Iingcebiso: Ngaphezulu kwemiyalelo engama-400 yeGNU / Linux ekufuneka uyazi: D

Ndizifumene ndikwi UMGUDLU Wiki olu luhlu lupheleleyo ngaphezulu kwemiyalelo engama-400 for GNU / Linux Ngenkcazo yabo eyahlukeneyo, kwaye ndifuna ukwabelana nabo nawe ukuze ubancede eli nqaku lihle ukuba ugxa wam ubhalele ukuba afunde indlela yokuphila kunye nekhonsoli.

Ulwazi lwenkqubo

1. umgca: bonisa uyilo lomatshini (1).
2. ndidibanise nam -m: bonisa uyilo lomatshini (2).
3. Ndijoyine -r: bonisa ingxelo yekernel esetyenzisiweyo.
4. Ikhowudi yekhowudi -q: bonisa izinto (izixhobo) zenkqubo.
5. hdparm -i / dev / hda: bonisa iimpawu zediski enzima.
6. I-hdparm -tT / dev / sdaYenza uvavanyo lokufunda kwidiski enzima.
7. ikati / proc / cpuinfo: bonisa ulwazi lwe-CPU.
8. ikati / pro / iphazamisa: bonisa ukuphazamiseka.
9. ikati / pro / meminfo: jonga ukusetyenziswa kwememori.
10. ikati / pro / swaps: bonisa utshintsho iifayile.
11. ikati / pro / inguqulelo: bonisa ingxelo yekernel.
12. ikati / proc / net / dev: bonisa iiadaptha zenethiwekhi kunye namanani.
13. ikati / proc / mounts: bonisa inkqubo yefayile enyusiweyo.
14. lspci-tv: bonisa izixhobo zePCI.
15. lsusb -tv: bonisa izixhobo ze-USB.
16. Umhla: bonisa umhla wenkqubo.
17. cal 2011: bonisa i-almanac ka-2011.
18. Ikhalori 07 2011: bonisa i-almanac yenyanga kaJulayi 2011.
19. umhla 041217002011.00setha (bhengeza, setha) umhla nexesha.
20. Ikloko -w: gcina utshintsho lomhla kwi-BIOS.

Ukucima (Qalisa kwakhona iNkqubo okanye ungene ngaphandle)

1. cima -h ngokuUkucima inkqubo (1).
2. Init 0Ukucima inkqubo (2).
3. ifowuni 0Ukucima inkqubo (3).
4. ukumisaUkucima inkqubo (4).
5. shutdown -h iiyure: imizuzu kunyeInkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokuvala.
6. ukuvala -c-Rhoxisa ukucima okucwangcisiweyo kwenkqubo.
7. shutdown -r ngoku: qala kwakhona (1).
8. qalisa kwakhona: qala kwakhona (2).
9. phuma: Phuma.

Iifayile kunye nezalathiso

1. cd / ikhayaNgenisa isikhombisi "sasekhaya".
2. cd..: buyela emva kwinqanaba elinye.
3. cd ../ ..: buyela umva amanqanaba ama-2.
4. CD: yiya kulawulo lweengcambu.
5. cd ~ yomsebenzisi1: yiya kulawulo lomsebenzisi1.
6. cd -: go (buyela) kulawulo lwangaphambili.
7. pwd: bonisa indlela yolawulo olusebenzayo.
8. ls: jonga iifayile kulawulo.
9. ls -F: jonga iifayile kulawulo.
10. ls -l: bonisa iinkcukacha zeefayile kunye neefolda kulawulo.
11. ls -a: bonisa iifayile ezifihliweyo.
12. ls * [0-9]*: bonisa iifayile kunye neefolda ezinamanani.
13. umthi: bonisa iifayile kunye neefolda njengomthi oqala kwingcambu. (1)
14. lstree: bonisa iifayile kunye neefolda njengomthi oqala kwingcambu. (2)
15. mkdir1Yenza ifolda okanye isikhombisi esinegama elithi 'dir1'.
16. mkdir dir1 dir2Yenza iifolda ezimbini okanye izikhombisi ngaxeshanye (Yenza imikhombandlela emibini ngaxeshanye).
17. mkdir -p / tmp / dir1 / dir2Yenza umthi wolawulo.
18. rm -f fayile1Cima ifayile enegama 'ifayile1'.
19. rmdir1Cima ifolda enegama 'dir1'.
20. rm -rf dir1Cima ifolda enegama elithi 'dir1' kunye nemixholo yayo ephindayo. (Ukuba ndiyayicima kwakhona nditsho ukuba inesiqulatho sayo).
21. rm -rf dir1 dir2Cima iifolda ezimbini (izikhombisi) kunye nomxholo wazo eziphindayo.
22. mv dir1 entsha_dir: rename okanye uhambise ifayile okanye ifolda (isikhombisi).
23. cp ifayile1: Khuphela ifayile.
24. cp ifayile1 ifayile2: Khuphela iifayile ezimbini ngokudibeneyo.
25. cp dir / *.: khuphela zonke iifayile kwisikhombisi ungene kulawulo olusebenzayo ngoku.
26. cp -a / tmp / dir1.: ikopi yolawulo ngaphakathi kolawulo olusebenzayo ngoku.
27. cp -i dir1: ikopi yolawulo.
28. cp -a dir1 dir2: Khuphela imikhombandlela emibini ngokudibeneyo.
29. ln -s fayile1 lnk1: yenza ikhonkco lokomfuziselo kwifayile okanye kulawulo.
30. ln ifayile1 lnk1Yenza ikhonkco elibonakalayo kwifayile okanye kulawulo.
31. chukumisa -t 0712250000 ifayile1Guqula ixesha lokwenyani (ixesha lokudala) lefayile okanye ulawulo.
32. ifayile ifayile1: Iziphumo (ukulahla kwiscreen) zohlobo lwe mime lwefayile yokubhaliweyo.
33. iconv -lUluhlu lwezinto ezaziwayo.
34. iconv -f ukusukaUkufaka iikhowudi -ukuya kwi-Encoding inputFile> outputFile: Yenza ifom entsha yefayile yokufaka ucinga ukuba ifakwe ikhowudi kwi -Encoding kwaye uyiguqulele kwi-ToEncoding.
35. fumana. -maxdepth 1 -igama * .jpg -print -exec guqula ”{}” -buyisela kwakhona i-80 × 60 "izithupha / {}" \;: iqela liphinde lafaka iifayile kulawulo lwangoku kwaye luzithumele kwizikhombisi kwiimboniselo ze-thumbnail (zifuna ukuguqulwa kwi-ImagemagicK).

