Imodeli yasimahla yoPhuculo lweSoftware: ICathedral kunye neBazaar

ICathedral kunye neBazaar luxwebhu lohlobo olubonakalisiweyo olwenziwe nguEric S.Raymond ngonyaka we-1.998 ukuzama ukucacisa ngokwembono yakhe namava (Uphuhliso lweFetchmail) oko wayekuqonda malunga nendalo ephumeleleyo kunye nokuvela kweLinux kunye neenkqubo zayo ezinxulumene noko, ngakumbi ngokwembono yomahluko phakathi kweeModeli zoPhuculo lweSoftware, awayeyibiza ngokwakhe: ICathedral Model kunye neBazaar Model.

Kwaye kolu papasho, siza kubonelela ngohlalutyo kunye nesishwankathelo semaniforho eyaziwayo ithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabaphuhlisi boMbutho weSoftware yasimahla. Efumaneka simahla kwaye ifikeleleke kwiindawo ezininzi zewebhu, kodwa inokukhutshelwa kwikhonkco elilandelayo lewebhu ukuyifumana ngokukhawuleza: ICathedral kunye neBazaar.

INTRODUCCIÓN

Izinto ezithethwe «I-Cathedral kunye neBazaar» isinika umbono wokuba kwihlabathi leSoftware yobunjineli kukho "iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso, imodeli yecawa enkulu, esebenzayo kuninzi lophuhliso olwenziwe kwihlabathi lesoftware yorhwebo, xa kuthelekiswa nemodeli ye-bazaar, eqhelekileyo kwilizwe leLinux ”.

Ukugxininisa ukuba ezi modeli zimbini zithathwe kwiindawo ezichaseneyo zokuqala kuhlobo lwenkqubo yokulungisa isoftware, kunye nethiyori yakhe malunga nento awayeyibiza ngokuba ngumthetho kaLinus owawuchaza oku kulandelayo: "Ukunikwa inani elaneleyo lamehlo, zonke iimpazamo azinamsebenzi" okanye ngamanye amagama: "Ngamehlo aneleyo, zonke iimpazamo ziyinto engekhoyo".

Kwaye igxininisa igama likaHacker, ngokoluvo lwam umbhali walichaza njengohlobo loMsebenzisi okwinqanaba eliphezulu okwaziyo ukuqonda nokuxhaphaza inkqubo, kunye nokufumanisa, ukucebisa okanye ukumilisela izilungiso okanye ukuguqulwa kwefom efanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo kuluntu lonke lwabasebenzisi.

Kwezinye iincwadi, eli gama okanye umxholo obizwa ngokuba yiHacker ubhekisa ku:

«yingcali, inomdla ngendawo ethile yesifundo, ngakumbi indawo yetekhnoloji, kwaye injongo yayo kukusebenzisa olo lwazi ngeenjongo ezinobungozi. Ngula mntu, oqhele ukuba yingcali kwindawo yolwazi, onomdla kulwazi, efumanisa kwaye efunda izinto ezintsha kwaye eqonda ukuba zisebenza njani, efikelela kwinqanaba lokuyiphucula ngeziphakamiso ezisebenzayo kunye nezindululo, kwaye uhlala enenjongo Yokwabelana ngolwazi okanye ukunqanda ukusilela okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwento efundwayo.

Yeyiphi eyona mbono iyinyani kwaye iyinyani, kuba kukho "abaHackers" kuzo zonke iindawo zolwazi lomntu.

UPHUHLISO

Kwabaninzi abaye bafunda imathiriyeli enjalo, ngokuqinisekileyo kuyakubakho inani elikhulu eliza kuvuma ukuba uluvo lokuba "iLinux ibhukuqeka" lubonakaliswe ngokucacileyo apho. Kodwa kutheni?

Kuba kude kube ngulo mzuzu bekukho ubuninzi beendlela zoPhuculo lweSoftware okanye iimodeli esekwe "kwindlela eyodwa kunye nokucwangciswa kwasekuqaleni" Ngenxa yokuba isenzo sokudala iSoftware sathathwa njengento enxulumene nento ekhokelela "kubunzima obuthile."

