UMateyu Garrett kutshanje wenze inqaku elinomdla Ukucacisa iziVumelwano zeLayisenisi yomrhafi, ezaqulunqwa ngu Ukhatware. Ndiza kubhala ngokusekwe kumanqaku ama-2.
Izivumelwano zeLayisensi yomrhafi (“CLAs”) yindlela yokuphucula indawo yokunyanzelisa ukuba abarhafi babanike amalungelo awongezelelweyo. Oku kwahluka ngokobungakanani- ezinye ii-CLA zifuna umnikeli anikezele ngelungelo lakhe lokushicilela kwigalelo lomphuculo onyukayo, abanye banika nje umphuhlisi onyukayo isibonelelo samalungelo angacacanga kwilayisensi yesoftware (enje ngesibonelelo esicacileyo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi igalelo elinelayisensi ye-BSD).
Ii-CLA zisetyenziswa ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into ukukhusela imveliso okanye iprojekthi njengabasasazi. Ukuba ndingahambisa isoftware enekhowudi evela kubaxhasi abaninzi, ngaphandle kwe-CLA ngekhe ndibenalo ilungelo lokukhusela iprojekthi kwimeko zongquzulwano, kuba ngababhali benkxaso kuphela abanokungenelela. Okwenziwa zii-CLA kukundinika, njengomhambisi, amalungelo athile ngaphezulu kwekhowudi ukuze ndikwazi ukuyikhusela ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba ngamnye wabanikeli angenelele. Kuya kuba lula ukuba iprojekthi inamakhulu egalelo.
Ii-CLAs azikho ntsha. Iiprojekthi ze-FSF bane-CLA yabo apho abanikeli kufuneka banike ubuqambi babo kwi-FSF kwaye ngembuyekezo bayathembisa ukuba ikhowudi iya kuhlala iphantsi kwelayisensi yohlobo lwe-GPL. Kwiminyaka elishumi, iiprojekthi zeApache Software Foundation zifuna abanikeli sayina i-CLA ebavumela ukuba bagcine ilungelo labo lokushicilela, kodwa inika i-ASF ilungelo lokuphinda babenelayisensi yegalelo labo phantsi kwayo nayiphi na ilayisensi. Ngokunjalo, ilayisensi ye-Apache ayisiyi-copyleft.
Ngoku, mva nje yonke ingqumbo yokubetha i-Canonical ye-CLA yayo. Ngasiphi isizathu? Ukuba ujonga iiprojekthi zisebenzisa iiCLA, uninzi ziiprojekthi ezine-BSD okanye uhlobo lweelayisensi ze-Apache, kwaye ezimbalwa zineelayisensi zohlobo lweGPL ezithembisa ukuba naliphi na igalelo liya kuhanjiswa kuphela phantsi kwelayisensi yohlobo lweGPL. Oko kukuthi, nokuba ngumntu wonke unokuzenzela eyakhe ifolokhwe, okanye akukho namnye kubo owenzayo.
I-Canonical yinto eyahlukileyo.
I-CLA yeCanonical iyafana ne-Apache's, oko kukuthi, ifuna ukuba abaxhasi bayo batyikitye isivumelwano esivumela iCanonical ukuba iphinde ilayisenisi yegalelo labo phantsi kwayo nayiphi na ilayisensi, kwaye abo banegalelo bagcina ubunini. Ingxaki kukuba isoftware ephantsi kweCLA yakho yiGPLv3. Jonga into enokwenzeka kwaye uza kubona ukuba kutheni uninzi lwabanikeli boyika ukwenza igalelo kwiiprojekthi ezinje nge-Mir, Unity, Upstart, LightDM, Ubuntu One kunye nezinye iiprojekthi ze-Ubuntu.
Nangona kunjalo, ayiyonto imbi leyo. Ngoba? Kungenxa yokuba ikaka efanayo yayivumela ikhowudi yeQT ukuba ikhutshwe. Ilizwi likaStallman:
Ukuthengisa ngaphandle kuthetha ukuba umnini welungelo lokushicilela ukhupha ikhowudi phantsi kwelayisensi yesoftware yasimahla, kwaye avumela abathengi ukuba bahlawulele imvume yokusebenzisa ikhowudi efanayo phantsi kwemigaqo eyahlukeneyo, umzekelo ukuvumela ukufakwa kwizicelo zobunini. . Oku kwahlukile kulwandiso lobunini okanye uguqulelo lobunini lwenkqubo yasimahla. Xa kuthengiswa ngaphandle, ikhowudi ihlala isimahla eluntwini. Kodwa ukongezwa kokuthengisa kuhlala kungumnini.
Imekobume ye KDE yaphuhliswa kwii-90s ngokusekwe kumathala eencwadi eQt. I-Qt yayisisoftware ephathekayo ngelo xesha, kwaye iTrollTech yahlawulisa iimvume zokuyifaka kwizicelo zobunini. I-TrollTech ivumelekile ukusebenzisa i-Qt simahla kwizicelo zasimahla, kodwa esi yayingesosoftware yasimahla. I-100% yeendlela zokusebenza zasimahla ke azinakho ukufaka i-Qt, kwaye azinakho ukusebenzisa i KDE.