Fumana iifayile

1. fumana / igama lefayile1: khangela ifayile kunye nolawulo oluqala kwingcambu yenkqubo.
2. fumana / umsebenzisi -user1: khangela iifayile kunye nezikhombisi zomsebenzisi 'womsebenzisi1'.
3. fumana / ikhaya / igama lomsebenzisi-igama \. *: khangela iifayile ngolwandiso '. bin 'ngaphakathi kwesikhombisi' / ikhaya / umsebenzisi1 '.
4. fumana / usr / bin -type f -atime +100: fumana iifayile zebhanari ezingasetyenziswanga kwiintsuku ezili-100 ezidlulileyo.
5. fumana / usr / bin -type f -ixesha -10: khangela iifayile ezenziwe okanye zatshintshiwe kwiintsuku ezili-10 ezidlulileyo.
6. fumana / -igama. * rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \;: khangela iifayile ngolwandiso lwe '.rpm' kunye nokulungisa iimvume.
7. fumana / -xdev -igama \ *. rpm: Khangela iifayile ezinokongezwa kwe '.rpm' ukungahoyi izixhobo ezisuswayo ezinje nge-cdrom, ipen-drive, njl.
8. Khangela \ *: fumana iifayile ngolwandiso '.ps' lwenziwe kuqala ngomyalelo 'ohlaziyiweyo'.
9. ime phi: bonisa indawo yokubini, uncedo okanye ifayile yomthombo. Kule meko ibuza ukuba uphi umyalelo 'wokumisa'.
10. yima: bonisa umendo opheleleyo (umendo uphela) kubhanari / ekuphunyeziweyo.

Ukubeka inkqubo yefayile

1. ukukhwela / dev / hda2 / mnt / hda2: Nyusa idiski enegama hda2. Kuqala jonga ubukho besikhombisi '/ mnt / hda2'; ukuba ayisiyiyo, kuya kufuneka uyile.
2. Umount / dev / hda2: yehlisa idiski enegama hda2. Ukuphuma kokuqala ukusuka kwindawo '/ mnt / hda2.
3. fuser -km / mnt / hda2-Nyanzela ukwehla xa isixhobo sixakekile.
4. Umount -n / mnt / hda2: sebenzisa ukwehla ngaphandle kokufunda i / etc / mtab. Iluncedo xa ifayili ifundwa kuphela okanye i-hard drive igcwele.
5. mount / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy: Nyusa ifloppy diski.
6. mount / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom: Nyusa i-cdrom / dvdrom.
7. mount / dev / hdc / mnt / cdrecorder: Nyusa i-cd ebhaliweyo okanye i-dvdrom.
8. mount / dev / hdb / mnt / cdrecorder: Nyusa i-cd / dvdrom ebhalwe ngokutsha (dvd).
9. intaba -o loop file.iso / mnt / cdrom: Nyusa ifayile okanye iso lomfanekiso.
10. intaba -t vfat / dev / hda5 / mnt / hda5: nyusa inkqubo yefayile yeFAT32.
11. mount / dev / sda1 / mnt / usbdisk: Nyusa i-usb pen-drive okanye imemori (ngaphandle kokuchaza uhlobo lwenkqubo yefayile).

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Imiyalelo emi-4 yokwazi idatha kwi-HDD yethu okanye izahlulelo

Indawo yediski

1. df-h: bonisa uluhlu lwezahlulelo ezixhonyiweyo.
2. ls -lSr | ngakumbi: bonisa ubungakanani beefayile kunye nemikhombandlela eyalelwe ngokobungakanani.
3. du -sh dir1Qikelela indawo esetyenziswe sisikhombisi 'dir1'.
4. du -sk * | uhlobo -rn: bonisa ubungakanani beefayile kunye nemikhombandlela eyalelwe ngokobungakanani.
5. rpm -q -a –qf '% 10 {SIZE} t% {NAME} n' | uhlobo -k1,1n: bonisa indawo esetyenziswe ziipakeji ze-rpm ezifakiweyo ezilungiselelwe ubungakanani (iFedora, iRedhat kunye nezinye).
6. dpkg-query -W -f = '$ {Size efakiweyo; 10} t $ {Iphakheji} n' | uhlobo -k1,1n: bonisa indawo esetyenziswe ziiphakeji ezifakiweyo, ezilungelelaniswe ngokobungakanani (Ubuntu, Debian nabanye).

