Ungazongeza njani usetyenziso kwiLinux

Kule posi siza kugqithisa nganye nganye kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka inkqubo kwiLinux. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba Ubuntu lolona lawulo luthandwayo lweLinux, ngakumbi phakathi kwabo baqala nje "ukuntywila" kwilizwe "leLinux", esi sifundo sincinci, esijolise ngqo "kwabaqalayo", siza kugxila ngokukodwa ku-Ubuntu. Ngapha koko, esi sifundo sikwasebenza kuyo yonke i-Debian kunye ne-Ubuntu esekwe kwi-distros (kuba zonke zisebenzisa iiphakheji ze-DEB), kwaye ezinye iinkqubo ngokubanzi kunye neengcinga ziya kusebenza nakwezinye ii-distros.


Ku-Ubuntu kukho iindlela ezininzi zokongeza, ukususa okanye ukuhlaziya usetyenziso lwenkqubo.
Qaphela ukuba ayizizo zonke izicelo ezifumanekayo ze-Ubuntu ezikhoyo ngokungagqibekanga ukuba zifakwe. Kuya kuba yimfuneko ukwenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukufakela usetyenziso oluthile ngesandla.
Ezona ndlela ziphambili zokufaka usetyenziso zezi:

  • IZiko leSoftware Ubuntu. Isicelo esilula onokongeza okanye ususe iipakeji kwindlela yakho ngendlela elula.
  • Inkqubo Synaptic. Nge-Synaptic uya kuba nakho ukulawula ngakumbi iinkqubo ozifakayo kwinkqubo. Kananjalo inani elikhulu labo. QAPHELA: I-Synaptic okwangoku isebenzisa ukufumana.
  • Inkqubo Iyaziwa. I-Adept yinguqulelo yeSynaptic ye KDE, efakwe kwiKubuntu.
  • Iinkqubo ukufumana ngokufanelekileyo okanye ukufaneleka. Ezi ziinkqubo eziphambili eziqhuba kwimowudi yesiphelo. Banamandla kakhulu kwaye bayakuvumela ukuba ungeze kwaye ususe usetyenziso kwinkqubo phakathi kwezinye izinto. (Ukufaneleka kugqityiwe kunokufumana, kuyakhumbula iilayibrari ezikhutshelweyo kunye nokuzikhupha ukuba ziyekisiwe). Ukujonga uncedo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo esebenzayo kwimo yesiphelo: (man nombre_del_programa). Umzekelo: man aptitude
  • Iiphakheji zetyala. Iifayile ezinokongezwa .deb ziiphakheji zesicelo esele zilungiselelwe ukuba zifakwe ngokulula kwinkqubo yakho yoBuntu.
  • Iifayile ezibini. Iifayile ezinokongezwa kweebin ziinkqubo eziphumezayo kwiLinux.
  • Sebenzisa iifayile. Iifayile ezandisiweyo .run zihlala ziwizard zokufaka kwiLinux.

Ngoku siza kubona nganye nganye ineempawu zayo ezizodwa.

Ngeenkqubo

IZiko leSoftware Ubuntu

Inkqubo IZiko leSoftware Ubuntu yeyona ndlela ilula ku-Ubuntu yokufaka okanye yokususa iinkqubo. Ikwangoyena umncinci.

Ungayifumana le nkqubo kwi Imenyu yokufaka izicelo> iZiko leSoftware Ubuntu

(1) Ukufaka usetyenziso, khetha olunye udidi oluboniswe kwiscreen esikhulu senkqubo. Oku kuyakuhlaziya iwindow ebonisa iinkqubo ezifumanekayo ezikolu luhlu. Ngoku kufuneka ufumane inkqubo ofuna ukuyifaka kwaye ucofe kuyo kabini. Ifestile iya kubonisa inkcazo yayo kwaye iya kukunika ukhetho lokuyifaka ngokucinezela iqhosha lokufaka.