Ngo-1998, ulawulo lweTrollTech lwaqonda ukuba banokubuyela kwisoftware yasimahla yeQT kwaye baqhubeke nokuhlawulisa iimvume zokuyifaka kwisoftware ephetheyo. Andiqinisekanga ukuba isindululo sesam na, kodwa ndonwabile ukubona utshintsho, olwenza ukuba iQT kunye ne KDE zisetyenziswe kwilizwe lesoftware yasimahla. Kuqala basebenzise ilayisensi yabo, iQ Q License kwaye kamva bayitshintshela kwiGNU GPL (ngoku iQT iphantsi kweLGPL).
Ukuthengisa ngaphandle kuxhomekeke ngokusisiseko ekusebenziseni ilayisensi yokukopisha, njengeGNU GPL, ukuze ikhutshwe njengesoftware yasimahla. Iphepha-mvume lokukhutshelwa livumela ukungena kuludwe lwenkqubo enkulu kuphela ukuba inkqubo edibeneyo iyakhutshwa phantsi kwelayisensi efanayo; Le yindlela eqinisekisa ngayo ukuba iinguqulelo ezandisiweyo nazo zisimahla. Ke ngoko, abasebenzisi abafuna ukwenza umnini-nkqubo odibeneyo bafuna imvume ekhethekileyo. Ngumnini kuphela onokuyinika loo mvume, kwaye ukuthengisa ngaphandle yenye indlela yokwenza oko. Nabani na ongomnye, ofumene ikhowudi phantsi kwe-GNU GPL okanye enye ilayisensi ye-copyleft, akanakho ukunikezela ngaphandle.
Ukubuyela kwinqaku likaGarrett, uGreg Kroah-Hartman waphawula ukuvuma kunye nenqaku, kunokuba ii-CLAs zi "Amalungiselelo okunciphisa uLuntu." Kodwa uLinus uqhubela phambili athi “Ukulunga, abantu bayathanda ukuthiya iCanonical. Ii-CLAs ze-FSF kunye ne-ASF zaphulwe nje, hayi ngenxa yokuphinda unikwe iphepha-mvume kodwa ngenxa yokuba iphepha lokushicilela linikezela ngokubulala uluntu.
Inqaku elipheleleyo labhalwa ngokusekwe kwingxoxo ye-Systemd vs Upstart kunye ukwaliwa ngokubanzi kwe-CLA yeCanonical ngabo baxhasa isistim, ebingazukuvela ukuba bekungekho ngenxa yezizathu zoyilo.
Oku kundikhumbuza iikhontrakthi ezenziwa ngabazobi ukurekhoda iilebheli. Ngamanye amagama, ilizwe le-copyleft likwakhona nabalamli.
Inyani yile yokuba urhulumente omkhulu kangaka kwi-CLA ubangela ukuba olu hlobo lweengozi luveliswe.
Ngaphandle kwe-CLA, kubonakala ngathi upstart ineziphene ezintle kakhulu zoyilo ngokunjalo:
https://lwn.net/Articles/582585/
I-Upstart ayinakuthelekiswa nesantya kunye nokuphathwa kweenkonzo ngenkqubo, inkqubo esekwe kude inesakhiwo esingcono sokuqalisa, ukusetyenziswa kweecoups, into eluncedo ephucula kakhulu ukulawulwa kweenkqubo ngamalungu e-kernel, ukuphathwa ngcono kweenkonzo ngokulula nangokulula Ukudityaniswa kweenkonzo ezinje nge-DBus enkosi kwi-DBus API yayo, njengokuba usazi ukuba i-DBus isetyenziswa kakhulu yi-GNOME kwaye iiprojekthi ezinje nge KDE kunye neXFCE sele zinezicwangciso zokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwiinguqulelo ezizayo, ukuxhaswa kwezihlalo ezininzi ngokungagqibekanga kwi-TTY, ukuphatha kakuhle amalungelo abasebenzisi, inkxaso yenkxaso epheleleyo yokubukela kunye nokugqwesa kuko konke ukuqalisa kwenkonzo efanayo.
Ezi ziluncedo ezininzi ngaphezulu kokujonga kwam.
Kum xa uqalisa ukubamba nge-ssd, eyona iqala ngokukhawuleza kakhulu zii-windows 8.1 ukubona kukukholelwa kunye nokuqala kunye nenkqubo ethatha ixesha elifanayo.
Khange ndiqonde nto ingako, kuyabonakala ukuba yinto ebuthathaka malunga nelayisensi. Kuya kufuneka ufunde ngokwaneleyo ngaphambi kokuba usebenzisane neprojekthi okanye uyiqale.