Abasebenzisi kunye namaQela

1. iqela leqela_igama: Yenza iqela elitsha.
2. iqela leqela_igama: cima iqela.
3. iqela leqela-elitsha_iqela_igama_lokudala_igama: qamba iqela kwakhona.
4. useradd -c "Igama Ifani" -g admin -d / home / user1 -s / bin / bash user1: Yenza umsebenzisi omtsha weqela "umlawuli".
5. umsebenzisi wongeza umsebenzisi1Yenza umsebenzisi omtsha.
6. umsebenzisi -r umsebenzisi1Ukucima umsebenzisi ('-r' kususa umkhombandlela wasekhaya).
7. usermod -c "Umsebenzisi FTP"-G inkqubo -d / ftp / yomsebenzisi1 -s / bin / nologin yomsebenzisi1: Guqula iimpawu zomsebenzisi.
8. passwd: Tshintsha iphasiwedi.
9. Umsebenzisi ogqithisileyo1: Guqula iphasiwedi yomsebenzisi (ingcambu kuphela).
10. chage -E 2011-12-31 umsebenzisi1setha ixesha eligqithisiweyo lomsebenzisi. Kule meko ithi isitshixo siphelelwa ngoDisemba 31, 2011.
11. pwk: jonga is syntax echanekileyo yefomathi yefayile ye '/ etc / passwd' kunye nobukho babasebenzisi.
12. Yiya: jonga is syntax echanekileyo kunye nefomathi yefayile '/ njl / yeqela' kunye nobukho bamaqela.
13. igama elitsha leqela_: Bhalisa iqela elitsha ukutshintsha iqela elingagqibekanga leefayile ezisandula ukwenziwa.

Imvume kwiifayile (Sebenzisa "+" ukubeka iimvume kunye "-" ukususa)

1. ls -lh: Bonisa iimvume.
2. ls / tmp | pr -T5 -W $ IIKHOLAM: Yahlula i-terminal kwiikholamu ezi-5.
3. chmod ugo + rwx isikhombisi1: beka funda ®, bhala (w) kwaye uphumeze (x) iimvume kumnini (u), kwiqela (g) nakwabanye (o) kulawulo 'lwemibhalo1'.
4. chmod go-rwx isikhombisi1: susa imvume yokufunda ®, bhala (w) kunye (x) uphumeze kwiqela (g) kunye nabanye (o) kulawulo 'ulawulo1'.
5. chown umsebenzisi1 ifayile1: Guqula umnini wefayile.
6. chown -R yomsebenzisi1 isikhombisi1Guqula umnini wesikhombisi kunye nazo zonke iifayile kunye nemikhombandlela equlathwe ngaphakathi.
7. chgrp iqela1 ifayile1: Guqula iqela leefayile.
8. Ukukhetha umsebenzisi1: iqela1 ifayile1: Guqula umsebenzisi kunye neqela eliphethe ifayile.
9. fumana / -perm -u + s: jonga zonke iifayile kwinkqubo eneSUID emiselweyo.
10. chmod u + s / bin / ifayile1: beka isuntswana leSUID kwifayile yokubini. Umsebenzisi oqhuba loo fayile ufumana amalungelo afanayo nomnini.
11. chmod us / bin / ifayile1: khubaza isuntswana leSUID kwifayile yokubini.
12. chmod g + s / ikhaya / esidlangalaleni: beka isuntswana le-SGID kulawulo-olufana neSUID kodwa kulawulo ngalunye.
13. chmod gs / ikhaya / esidlangalaleni: khubaza isuntswana le-SGID kulawulo.
14. chmod o + t / ekhaya / esidlangalaleni: beka i-STIKY kancinci kulawulo. Ivumela ukususwa kwefayile kuphela kubanini abasemthethweni.
15. chmod ot / ekhaya / esidlangalaleni: khubaza i-STIKY bit kulawulo.

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kwiifayile (Sebenzisa "+" ukuseta iimvume kunye "-" ukususa)

1. chattr + kwifayile1: ivumela ukubhala ngokuvula ifayile kuphela kwimo yongezwa.
2. chattr + c ifayile1: ivumela ifayile ukuba icinezelwe / icinezelwe ngokuzenzekelayo.
3. chattr d ifayile1: iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ayihoyi ukucima iifayile ngexesha lokulondoloza.
4. chattr + ndiyifayile1: yenza ifayile ingenzeki, ngenxa yoko ayinakucinywa, kutshintshwe, kunikwe igama kwakhona, okanye kunxibelelaniswe.
5. chattr ifayile ye1: ivumela ifayile ukuba isuswe ngokukhuselekileyo.
6. chattr + S ifayile1: iqinisekisa ukuba ifayile iguquliwe, utshintsho lubhalwa kwimowudi yokuvumelanisa njengokuvumelanisa.
7. chattr + u ifayile1: ikuvumela ukuba uphinde ufumane umxholo wefayile nokuba urhoxisiwe.
8. lsattr: bonisa iimpawu ezizodwa.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