(2) Ukuba awazi ukuba yeyiphi na inkqubo oyifunayo. Faka igama lesicelo ofuna ukusifaka kwibhokisi yokukhangela ngasekunene phezulu. Njengoko ubhala igama lenkqubo, uluhlu lwabagqatswa abanokubakho luya kuncitshiswa, de ufumane lowo ubumfuna.

(3) Ngokucofa ku "Ifakelwe isoftware" ngasekhohlo, uya kufikelela kuluhlu lwazo zonke iinkqubo ozifakeleyo Ukuba ufuna ukukhipha nayiphi na kuzo. Cofa nje kabini kuyo kwaye iwindow iya kuhlaziya ikubonisa inkcazo yenkqubo kwaye ikunike ukhetho lokuyikhupha.

Apha ungayibona icacisiwe kwifomathi yevidiyo.

Umphathi wephakheji ye-Synaptic

Synaptic Yinkqubo ephezulu yokufaka okanye yokususa usetyenziso kwinkqubo yakho. Imeko-bume ingumzobo, njengakwiZiko leSoftware Ubuntu, kodwa inamandla ngakumbi. NgeSinaptic unolawulo olupheleleyo lweephakeji (usetyenziso) olufakwe kwindlela yakho.

Ukuqhuba ukukhetha kwe-Synaptic Inkqubo -> Ulawulo -> Umphathi wePakethe yeSynaptic. Lo mphathi wephakheji uza kusivumela ukuba sifake, sifake kwakhona kwaye sisuse iiphakheji ngendlela elula kakhulu yemizobo.

Iscreen seSynaptic sahlulwe sangamacandelo ama-4.

Ezi zibini zibaluleke kakhulu uluhlu lwamacandelo (1) kwicala lasekhohlo kunye neephakeji (3) Kwicala lasekunene.

Ukukhetha iphakheji kuluhlu kuya kubonisa inkcazo yayo (4).

Ukufaka iphakheji unokukhetha udidi, cofa ekunene kwiphakheji oyifunayo kwaye ukhethe "Cofa ukuze ufake"Okanye yenza cofa kabini kwigama lephakheji.

Phawula ngale ndlela zonke iipakeji ofuna ukuzifaka kwinkqubo kwaye ucofe u-Faka ukuze uqhubeke nokufakwa kwazo. I-Synaptic ngoku iya kukhuphela iiphakheji eziyimfuneko kwindawo yokugcina izinto kwi-intanethi okanye kwi-CD yokufaka.

Unokusebenzisa iqhosha lokuKhangela ukufumana iipakeji ofuna ukuzifaka.

Ngokucofa kwiqhosha lokukhangela, sinokukhangela iinkqubo ngegama okanye inkcazo. Nje ukuba inkqubo esifuna ukuyifaka ibekho, sicofa kabini kuyo ukuyifaka. Ukuba sifuna ukucima inkqubo, konke ekufuneka sikwenzile kukucofa ekunene kuyo kwaye ukhethe ukucima okanye ukucima ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuze utshintsho lusetyenziswe, kufuneka ucofe kwiqhosha lokufaka isicelo.

Inkqubo yofakelo lwesoftware ku-Ubuntu inamandla kwaye iyaguquguquka. Ngaphakathi koovimba bokugcina izicelo zihlelwe "kwiipakeji". Iphakheji nganye inezinye apho ixhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwayo ngokufanelekileyo. I-Synaptic iyakhathalela ukusombulula ezi zixhomekeke kwaye ikufakele iipakeji eziyimfuneko. Kodwa ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela. Kwiiphakheji zesicelo, ezinye iipakeji zikwabonakalisiwe ukuba nangona zingeyomfuneko kwisicelo esifuna ukusifaka ukuze sisebenze, ziluncedo. Ezi zezi "Iiphakheji ezicetyiswayo«.

Singamisela iSynaptic ukuba siqwalasele ezi phakheji «kucetyisiwe»Njengokuba zixhomekeke kwaye ke oko kuya kuzifaka ngokuzenzekelayo.