Kwaye ngaphandle kokuba ilizwe le-Unix sele likho, liqukethe izixhobo ezincinci, ukukhawulezisa ngokukhawuleza kunye neenkqubo zokuzivelela kwezinto, Ukuvela kwefilosofi yoPhuculo lweSoftware yasimahla phantsi kweLinux kuwuthathile lo mcimbi waya kwelinye inqanaba lobugcisa.

Ngexesha Kwilizwe loPhuculo lweSoftware yabucala yenziwa "ngendlela ethe cwaka nehloniphekileyo", kanye njengokuba iCathhedral yakhiwe, kuMhlaba woPhuculo lweSoftware eLinux (iLinux) yenziwa "ngendlela engxolayo kunye nee-ajenda ezininzi (iindlela) kunye neendlela (izindululo)", ngokungathi ubukwivenkile enkulu.

Esi sibhengezo sikhulu sisinika iindawo ezininzi zokunyanzelisa izimvo ezichazwe apho, ngokubhekisele kwiModeli yoPhuculo lweSoftware yasimahla, eyi:

ISIKHUMBUZO # 1

YONKE IMISEBENZI EMIHLE KWISOFTWARE IQALA UKUZAMA UKUKHOLISA INGXAKI YOMPHUHLISI.

Yeyiphi inyani engenakuphikwa kuba Uninzi lwabo basebenza kuPhuhliso lweSoftware yasimahla bahlala beqala ngenxa yesidingo sokusombulula ingxaki yobuqu okanye yeqela okanye iqela, okanye ukwandisa inkqubo esele yenziwe ngendlela ecothayo kunye / okanye ephindaphindayo, edla ngokudina kwaye / okanye iyadika kwabo bathatha inxaxheba kuyo, ukuzama ukwandisa ixesha kunye nemizamo yabo babandakanyekayo.

ISIKHUMBUZO # 2

IINKQUBO EZILUNGILEYO ZIYAZI UKUBA ZIBHALWE. OLONA LUQHELEKILEYO LUYAZI UKUBA UPHINDE UZIHLALE UKUBA UZIPHINDE UZISEBENZISE.

Nawuphi na umdwelisi wenkqubo uyazi ukuba ukuqala kwangoko akukho nto imbi okanye ayimfuneko, xa kuziwa kuphuhliso lwenkqubo okanye usetyenziso. Nangona kunjalo, kuninzi lwabo baqalisayo kwaye abanye sele benolwazi ngalo mbandela, kuyaziwa ukuba ngamanye amaxesha "Ukungenisa ivili" kwakhona akusebenzi kakuhle, kodwa kungcono ukuyisebenzisa kwaye uyihambise kwiimfuno zakho. Ngamanye amagama, kungcono ukuba ubhale ngokutsha kwaye ubambe ikhowudi eninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwezinye iingcali kwicandelo elisichaphazelayo ukusombulula olwethu uphuhliso lwesoftware.

ISIKHUMBUZO # 3

"CINGA NGOKUPHOSA NGAPHAMBI KOMNTU - UYA KUPHELA UKWENZA NANYE NOKUQALA."

Umphuhlisi olungileyo weSoftware kufuneka ayazi indlela yokumamela ngokweenkcukacha kuthethwa ngabasebenzisi benkqubela phambili yabo okanye ukucebisa okanye ukuphakamisa, kuba inkqubo esele isebenza, isengaba yinto enkulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kokusebenza, into elahlekelwa ngumntla, a I-monster esebenzayo eyenza yonke into kumntu wonke, kwaye into engathandekiyo. Ke ukumamela ukubuyela ezingcanjini, ukubuyisa abasebenzisi abalahlekileyo, ukongeza ukusebenza okutsha, ukususa okungafunekiyo, ukwenza inkqubo incinci, ngakumbi ngakumbi kwaye ngokubanzi, kuhlala kuyinto elungileyo.

ISIKHUMBUZO # 4

UKUBA UNESIMO SENGQONDO ESIFANELEKILEYO, IINGXAKI EZINOMDLA ZIYA KUKUFUMANA.