NgeXesha: Ubungakanani kunye neMiyalelo yendawo

Indawo zokugcina kunye neefayile ezixineneyo

1. bunzip2 ifayile1.bz2: vula ifayile ebizwa 'file1.bz2'.
2. bzip2 ifayile1: cofa ifayile enegama 'ifayile1'.
3. umpu wefayile1.gz: unzip ifayile ebizwa ngokuba yi 'file1.gz'.
4. gzip ifayile1: cofa ifayile enegama 'ifayile1'.
5. gzip -9 ifayile1: Ukucinezeleka ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu.
6. rar kwifayile1.rar test_fayile: Yenza ifayile rar ebizwa ngokuba yi 'file1.rar'.
7. rar kwifayile1.rar ifayile1 ifayile2 dir1: compress 'file1', 'file2' kunye 'dir1' ngaxeshanye.
8. rar x ifayile1.rar: unzip ifayile ye rar.
9. unrar x fayile1: unzip ifayile ye rar.
10. i-tar -cvf yogcino.tar ifayile1: Yenza i-tarball engafakwanga.
11. i-tar -cvf yokugcina indawo.tar ifayile1 ifayile2 dir1: Yenza ifayile equlathe 'ifayile1', 'ifayile2' kunye 'nidir1'.
12. i-tar -tf yogcino.tar: bonisa imixholo yefayile.
13. i-tar -xvf yogcino.tar: Ukukhupha i-tarball.
14. i-tar -xvf yogcino.tar -C / tmpUkukhupha i-tarball kwi / tmp.
15. i-tar -cvfj yogcino.tar.bz2 dir1Yenza i-tarball ecinezelekileyo ngaphakathi kwe-bzip2.
16. i-tar -xvfj yogcino: decompress kugcino lwetar olucinezelwe kwi-bzip2
17. i-tar -cvfz yogcino.tar.gz dir1: Yenza itarball ekhutshiweyo.
18. i-tar -xvfz yogcino.tar.gz-Vula indawo yogcino lwe-gzipped tar.
19. zip ifayile1.zip ifayile1: yenza ifayile ye-zip ecinezelweyo.
20. zip -r file1.zip ifayile1 ifayile2 dir1: compress, in zip, iifayile kunye nemikhombandlela ngaxeshanye.
21. unzip ifayile1.zip: vula ifayile ye-zip.

Iiphakheji ze-RPM (Red Hat, Fedora, kunye nezinye)

1. I-rpm -ivh iphakheji: fakela iphakheji ye-rpm.
2. I-rpm -ivh -nodeeps iphakheji.rpm: fakela iphakheji ye-rpm ngokungahoyi izicelo zokuxhomekeka.
3. I-rpm -U iphakheji: Hlaziya iphakheji ye-rpm ngaphandle kokutshintsha ubumbeko lweefayile.
4. I-rpm -F iphakheji: Hlaziya iphakheji ye-rpm kuphela ukuba ifakwe.
5. I-rpm -e package_name.rpm: susa iphakheji ye-rpm.
6. rpm -qa: bonisa zonke iiphakheji ze-rpm ezifakwe kwinkqubo.
7. rpm -qa | grep httpd: bonisa zonke iiphakheji ze-rpm ngegama "httpd".
8. rpm -qi package_name-Fumana ulwazi kwiphakheji ethile efakiweyo.
9. rpm -qg "Inkqubo yeNdalo / iiDemon": bonisa iiphakheji ze-rpm zeqela lesoftware.
10. I-rpm -ql iphakheji_name: bonisa uluhlu lweefayile ezinikezwe yipakethe ye-rpm efakiweyo.
11. I-rpm -qc iphakheji_igama: bonisa uluhlu loqwalaselo lweefayile ezinikezwe yipakethe ye-rpm efakiweyo.
12. I-rpm -q iphakheji_igama- yintoni efunekayo: bonisa uluhlu lokuxhomekeka oceliweyo kwiphakheji ye-rpm.
13. I-rpm -q iphakheji_igama- oko kubonelela: bonisa amandla anikezwe yiphakheji ye-rpm.
14. I-rpm -q iphakheji_igama- imibhalo: bonisa izikripthi eziqale ngexesha lofakelo / lokususa.
15. I-rpm -q iphakheji_igama- utshintsho: bonisa imbali yokuhlaziya yephakheji ye-rpm.
16. I-rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf: jonga ukuba yeyiphi na i-rpm iphakheji yeyefayile oyinikiweyo.
17. rpm -qp iphakheji.rpm -l: bonisa uluhlu lweefayile ezinikezwe yiphakheji ye-rpm engekafakwa.
18. rpm -ukungenisa / kwimidiya / cdrom / RPM-GPG-KEY: ukungenisa utyikityo lwedijithali lweqhosha loluntu.
19. rpm -checksig package.rpmQinisekisa ubungqina bephakheji ye-rpm.
20. I-rpm -qa gpg-pubkey-Jonga ukuthembeka kwazo zonke iiphakheji ze-rpm ezifakiwe.
21. I-rpm -V iphakheji_igama: jonga ubungakanani befayile, iilayisensi, iintlobo, umnini, iqela, isishwankathelo sokujonga isishwankathelo kunye nokulungiswa kokugqibela.
22. I-rpm -Va: jonga zonke iiphakheji ze-rpm ezifakwe kwinkqubo. Sebenzisa ngononophelo.
23. I-rpm -Vp iphakheji: jonga iphakheji ye-rpm engafakwanga okwangoku.
24. rpm2cpio iphakheji.rpm | cpio -ukutsala -kwenza-imikhombandlela * bin*: khupha ifayile ephumezekayo kwiphakheji ye-rpm.
25. i-rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch'/package.rpm: fakela iphakheji eyakhiwe ukusuka kumthombo we rpm.
26. rpmbuild -yakha iphakheji_name.src.rpm: yakha iphakheji ye-rpm kumthombo we rpm.