Qalisa iSynaptic kwaye uye ku Useto> Ukukhetha, kwiTab ngokubanzi Jonga "Phatha iipakeji ezicetyisiweyo njengokuxhomekeka" kwibhokisi.

Apha ungayibona icacisiwe kwifomathi yevidiyo.

Umlawuli oyingcali onolwazi

Abasebenzisi beKubuntu banokulingana kwe-Synaptic, ebizwa Umlawuli oyingcali onolwazi. Inokufumaneka kwimenyu KDE> Inkqubo> Umphathi weengcali. Umsebenzi ufana kakhulu neSynaptic.

Usebenzisa ibhokisi yokukhangela unokukhangela iipakeji ngamagama kunye nenkcazo yazo. Ngokucofa kabini into yesiphumo soluhlu, kuphawulwe ukufaka.
Ungakubona ukuxhomekeka kwephakheji ngokujonga iipropathi zayo ("iinkcukacha").

Iindawo zokugcina ezinobuchule zinokulawulwa ngokunqakraza kwimenyu efanelekileyo kunye nokulawula indawo yokugcina izinto

Isoftware kaBuntu : Nazi ke (eziphambili, iphela, zithintelwe, zininzi) kwaye enye enye apho iikhowudi zomthombo zikhona, kunye nemenyu eyehlayo yokukhetha apho okanye kwiseva esizakukhuphela kuyo.

Isoftware yomntu wesithathu: Apha singabandakanya indawo yokugcina eyongezelelweyo okanye i-cdrom.

YongezeleleUhlaziyo lukaKubuntu, sinokukhetha uhlaziyo oluya kuthi luphonononge, sikwaqwalasela uhlaziyo oluzenzekelayo, sinokukhetha ukuzifaka ngaphandle kokusazisa, ukuzikhuphela ngokuthe cwaka okanye ukwazisa nje ukuba kukho uhlaziyo.

UkuqinisekiswaNazi izitshixo zokutyikitywa kweefayile esizikhuphelayo koovimba, kwakhona ukuba sifumana indawo yokugcina yomntu wesithathu enomdla kuthi kwaye siphethe utyikityo singayifaka ngokukhuphela ifayile yokutyikitya kwiwebhusayithi okanye i-ftp nakweyiphi na incwadi kunye ukungenisa ngaphakathi okanye ukufaka ngokuchofoza iqhosha "Ngenisa ifayile ephambili ..."

Emva kokudibanisa okanye ukususa indawo yokugcina izinto ukuze inkqubo ithathe utshintsho kufuneka sicofe itshekhi kuhlaziyo lweqhosha.

ukufaneleka kunye nokufumana ngokufanelekileyo

Nangona sinokufaka iinkqubo ngokucacileyo, njengoko sibonile kwiindawo zangaphambili, sinokuhlala sisebenzisa i-terminal ukufaka nayiphi na inkqubo.

Kubasebenzisi abaninzi abatsha olu khetho lunokubonakala ngathi luyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kwaye luyinto efihlakeleyo. Akukho nto iqhubekayo kwinyani; xa uyiqhela kulula ngakumbi, kulula kwaye kuyakhawuleza.
Zimbini iindlela zokufaka iinkqubo kwimowudi yokubhaliweyo: nge ukufaneleka kunye kunye ukufumana ngokufanelekileyo.

Zombini ezi nkqubo ziyafana, ngaphandle kwenkcukacha enye: ukufaneleka kukhumbula ukuxhomekeka okusetyenzisiweyo kufakelo lwephakheji. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba ufakela okanye uhlaziya usetyenziso ngobuchule kwaye ufuna ukukhupha, ubuchule buya kuyicima inkqubo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwayo (ngaphandle kokuba zisetyenziswa zezinye iiphakheji). Ukuba kufakelwe ukufumana okanye ukufumana indawo ye-Synaptic, ukungafakwanga kuya kususa kuphela iphakheji echaziweyo, kodwa hayi ukuxhomekeka.