Utshintsho olufanelekileyo kwisimo sengqondo nangexesha kunokuthetha utshintsho olukhulu kumdwelisi ngamnye okanye umphuhlisi wesoftware kuphuhliso lwabo lwangoku okanye olutsha oluthetha izibonelelo ezintsha zexesha, imali okanye intuthuzelo kubasebenzisi beemveliso zabo. Lindela iindlela ezintsha zokusombulula iingxaki ezibonisa uphawu olululo kwicala elifanelekileyo.

ISIKHUMBUZO # 5

XA INKQUBO INGASENAKUKUCHAZA, UMSEBENZI WAKHO WOKUGQIBELA WOKUDLULA KWIMPUMELELO EFANELEKILEYO.

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi okanye abaphuhlisi besoftware, kunye nezinye iitekhnoloji, akuqhelekanga ukufuna ukunikezela ixesha elitsha kwiiprojekthi ezintsha. Kodwa kwilizwe leSoftware yasimahla isiseko sokudlulisa i-baton, kwabanye abanqwenela ukuqhubeka nokuphuhliswa kweemveliso esele zilahliwe, ekufuneka bavumele nabani na ukuba azenzele (aziphuculele) inkqubo okanye isibonelelo yabasebenzisi boluntu benkqubo.

ISIKHUMBUZO # 6

UKUPHATHWA KWABASEBENZISI BAKHO NJENGABASEBENZI BABASEBENZI NGOKUPHELELEYO KWEZINDLELA ZOKUQHUBA UKUPHUCULA NOKUSEBENZA KULUNGILE INKQUBO.

Njengokuba "simahla" kuhlala kutolikwa njenge "simahla" kuphuhliso lweSoftware yasimahla, uninzi lwabadwelisi benkqubo badla ngokudibana ukuphepha ukunxiba nokungabhatalelwa ngokusebenzisana nabanye ababhekisi phambili okanye abasebenzisi abaphambili bophuhliso lwabo, ukuqhubeka ngokufanayo okanye kwabanye ziqhubeke nazo, endaweni yokufumana "iikhredithi" kuphuhliso lweekhowudi zexesha elizayo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhula kwexesha elizayo ngokusesikweni kubandakanya iilayisensi ezithile, ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwazo.

ISIKHUMBUZO # 7

Khulula ngokukhawuleza. YIQALISE RHOQO. UKUMAMELA ABASEBENZISI BAKHO.

Ngokungafaniyo kwihlabathi lophuhliso lwesoftware ephetheyo, kwisoftware yasimahla kuhlala kunjalo ukuba kuninzi kwaye kuyakhawuleza kungcono. Ukusukela kwisiseko esibanzi sabasebenzisi kunye nabaphuhlisi abaqhelekileyo basebenzise kwaye baphuhlise inkqubo eluntwini kwaye banxibelelane nabanye, ukunxibelelana ngokungathandabuzeki kwabo, iingcebiso, izindululo, izikhalazo kunye / okanye amabango, banokuba ngumthombo obalulekileyo wolwazi ngokukhawuleza iguqula inkqubo iye kumanqanaba aqolileyo ophuhliso.

ISIKHUMBUZO # 8

UKUNIKWA ISISEKO ESIBALULEKILEYO SABAVAVANYI NABAXHASI, Phantse zonke iingxaki ziya kuchongwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye isisombululo sabo siya kubonakala komnye umntu.

Imathiriyeli iphela ngokwenza ukuba umfundi agqibe, amaxesha amaninzi ukuba indlela yoPhuculo lweSoftware esekwe kwiBazaar Model, iyasebenza. Kuba amandla, inkululeko okanye ulwazi uMphuhlisi weSoftware unika abaSebenzi malunga nenkqubo yabo, kokukhona banokufaka igalelo kwezimvo ezinobuchule okanye utshintsho oluluncedo, ukulungiselela nje inzuzo yokuhlangana.