Isibuyekezo seYUM Package (Red Hat, Fedora kunye nezinye)

1. yum ukufaka iphakheji_igama: Khuphela kwaye ufake iphakheji ye-rpm.
2. yum ukufakelwa kwendawo kwiphakheji_name.rpm: Oku kuyakufaka i-RPM kwaye uzame ukusombulula konke ukuxhomekeka kuwe, usebenzisa oovimba bakho.
3. Ukuhlaziya iphakheji_name.rpm: Hlaziya zonke iiphakheji ze-rpm ezifakwe kwinkqubo.
4. hlaziya iphakheji_igamaUkuphucula / ukuhlaziya ipakethe ye-rpm.
5. yum susa iphakheji_igama: susa iphakheji ye-rpm.
6. uluhlu lwe-yumDwelisa zonke iipakeji ezifakwe kwinkqubo.
7. yum yokukhangela iphakheji_igama: Fumana iphakheji kwindawo yokugcina i-rpm.
8. yum iipakethe ezicocekileyoCacisa i-cache ye-rpm ngokususa iiphakheji ezikhutshelweyo.
9. yum izihloko ezicocekileyo: susa zonke iifayile eziphambili ezisetyenziswa yinkqubo ukusombulula ukuxhomekeka.
10. yum zicoce zonke: susa kwiipakethe ze-cache kunye neefayile eziphambili.

Iiphakheji zeDeb (i-Debian, Ubuntu kunye neziphumo)

1. dpkg -iiphakheji.deb: fakela / hlaziya iphakheji yedebhu.
2. dpkg -r iphakheji_name: susa iphakheji yetyala kwinkqubo.
3. dpkg -l: bonisa zonke iiphakheji zetyala ezifakwe kwinkqubo.
4. dpkg -l | grep httpd: bonisa zonke iiphakheji ze-deb ezinegama "httpd"
5. dpkg -s ipakethe_name-Fumana ulwazi kwiphakheji ethile efakwe kwinkqubo.
6. dpkg -L iphakheji_name: bonisa uluhlu lweefayile ezinikezwe yiphakheji efakwe kwinkqubo.
7. dpkg -iphakheji yomxholo.deb: bonisa uluhlu lweefayile ezinikezwe yiphakheji engekafakwa okwangoku.
8. dpkg -S / bin / ping: jonga ukuba yeyiphi iphakheji eyile fayile inikiweyo.

Uhlaziyo lwePhakheji ye-APT (iDebian, Ubuntu kunye neziphumo)

1. ukufumana ngokufanelekileyo ukufaka ipakethe_name: fakela / hlaziya iphakheji yedebhu.
2. I-apt-cdrom yokufaka iphakheji_name: faka / uhlaziye iphakheji yetyala kwi-cdrom.
3. ukufumana ukuhlaziywa: Hlaziya uluhlu lwephakheji.
4. ukuphucula ukuphucula: Hlaziya zonke iiphakheji ezifakiwe.
5. unokufumana-susa iphakheji_name: susa iphakheji yetyala kwinkqubo.
6. ukufumana ngokufanelekileyo: qinisekisa isisombululo esifanelekileyo sokuxhomekeka.
7. unokucocekaCacisa i-cache kwiiphakheji ezikhutshelweyo.
8. I-apt-cache yokukhangela iphakheji: ubuyisela uluhlu lweephakheji oluhambelana noluhlu "uphendlo lweephakeji".

Jonga umxholo wefayile

1. ikati ifayile1: jonga imixholo yefayile eqala kumqolo wokuqala.
2. ifayile ye-tac1: jonga imixholo yefayile eqala kumgca wokugqibela.
3. ngaphezulu ifayile1: jonga umxholo kuyo yonke ifayile.
4. Ifayile encinci1: efanayo kumyalelo 'ongaphezulu' kodwa ivumela ukugcina intshukumo kwifayile kunye nentshukumo ebuyela umva.
5. intloko -2 ifayile1: jonga imigca emibini yokuqala yefayile.
6. umsila -2 ifayile1: jonga imigca emibini yokugqibela yefayile.
7. umsila -f / var / log / imiyalezo: jonga ngexesha lokwenyani elongezwe kwifayile.

Ukunyanzelwa kokubhaliweyo

1. ikati ifayile1 ifayile2 .. | umyalelo <> file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txtIs syntax ngokubanzi yokukhohlisa isicatshulwa usebenzisa IPIPE, STDIN kunye STDOUT.
2. ikati ifayile1 | umyalelo (sed, grep, awk, grep, njl ...)> iziphumo.txtsyntax ngokubanzi yokusebenzisa isicatshulwa kwifayile kwaye ubhale iziphumo kwifayile entsha.
3. ikati ifayile1 | umyalelo (sed, grep, awk, grep, njl ...) »iziphumo.txtsyntax ngokubanzi yokusebenzisa isicatshulwa kwifayile kunye nokongeza iziphumo kwifayile esele ikho.
4. grep Aug / var / log / imiyalezo: khangela amagama "Aug" kwifayile '/ var / log / imiyalezo'.
5. grep ^ Aug / var / log / imiyalezo: fumana amagama aqala ngo “Aug” kwifayile '/ var / log / imiyalezo'
6. grep [0-9] / var / log / imiyalezo: khetha yonke imigca kwifayile '/ var / log / imiyalezo' enamanani.
7. grep Aug -R / var / log /*: jonga umtya "Aug" kulawulo '/ var / log' nangaphantsi.
8. sed 's / stringa1 / stringa2 / g' umzekelo.txt: faka kwakhona "umtya1" nge "umtya2" kumzekelo.txt
9. sed '/ ^ $ / d' umzekelo.txt: susa yonke imigca engenanto kumzekelo.txt
10. sed '/ * # / d; / ^ $ / d 'umzekelo.txt: susa iikhomenti kunye nemigca engenanto kumzekelo.txt
11. echo 'esempio' | tr '[: ezantsi:]' '[: phezulu:]': Guqula amagama amancinci abe ngunobumba abakhulu.
12. sed -e '1d' iziphumo.txt: susa umgca wokuqala womzekelo wefayile.txt
13. sed -n '/ stringa1 / p': bonisa kuphela imigca eneligama "umtya1".