Sebenzisa

Sivula i-terminal nge Izicelo -> Izixhobo -> Itheminali.

  • Faka iiphakheji:
$ sudo apt-fumana ukufaka
  • Khipha iiphakheji:
$ sudo apt-fumana ukususa
  • Khipha iipakeji (kubandakanya iifayile zoqwalaselo):
$ sudo apt-fumana ukucoca
  • Hlaziya uluhlu lweephakeji ezikhoyo:
$ sudo apt-get update
  • Hlaziya inkqubo ngokuhlaziywa kwephakeji ekhoyo:
$ sudo apt-fumana uhlaziyo
  • Fumana uluhlu lweenketho zomyalelo:
$ sudo apt-fumana uncedo


Faka iiphakheji ngaphandle kwe-intanethi

Kwikhompyuter ene-intanethi kwaye inkqubo / iphakheji esiyifunayo ayifakwanga, sinokuzikhuphelela iipakeji kunye nokuxhomekeka kwazo (okungafakwanga sele kusetyenzisiwe) sisebenzisa le miyalelo mibini:

I-sudo aptitude ecocekileyo i-sudo apt-install -d package_name

Xa sifaka iphakheji ngokufaneleka / ukufaneleka, ihlala kwifolda ethile. Ngomyalelo wokuqala esikwenzayo kukususa ezi phakheji kwikhompyuter (ayichaphazeli ufakelo esele lwenziwe).

Umyalelo wesibini uya kukhuphela iphakheji ebesiyifuna kunye nokuxhomekeka ekuyifunayo, kodwa ayizukuyifaka. Ngoku siya ku "/ var / cache / apt / archives" kwaye ubone ezi phakheji. Siyazikopa, sizisa kwikhompyuter engenalo uqhagamshelo kwaye sizifaka ngokuchofoza kabini nganye nganye okanye kwikhonsoli:

I-sudo dpkg -i package_name

Gcina ukhumbula ukuba ukuba kukho ukuxhomekeka, kuya kufuneka ufake kuqala. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezinye zezi zixhomekeke sele zifakiwe kwikhompyuter nge-intanethi, ukuze zingakhutshelwa.

Ukuba ikhompyuter ene-intanethi sele iyifakile, inokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kusetyenziswa "ukususa ngokufanelekileyo" (ngaphandle kokucoca) kwaye sisuse u "-d" kulowo "ufakelo lobuchule" kamva. Ngale ndlela siyikhupha kuqala kwaye emva koko siyikhuphele kwaye siyifake. Ngale ndlela, ikhompyuter ene-Intanethi iya kuqhubeka ukuba nenkqubo ngokufanayo nangaphambi kokuba uyikhuphe.

Ukusombulula nokukhusela iingxaki ezinokubakho zokuxhomekeka sinokuya kwi-Synaptic yekhompyuter nge-intanethi, sijonga iphakheji esiyifunayo, sicofa ekunene kwiphakheji ebuzwayo, singena Propiedades kwaye ukhethe ithebhu Ukuxhomekeka. Apho sibona iipakeji ekufuneka sizifakile ngokufanelekileyo kwiphakheji kwikhompyuter ngaphandle kwe-intanethi.

Ngokukhetha, sinokukhuphela iidiski zedebian eziqukethe iinkqubo ezininzi kunye neephakeji ze-.deb, ezenza ukuba zihambelane nobuntu, singena kuphela kwimvelaphi yesoftware kwaye ucofe ukongeza i-cd-rom.

Sebenzisa iifayile

Iiphakheji zetyala

Enye indlela yokufaka usetyenziso kwinkqubo kukusebenzisa iipakeji esele zilungiselelwe ukufakwa kunye nolwandiso .deb.
Ukufaka ezi phakheji kufuneka nje uzenze cofa indawo kwifayile ekwisikhangeli seNautilus kwaye usetyenziso luya kuvulwa ngokuzenzekelayo gdebi.