Kwaye oku kuchazwe kamnandi kule ngcaciso ilandelayo:

"Oku, ndiyacinga, umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwetempile kunye nezitayile zebazar. Ngokwendlela icawa yecawa ejonga ngayo iinkqubo, iimpazamo kunye neengxaki zophuhliso zikhohlakele, zinzulu kwaye zijijekile. Kuthatha iinyanga zokuphononongwa linani elincinci labantu abazinikeleyo ukuba baqiniseke ukuba basusiwe. Kungoko amaxesha amade efunekayo ukukhutshwa kweenguqulelo ezintsha, kunye nokudana okungaphephekiyo okufunyanwa xa ezo bezilindelwe ixesha elide zingagqibekanga.

Ngokujonga imodeli ye-bazaar, nangona kunjalo, kucingelwa ukuba iimpazamo zihlala zizinto ezincinci okanye, ubuncinci, ziya kuthi zikhawuleze ngokukhawuleza nje emva kokuba bevezwe ngamehlo abawathandayo abasebenzisanayo abazinikeleyo ukubeka ilungisa kunye enye indlela ejikeleze lonke uhlobo olutsha. Ke uqhubeka ukhupha iinguqulelo rhoqo ukufumana izilungiso ezingaphezulu, kwaye njengempembelelo yecala elincomekayo uya kuncipha xa ulahla rhoqo.

ISIQINISEKISO

Ngokwam, amava am amancinci kwicandelo loPhuculo lweSoftware yasimahla phantsi kweModeli yeBazaar indishiya kwezi zigqibo zilandelayo:

• Abasebenzisi kufuneka baphathwe njengobutyebi obungenakuthelekiswa nanto, kwaye kwiimeko ezintle njengabahlobo abangabalulekanga kwintsebenziswano yabo kuphuhliso lwemveliso.
• Zonke izimvo zilungile okanye kufanelekile ukuba ziphononongwe, kuba ngamanye amaxesha ubuncinci bokukrokrelwa bunokuba sisisombululo esikhulu okanye ukuphuculwa kophuhliso.
• Kulungile okanye kunokwenzeka ukuba umbono woqobo wahlule, wandise okanye ushenxise kumbono wentsusa, kodwa okubalulekileyo kukuba kufuneka kugxilwe njani kuhlobo lwentengiso yomsebenzisi ofuna ukuyikhonza, ukuyikhonza okanye ukuyinceda.
• Ukuze usebenze ngokufanelekileyo kwaye unqande ukulahleka kwemigudu ngenxa yokusasazeka.
• Eyona nto ilungileyo yikhowudi encinci, ethe ngqo, elula, kodwa esebenzayo elawula ukwamkelwa luluntu njengechanekileyo.
• Inkqubo sele ikhulile kuLuntu lwabasebenzisi, xa kungekho nto inokupheliswa, kuba ukongeza kuhlala kunokwenzeka ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo.
• Nayiphi na inkqubo inokusetyenziswa (ngokuyinxalenye okanye iphelele) ukuba iphinde isetyenziswe kwimisebenzi eyayingekakhulelwanga ekuqaleni.
• Yonke iSoftware kufuneka iphathe iilayisensi zayo kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko emfihlo ekusetyenzisweni kweDatha yoMsebenzisi.
• Akunyanzelekanga ukuba uqale ekuqaleni, umntu uhlala ephuhlisa into efana nengcinga yethu yokuqonda.
• Umntu kufuneka asebenze kwinto ayithandayo, umntu kufuneka azive eluthanda uphuhliso aya kuzinikezela kulo kwiSoftware yasimahla ukuze avelise ngaphakathi umanyano lwento kunye nento ecacisiweyo, ngaphandle kokufikelela kwinqanaba lokuphuhlisa uluvo lobunini ngaphezulu yiyo.
• Kufuneka kubekho iindlela ezigqwesileyo kunye neendlela zonxibelelwano phakathi kwabaPhuhlisi naBasebenzisi (abaSebenzisanayo), ukuze umsebenzi uhambe ngokukhawuleza kwaye utshintshe ngokufanelekileyo.

Ndiyathemba ukuba uluthandile kwaye walufumana olu lwazi luluncedo, kuba ukuFundwa kwe "The Cathedral kunye neBazaar" sisalathiso esisinyanzelo kubo bonke abo bacwangcisa nakuphi na uPhuhliso kwiSoftware yasimahla, nokuba inkulu okanye incinci.