Cwangcisa ukuguqulwa komlinganiswa kunye nefayile

1. Iifayile ezifakwe kwifayile.txt fileunix.txt: Guqula ifomathi yefayile yokubhaliweyo ukusuka kwi-MSDOS ukuya kwi-UNIX.
2. unix2dos fileunix.txt lefayileos.txt: Guqula ifomathi yefayile yokubhaliweyo ukusuka kwi-UNIX ukuya kwi-MSDOS.
3. khumbula ..HTML <iphepha.txt> iphepha.html: Guqula ifayile yokubhaliweyo ibe yi-html.
4. phinda -l | Kaninzi-Bonisa lonke uguqulo olukhoyo.

Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo yefayile

1. Iibadblocks -v / dev / hda1: Jonga iibhloko ezimbi kwidiski hda1.
2. fsck / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / jonga ukuthembeka kwifayile yenkqubo yeLinux kwidiski hda1.
3. umxholo2 / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukujonga ukuthembeka kwifayile yenkqubo ye-ext 2 kwidiski hda1.
4. e2fsck / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukujonga ukuthembeka kwifayile yenkqubo ye-ext 2 kwidiski hda1.
5. e2fsck -j / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukujonga ukuthembeka kwifayile yenkqubo ye-ext 3 kwidiski hda1.
6. umxholo3 / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukujonga ukuthembeka kwifayile yenkqubo ye-ext 3 kwidiski hda1.
7. fsck.vfat / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukujonga ukuthembeka kwefayile yenkqubo yamafutha kwidiski hda1.
8. fsck.msdos / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / jonga ukuthembeka kwefayile kwindlela yediski kwidiski hda1.
9. ubungakanani / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / jonga ukuthembeka kwefayile kwindlela yediski kwidiski hda1.

Fomatha inkqubo yefayile

1. mkfs / dev / hda1Yenza ifayile efana neLinux yokwahlulahlula i-hda1.
2. umfazi2fs / dev / hda1: Yenza ifayile yohlobo lweLinux ext 2 kwi-hda1.
3. umfazi2fs -j / dev / hda1Yenza i-Linux ext3 (periodic) inkqubo yefayile kwisahlulelo hda1.
4. mkfs -t vfat 32 -F / dev / hda1Yenza ifayile yeFAT32 kwifayile kwi-hda1.
5. fdformat -n / dev / fd0: fomatha idiski ethambileyo.
6. mkswap / dev / hda3: Yenza inkqubo yokutshintsha inkqubo.

Ndisebenza ne-SWAP

1. mkswap / dev / hda3: Yenza inkqubo yokutshintsha ifayile.
2. swapon / dev / hda3: kusebenze ulwahlulo olutsha lokutshintsha.
3. swapon / dev / hda2 / dev / hdb3: yenza izahlulelo ezimbini zokutshintsha.

Salvas (Eyogcino)

1. ukulahla -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / home: yenza ugcino olupheleleyo lomkhombandlela '/ wasekhaya'.
2. ukulahla -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / home: yenza ukongezwa okongeziweyo kwesikhombisi '/ sasekhaya'.
3. buyisela -if /tmp/home0.bak: Ukubuyisela isalvo ngokudibeneyo.
4. rsync -rogpav -delete / ekhaya / tmpUngqamaniso phakathi kweeleta.
5. rsync -rogpav -e ssh -delete / ekhaya ip_address: / tmp: rsync ngokusebenzisa itonela SSH.
6. rsync -az -e ssh -delete ip_addr: / ikhaya / loluntu / ikhaya / lendawoNgqamanisa umkhombandlela wengingqi kunye nolawulo olukude nge-ssh kunye noxinzelelo.
7. rsync -az -e ssh -delete / ekhaya / yendawo ip_addr: / ekhaya / esidlangalaleniNgqamanisa isikhombisi esikude kunye nolawulo lwasekhaya nge-ssh kunye noxinzelelo.
8. dd bs = 1M ukuba = / dev / hda | gzip | ssh (Imeyile ikhuselwe) 'dd ye = hda.gz': gcina i-hard drive kwindawo ekude nge-ssh.
9. dd ukuba = / dev / sda ye = / tmp / ifayile1: gcina imixholo yediski enzima kwifayile. (Kule meko idiski enzima ngu "sda" kwaye ifayile yile "file1").
10. tar -Puf backup.tar / home / user: yenza ukongezwa okongeziweyo kwesikhombisi '/ ikhaya / umsebenzisi'.
11. (cd / tmp / yendawo / && tar c.) | ssh -C umsebenzisi @ ip_addr 'cd / ikhaya / isabelo / && tar x -p': Khuphela imixholo yesikhombisi kulawulo olukude nge ssh.
12. (tar c / ikhaya) | ssh -C umsebenzisi @ ip_addr 'cd / home / backup-home && tar x -p': ikopi yolawulo lwasekhaya kulawulo olukude nge-ssh.
13. itar cf -. | (cd / tmp / yogcino; tar xf -): ikopi yendawo egcina iilayisensi kunye namakhonkco ukusuka kulawulo olunye ukuya kolunye.
14. fumana / ikhaya / igama lomsebenzisi-igama '*. txt' | xargs cp -av -target-directory = / ekhaya / backup / –abazali: fumana kwaye ukope zonke iifayile ngolwandiso '.txt' ukusuka kulawulo olunye ukuya kolunye.
15. fumana / var / log -name '* .log' | i-tar cv -ifayile-ukusuka = ​​- | bzip2> log.tar.bz2: fumana zonke iifayile ngolwandiso '.log' kwaye wenze i-bzip yokugcina.
16. dd ukuba = / dev / hda ye = / dev / fd0 bs = 512 count = 1: yenza ikopi ye-MRB (Master Record Record) kwi-floppy disk.
17. dd ukuba = / dev / fd0 ye = / dev / hda bs = 512 count = 1: buyisela ikopi ye-MBR (Master Record Record) egcinwe kwifloppy.