Ukuba sikhetha, banokufakwa kusetyenziswa umgca wokuyalela, usebenzisa umyalelo dpkg:

Isudo dpkg -i .deb

Kule meko kuya kufuneka ufake ngesandla ukuxhomekeka kwiphakheji.
Umyalelo ofanayo ungasetyenziselwa ukukhipha iphakheji:

Isudo dpkg -r


Guqula iiphakheji ze-RPM kwi-Deb

Olunye ulwabiwo lwe-GNU / Linux, njengeRed Hat, i-SUSE, kunye neMandriva, zisebenzisa .rpm package, ezilungiselelwe ngokwahlukileyo kwiiphakheji zeDebian kunye ne-Ubuntu .deb.

Ukufakela ezi phakheji kufuneka uqale uziguqulele kwifomathi ye-.deb. Ukwenza oku isicelo sisetyenzisiwe ezingeyonzalelwane yalapha, ezinokufakwa kusetyenziswa enye yeendlela ezichazwe kweli nqaku. Isicelo ezingeyonzalelwane yalapha isetyenziswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Sivula itheminali (Usetyenziso> Izixhobo> Itheminali) kwaye wenze lo myalelo ulandelayo:

I-sudo engaqhelekanga .rpm

Ngale ndlela, inkqubo idala ifayile enegama lephakeji, kodwa ngokongezwa .deb, enokuthi ifakwe emva kwengcaciso yeephakeji zeDeb.

Iiphakheji zokuzenzekelayo (ulwandiso lwepakeji)

Le projekthi Ukuzenzela ngokuzenzekelayo wazalwa enombono wokuququzelela ukufakwa kwezicelo kwiLinux ngaphandle kokuhanjiswa kunye nedesktop abayisebenzisayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto iiprojekthi ezininzi zisisebenzisa, njenge-Inkscape.

Ukufaka ifayile yepakethe okokuqala kulula kakhulu. Landela nje le miyalelo ingezantsi (iphepha leprojekthi likwabonisa indlela).

Nje ukuba ifayile ikhutshelwe, kufuneka siyinike imvume yokwenziwa, cofa kabini kwifayile nakwisaziso esicela kuso Ngaba uyafuna ukuqhuba __ okanye ujonge umxholo wayo? kufuneka ucofe ku Baleka. Nje ukuba kwenziwe oku, inkqubo yokufaka iya kuqala Ukuzenzela ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nemixholo yephakheji.
Xa inkqubo ifakiwe Ukuzenzela ngokuzenzekelayo, Ifayile elandelayo yoluhlobo ofuna ukuyifaka, cofa nje kuyo ngaphandle kokwenza nantoni na engentla.

Iifayile ezibini

Iifayile kunye nokwandiswa kweebin ziifayile zebhanari. Aziqulathanga iseti yeenkqubo okanye iilayibrari ezinje ngeephakeji, kodwa yinkqubo ngokwayo. Ngokwesiqhelo, iinkqubo zentengiso zisasazwa phantsi kwale nkqubo, enokuthi okanye isimahla, kodwa ihlala ingahlawulelwanga.
Xa sikhuphela ifayile yolu hlobo kwaye siyigcina kwinkqubo, ayizukufumana mvume yokusebenza.

Into yokuqala ekufuneka siyenzile, ke, kukunika le fayile imvume yokusebenza. Sibonisa umxholo wefayile kwaye ukhethe ukhetho Propiedades. Sikhetha ithebhu Iimvume kwaye siya kubona ukuba ifayile ifundile kwaye yabhala iimvume zomniniyo kodwa hayi ukwenziwa. Senza ibhokisi isebenze ukunika imvume yokuphumeza kwaye sivale iwindow.

 Ngoku sinike imvume kwifayile ukuze sikwazi ukuyiphumeza, yenze cofa kabini. Xa usenza oku, iwindow iya kubonakala ikunika iindlela ezininzi onokukhetha kuzo. Khetha baleka.

