ngokwezizathu zokukhuthaza nokusetyenziswa kwesoftware. Nangona kunjalo, lo mahluko unqabile ukuba ube nempembelelo kwinkqubo yentsebenziswano.

Intshukumo "yomthombo ovulekileyo", ngokusebenzisa i-Open Source Initiative, yahlukile kwinkqubo yasimahla yesoftware, eyona ndawo yayo sisiseko seFree Software Foundation. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokungahambelani kwimbono yefilosofi, ziphantse zilingane kumbono osebenzayo; eneneni, zombini ezi ntshukumo zisebenza kunye kuphuhliso olusebenzayo lweeprojekthi ezininzi.

Iimfuneko zezithambile. Vula Umnikezi".

Uluvo lomthombo ovulekileyo lujolise kwinto yokuba ngokwabelana ngekhowudi, inkqubo ekhokelela ekubeni ibe kumgangatho ophezulu kwisoftware yokuthengisa, ngumbono wobugcisa. Kwelinye icala, isoftware yasimahla ineentanda-bulumko kunye nokuziphatha: isoftware yobunini, njengoko ingenakwabelwana ngayo, "ayikho mgaqweni" kuba ukuthintela ukwabelana phakathi kwabantu kuphikisana nokuqonda.

Njengesoftware yasimahla, Umthombo ovulekileyo okanye umthombo ovulekileyo unothotho lweemfuno eziyimfuneko zenkqubo eza kuqwalaselwa ngaphakathi kwale ntshukumo, zezi:

• Ukwabiwa simahla: Isoftware kufuneka inikezelwe ngokukhululekileyo okanye ithengiswe.
• Ikhowudi yonikezoIkhowudi yemvelaphi kufuneka ibandakanywe okanye ifunyenwe simahla.
• Imisebenzi evela kwezinyeUlwabiwo ngokutsha lweenguqulelo kufuneka luvunyelwe.
• Ikhowudi yemithombo yoMbhali yokunyaniseka: Amaphepha-mvume anokufuna uhlengahlengiso ukuba lusasazwe kwakhona njengeepatches.
• Ngaphandle kocalulo yabantu okanye amaqela: akukho mntu unokushiywa ngaphandle.
• Akukho lucalucalulo kwimimandla yephulo: Abasebenzisi bezorhwebo abanakukhutshelwa ngaphandle.
• Ukuhanjiswa kwelayisensi-Amalungelo afanayo kufuneka asebenze kuye wonke umntu ofumana le nkqubo
• Ilayisensi akufuneki ichaze imveliso ethileInkqubo ayinakuba nelayisensi yodwa njengenxalenye yosasazo olukhulu.
• Ilayisensi akufuneki ithintele enye isoftware: iphepha-mvume alinakunyanzelisa ukuba nayiphi na enye isoftware ehanjiswa nesoftware evulekileyo nayo mayibe yindawo evulekileyo.
• Ilayisensi kufuneka ingathathi cala kwezobuchwepheshaUkwamkelwa kwelayisensi ngokusebenzisa unqakrazo lwempuku okanye ezinye iindlela ezithile zesoftware akufuneki ifuneke.

Le milinganiselo iyahambelana ne inkululeko ezine zesoftware yasimahla.

IIMPAWU NEENKCUKACHA

Nangona igama elithi "umthombo ovulekileyo" lisusa ukungangqinelani kwegama elithi "simahla", lidida intsingiselo yalo ezimbini "simahla" vs. "Simahla", ngenisa entshaPhakathi kweenkqubo ezihambelana nenkcazo yoMthombo oVulekileyo, onika abasebenzisi inkululeko yokuziphucula, kunye neenkqubo ezinekhowudi yemithombo ekhoyo, mhlawumbi kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa kwale khowudi yemithombo.

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba nayiphi na isoftware enekhowudi yemithombo ekhoyo ngumthombo ovulekileyo, kuba banokuyisebenzisa (umzekelo wolu hlobo lwesoftware iya kuba yeyona nto iphambili isoftware yasimahla yeGraphviz, ekuqaleni ayikhululekanga kodwa ibandakanya ikhowudi yemvelaphi, nangona i-AT & T kamva itshintshe ilayisensi). Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwale software aluniki abasebenzisi bayo inkululeko yokuhambisa uhlengahlengiso lwabo, ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo, okanye ukuthintela ngokubanzi amalungelo abasebenzisi.

Oku kwenza Igama elithi "umthombo ovulekileyo" lihlala lingaqondakali, kuba ezinye iinkampani ezinobungozi okanye ezingazi nto zisebenzisa umxholo ukuchaza iimveliso zazo xa enyanisweni zingesosoftware yasimahla kodwa zinika nje ikhowudi yemvelaphi yeenkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwazo, ukuphononongwa okanye ukuguqulwa obekugunyazisiwe ngaphambili.

Ngenxa yoku kungalunganga ngentla, ukusetyenziswa kwegama isoftware yasimahla kukhethwa ukubhekisa kwiinkqubo ezibonelelwa ngenkululeko epheleleyo yokuguqulwa, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusasazwa phantsi komgaqo oqinisekileyo wokungahlengahlengisi inkululeko kwixa elizayo.

Ixesha elizama ukusombulula ukungangqinelani okunokwenzeka okanye ukudideka okuveliswa ngala magama omabini ngu ULAWULO (Isoftware yasimahla nevulekileyo). Eli gama liyasetyenziswa IINTSHUKUMO (simahla / simahla kunye nesoftware evulekileyo).