I-CD-ROM

1. cdrecord -v gracetime = 2 dev = / dev / cdrom -eject blank = ngokukhawuleza -ukusebenzaUkucoca okanye ukucima i-cd ebhaliweyo.
2. mkisofs / dev / cdrom> cd.isoYenza umfanekiso we-cdrom kwidiski.
3. mkisofs / dev / cdrom | gzip> cd_iso.gzYenza umfanekiso oxineneyo we-cdrom kwidiski.
4. I-mkisofs -J -kuvumela ukuba ukhokele-amachaphaza -R -V "Ilebheli CD" -iso-kwinqanaba 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd: Yenza umfanekiso we-iso wolawulo.
5. cdrecord -v dev = / dev / cdrom cd.iso: tshisa umfanekiso we-iso.
6. gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev = / dev / cdrom -: tshisa umfanekiso we-iso oxinzelelweyo.
7. intaba -o loop cd.iso / mnt / iso: nyusa umfanekiso we-iso.
8. I-cd-paranoia -B: thabatha iingoma ukusuka kwi-cd ukuya kwiifayile ze-wav.
9. cd-paranoia - "-3": Dlulisa iingoma zokuqala ezi-3 ukusuka kwi-cd ukuya kwiifayile ze-wav.
10. cdrecord –iscansbus: scan ibhasi ukuchonga ishaneli ye-scsi.
11. dd ukuba = / dev / hdc | md5sum: sebenzisa i-md5sum kwisixhobo, njengeCD.

Ndisebenza neNETWORK ( LAN kunye ne-Wi-Fi)

1. ukuba ifconfig eth0: bonisa ubumbeko lwekhadi lenethiwekhi le-Ethernet.
2. ukuba i-eth0: yenza i-interface 'eth0'.
3. ukuhla eth0khubaza ujongano 'eth0'.
4. ukuba ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0Qwalasela idilesi ye-IP.
5. ukuba ifconfig eth0 promisc: Qwalasela 'i-eth0' kwimo eqhelekileyo ukufumana iipakethi (ukuhogela).
6. Dhclient eth0: Sebenzisa i-interface 'eth0' kwimo ye-dhcp.
7. indlela -n: bonisa itafile yokhenketho.
8. yongeza indlela -net 0/0 gw IP_GatewaySeta ungeniso olungagqibekanga.
9. yongeza indlela -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1: lungiselela indlela emileyo yokukhangela inethiwekhi '192.168.0.0/16'.
10. indlela del 0/0 gw IP_gateway: susa indlela emileyo.
11. echo "1"> / proc / sys / net / ipv4 / ip_forward: yenza uhambo lwe-ip.
12. igama lomkhosi: bonisa igama lenginginya lenkqubo.
13. umkhosi www.example.com: fumana igama lenginginya ukusombulula igama kwidilesi ye-ip (1).
14. nsokuokup www.example.com: jonga igama lenginginya ukusombulula igama kwidilesi ye-ip kunye nenye (2).
15. ip ikhonkco bonisa: bonisa imeko yekhonkco lwalo lonke ujongano.
16. isixhobo se-mii eth0: bonisa imeko yekhonkco ye 'eth0'.
17. I-ethtool eth0: bonisa amanani ekhadi lenethiwekhi 'eth0'.
18. netstat-tup-Bonisa lonke unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye nee-PID zazo.
19. netstat -tupl-Bonisa bonke abaphulaphuli benethiwekhi kwinkqubo kunye nee-PIDs zabo.
20. tcpdump tcp izibuko 80: bonisa zonke izithuthi HTTP.
21. Uvavanyo lwe-iwlist: bonisa iinethiwekhi ezingenazingcingo.
22. iwconfig eth1: bonisa ubumbeko lwekhadi lenethiwekhi elingenazingcingo.
23. nguba ni u www.example.com: khangela i-database ye-Whois.

Iinethiwekhi zikaMicrosoft yeWindows

1. Ungayifumana ip_addrIsisombululo segama lenethiwekhi.
2. nmblookup -A ip_addrIsisombululo segama lenethiwekhi.
3. smbclient -L ip_addr / igama lenginginya: bonisa isenzo esikude somamkeli kwiifestile.