Ukwenza oku ukusuka kwisiphelo sendlela:

Sinika imvume yokuphumeza kwifayile:

I-sudo chmod + x .bin

Sifaka ifayile yokubini:

$ sudo ./.bin

Sebenzisa iifayile

Iifayile .run ngoosiyazi, abadla ngokuba yimizobo, abanceda ngofakelo. Ukubenza, ngenisa nje kwisiphelo sendlela:

sh ./. ubaleke

Ngokwesiqhelo, kwimeko apho ufuna iimvume zomsebenzisi ophezulu (okwabizwa ngokuba ngumlawuli okanye Ingcambu) uya kubuza iphasiwedi; ukuba akunjalo, yongeza nje iodolo sudo Phambi komyalelo, onokubonakala ngoluhlobo:

sudo sh ./. ubaleka

Yakha usetyenziso kwikhowudi yemvelaphi

Ngamanye amaxesha uyakufumana usetyenziso olungaboneleli ngeephakeji zokufaka, kwaye kuya kufuneka uqokelele kwikhowudi yomthombo. Ukwenza oku, into yokuqala ekufuneka siyenzile ku-Ubuntu kukufaka i-meta-package ebizwa ngokuba ukwakha kubalulekile, usebenzisa enye yeendlela ezichazwe kweli nqaku.

Ngokubanzi, amanyathelo ekufuneka elandelwe ukwenza isicelo ngala alandelayo:

  1. Khuphela ikhowudi yemvelaphi.
  2. Unzip ikhowudi, ihlala ipakishwe ngetar icinezelwe phantsi kwe-gzip (* .tar.gz) okanye i-bzip2 (* .tar.bz2).
  3. Ngenisa incwadi eneenkcukacha ngokuvula ikhowudi.
  4. Sebenzisa iskripthi configures (esetyenziselwa ukukhangela iinkqubo zenkqubo ezichaphazela ukudityaniswa, ukuqulunqa ukudityaniswa ngokwamaxabiso, kunye nokwenza ifayile ifayilefile).
  5. Umyalezo wokubaleka enza, ophethe ukuhlanganiswa.
  6. Umyalezo wokubaleka sudo yenza ukufaka, efaka usetyenziso kwinkqubo, okanye okungcono okwangoku, faka iphakheji khangela, kwaye ubaleke sudo yokukhangela. Esi sicelo sidala iphakheji ye-.deb ukuze ingadityaniswa ngexesha elizayo, nangona ingabandakanyi uluhlu lokuxhomekeka.

Ukusetyenziswa khangela Ikwanoncedo lokuba inkqubo iya kugcina umkhondo weenkqubo ezifakwe ngale ndlela, ikwaququzelela ukungafakwa kwazo.

Nanku umzekelo opheleleyo wokuqhuba kwale nkqubo:

tar xvzf sensors-applet-0.5.1.tar.gz cd sensors-applet-0.5.1 ./configure --prefix = / usr make sudo checkinstall

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  1.   UTomas 35 sitsho

    Ndibulela ngokungazenzisiyo kule nto yokuncedisa iipininos zam zokuqala kubuntus

  2.   Masisebenzise iLinux sitsho

    Wamkelekile, Thomas!
    Sihlala sisenakho xa ufuna ukucebisa ngezihloko ezitsha zebhlog.
    Masinwabe! UPawulos.

  3.   Mauro sitsho

    Kugqityiwe, kugqityiwe kwaye kucace ezi zifundo! Enkosi che!

  4.   UManuel. sitsho

    Enkosi kakhulu, ndinomdla kakhulu kwisithuba.
    Qhubeka nokufumana isibonelelo seNewbies njengam.
    Enkosi kwakhona.

  5.   Ingqondo sitsho

    Ndiyabulela kakhulu ukufundiswa.
    Masinwabe!.