Iitafile ze-IP (FIREWALL)

1. iptables -t isihluzo -L: bonisa yonke imitya kwitafile yokuhluza.
2. iiptables -t nat -L: bonisa yonke imitya kwitafile nat.
3. iptables -t isihluzo -F: Cacisa yonke imigaqo kwitafile yokuhluza.
4. iiptables -t nat -F: Cacisa yonke imigaqo kwitafile nat.
5. iptables -t isihluzo -XCima nawuphi na umtya owenziwe ngumsebenzisi.
6. iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp -dport telnet -j YAMKELA: vumela uqhagamshelo lweetelnet ukuba lungene.
7. iptables -icebo lokucoca ulwelo -ISIPHUMO -p tcp -Ingxelo http -j DROP: iibhloko zokudibanisa HTTP ukuphuma.
8. iptables -t filter -A PHAMBILI -p tcp -port pop3 -j YAMKELA: vumela unxibelelwano POP kwityathanga elingaphambili.
9. iptables -icebo lokucoca ulwelo -I-INPUT -j LOG -log-isimaphambili "I-DROP INPUT"Ukubhalisa umtya wokufaka.
10. iptables -t nat -A UKUQHUTYELWA -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE: Qwalasela i-PAT (iZibuko lokuGuqulwa kweDilesi) kwi-eth0, ukufihla iipakethi eziphumayo.
11. iptables -t nat -A UKUFUNDA -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp-ingxelo 22 -j DNAT -ukuya kwindawo ekuyi-10.0.0.2:22Phinda uthumele iipakethi ezijolise kumamkeli omnye ziye kwenye.

Ukubeka iliso kunye nokulungisa ingxaki

1. umphezulu: bonisa imisebenzi ye-linux usebenzisa uninzi lwecpu.
2. ps -efw: ibonisa imisebenzi yeLinux.
3. I-ps -e -o pid, args-ihlathi-Ibonisa imisebenzi yeLinux kwimo hierarchical mode.
4. ptree: bonisa inkqubo yenkqubo yomthi.
5. bulala -9 Inkqubo_ID-Nyanzela inkqubo kwaye uyiyekise.
6. bulala -1 Inkqubo_ID: nyanzela inkqubo yokuphinda ulayishe ubumbeko.
7. lsof -p $$: bonisa uluhlu lweefayile ezivulwe ziinkqubo.
8. lsof / ikhaya / umsebenzisi1: ibonisa uluhlu lweefayile ezivulekileyo kwindlela enikiweyo yenkqubo.
9. umtya -c ls> / dev / null: bonisa iifowuni zenkqubo ezenziweyo kwaye zafunyanwa yinkqubo.
10. strace -f -e vula ls> / dev / null: bonisa iifowuni kwithala leencwadi.
11. ikati-yewotshi / ikati / inkqubo / ukuphazamisa ': bonisa ukuphazamiseka ngexesha lokwenyani.
12. Qalisa ukuqala kwakhona: bonisa imbali yokuqalisa kwakhona.
13. lsmod: bonisa i-kernel elayishiwe.
14. simahla -m-Ibonisa ubume be-RAM kwii-megabytes.
15. smartctl -A / dev / hda-Kubeka esweni ukuthembeka kwehard drive ngeSMART.
16. smartctl -i / dev / hda: jonga ukuba i-SMART yenziwe kwi-hard disk.
17. umsila / var / log / dmesg: bonisa imicimbi ehambelana nenkqubo yokulayisha i-kernel.
18. umsila / var / log / imiyalezo: bonisa imicimbi yenkqubo.

Eminye imiyalelo eluncedo

1. apropos ... igama eliphambili: bonisa uluhlu lwemiyalelo yamagama aphambili enkqubo; Ziluncedo xa uyazi into eyenziwa yinkqubo yakho, kodwa awazi igama lomyalelo.
2. indoda ping: bonisa amaphepha encwadi kwi-intanethi; umzekelo, kumyalelo we-ping, sebenzisa '-k' ukhetho ukufumana nawuphi na umyalelo onxulumene noko.
3. yintoni ... igama elingundoqo: ibonisa inkcazo yenkqubo eyenzayo.
4. mkbootdisk -isixhobo / dev / fd0 `uname -r`Yenza ifloppy ephathekayo.
5. gpg -c fayile1: encode ifayile kunye nomgcini wokhuseleko we-GNU.
6. gpg ifayile1.gpg: Qeda ifayile ngeGNU Security Guard.
7. wget -r www.example.com: khuphela iwebhusayithi epheleleyo.
8. wget -c Umzekelo www.file.iso: Khuphela ifayile kunye nethuba lokumisa ukhuphelo kunye nokuqala kwakhona kamva.
9. echo 'wget -c Umzekelo :.com/files.iso'| ngo 09:00: Qala ukhuphelo nangaliphi na ixesha. Kule meko yayiqala ngentsimbi yesi-9.
10. I-ldd / usr / ibin / ssh: bonisa iilayibrari ekwabelwana ngazo ezifunwa yinkqubo ye-ssh.
11. alias hh = 'imbali': beka i-alias yomyalelo -hh = Imbali.
12. chsh: tshintsha umthetho weShell.
13. chsh-uluhlu-lweeqokobhe: ngumyalelo ofanelekileyo wokwazi ukuba kuya kufuneka wenze kude kwenye indawo.
14. Ngubani -a: bonisa ukuba ngubani obhalisileyo, kunye nexesha lokuprinta lenkqubo yokungenisa yokugqibela, iinkqubo zokufa, iinkqubo zobhaliso lwenkqubo, iinkqubo ezisebenzayo eziveliswa yi-init, ukusebenza ngoku kunye notshintsho lokugqibela lwewotshi yenkqubo.