Amafomethi wobunikazi nezinye izindlela zawo zamahhala

Uma kukhulunywa ngobuchwepheshe bolwazi (ICT), empeleni "umzabalazo" wethu udlula kude umngcele wesoftware yamahhala. Eqinisweni, okungenani kunezingqimba ezinkulu ezi-4: ihadiwe yamahhala, software free, izindinganiso zamahhala y amafomethi wamahhalaLe ndatshana isuselwa ku-athikili yokuqala ye-Estréllate y Arde futhi izama ukunikela ngohlamvu lwesihlabathi ukuze sikwazi ukucabanga ndawonye ngobukhulu benselele esazokwenzeka.

Emhlabeni wedijithali, i- amafomethi lapho sigcina khona idatha yethu, ngoba amafomethi okuphathelene abeka imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamafomethi:

1. amafomethi okuphathelene (o Kuvaliwe): Yilezo ezinemikhawulo yokusetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni, azikwazi ukusetshenziswa yinoma ngubani ngoba imininingwane yazo ayikho emphakathini, zingaphansi kokukhokhwa kwamalayisense futhi zilawulwa futhi zichazwe yizintshisekelo zangasese.
2. amafomethi wamahhala (o vula): yilabo abanenkomba yesithenjwa ngaphansi kwelayisense yamahhala futhi bangenziwa yinoma ngubani ngaphandle kwemikhawulo yokusebenzisa ngokomthetho. Zivame ukushicilelwa futhi zixhaswe yizinhlangano ze amazinga avulekile, yize eziningi zenziwa yizinkampani.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene okuthi, yize abanye bengazibheka njenge "nzalo", kuma "purists" zisengamafomethi okuphathelene. Lezi, ngokwesibonelo, yilawo mafomethi enza ukucaciswa kwawo kube sesidlangalaleni (okungukuthi, ukwakheka kanye nengqondo yangaphakathi yamafayela agcinwe kuleyo fomethi) kepha izinhlelo ezifunda lawa mafomethi "ziphoqelekile" ukukhokha ilayisense lokuzisebenzisa. leyo fomethi ngendlela esemthethweni futhi ingabi ngaphansi kokumangalelwa ngamacala nezinye izenzo zomthetho. Lokhu kunjalo MP3. 

Kufanele sisebenzise kuphela amafomethi wamahhala. Amafomethi okuphathelene asenza abasebenzisi abathunjiwe, ukuthuthuka kwamafomethi wamahhala akunqandeki. Kuze kube seqophelweni lokuthi ngisho nokuzuza ngamasela kubazuzi laba onjiniyela be-software abaphathelene nabo, njengoba kusiza "ukujwayela" kubantu ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zakho futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amafomethi wefayela abawasekelayo. Isizathu esiyinhloko esenza abaningi bangashintsheli ku-Linux, ngokwesibonelo, yingoba babuza: "... futhi ngingawavula yini amafayela wami we-Word lapho?"

Ukusekelwa kwamafomethi okuphathelene ne-Linux
Cishe wonke amafomethi (mahhala futhi aphathelene) asekelwa ku-Linux.

Ake sibone amafomethi ajwayelekile kakhulu nezici zawo.

Amafayela ombhalo ongenalutho

• Okujwayelekile: I-TXT (.txt), ifomethi yamahhala.

Amadokhumenti

• Okujwayelekile: I-DOC (.doc), ifomethi ye-MS-Word ephathelene.
• Kufanele siyilahle futhi sisebenzise ifomethi yamahhala: Umbhalo we-OpenDocument (.odt). Ngemibhalo ecebile elula singasebenzisa futhi ifomethi yamahhala Ifomethi yombhalo ocebile (.rtf).

Ama-Spreadsheet

• Okujwayelekile: I-XLS (.xls), ifomethi ephathelene ne-MS-Excel.
• Kufanele siyilahle futhi sisebenzise ifomethi yamahhala: Ispredishithi se-OpenDocument (.od).

Isethulo

• Okujwayelekile: I-PPT (.ppt), ifomethi ephathelene ne-MS-PowerPoint.
• Kufanele siyilahle futhi sisebenzise ifomethi yamahhala: I-OpenDocument Presentation (.odp).

Amadokhumenti (funda kuphela)

• Okujwayelekile: PDF (.pdf), I-Adobe ifomethi yamahhala.
• Enye indlela eqondile yifomethi yamahhala I-Djvu (.djvu).
• Wonke amafomethi ajwayelekile we incazelo yezilimi izilimi bakhululekile, njengoba baziwa kakhulu I-PostScript (.ps).

E-izincwadi

• Amafomethi okuphathelene: I-Microsoft Reader (.lit), Uhlobo (.prc, .azw),.
• Amafomethi wamahhala: Umbhalo wendiza (.txt), Umbhalo Ocebile (.rtf), i-HTML (.html), PDF (.pdf), I-Djvu (.djvu), I-ePub (.epub), UMobiPocket (.mobi), Vula i-Ebook (.eb).

Amafayela acindezelwe

• Okujwayelekile:
• amarobhothi (.tar.gzku-Linux.
• Ifomethi yamahhala I-ZIP (.zip) nefomethi yokuphathelene I-RAR (.rar) ku-Windows.
• Amanye amafomethi wamahhala ongawasebenzisa: I-7 Zip (.7z), I-GNU Zip (.gz), bZip2 (.bz2), njll.
• Wonke amafomethi ajwayelekile we pack futhi cindezela Bakhululekile.

Izithombe zeDiski

• Izinga elijwayelekile: ISO (.iso), ifomethi yamahhala.
• Amanye amafomethi wamahhala asuselwa ku-ISO: I-CUE / BIN (.bin, .cue).
• Amafomethi okuphathelene: Ifayela le-Clone CD Control (.ccd), Ukufinyelela okugciniwe okuqondile (.daa), Isichazi Esimaphakathi (.mds), I-Nero Burning ROM (.nrg), njll.

Ihluzo zeBitmap

• I-De facto standard: ayikho, esetshenziswa kakhulu i-GIF, JPEG ne-PNG.
• Njengamanje wonke amafomethi ajwayelekile we bitmap Bakhululekile.
• Ifomathi I-PNG (.png) ifinyelela ukucindezela okuphezulu kakhulu ngaphandle kokulahleka kwekhwalithi.
• Ngokusobala noma ukugqwayiza, GIF (.gif) futhi kuyisinqumo esihle, ngaphandle kokulahleka kwekhwalithi.
• Ifomathi I-JPEG (.jpg) ilungele izithombe ezihloselwe i-Intanethi, njengoba icindezela nokulahleka kwekhwalithi, kepha ikhwalithi ingalungiswa.
• Ifomathi I-WebP (.webp) isanda kudalwa yiGoogle ngokususelwa kukhodekhi VP8. Iphikisana ngqo neJPEG.

Umdwebo wezithombe

• Okujwayelekile: Photoshop (.psd), ifomethi yokuphathelene ye-Adobe Photoshop.
• Kufanele siyilahle futhi sisebenzise ifomethi yamahhala: eXperimental Computing Facility (.xcf), ifomethi yamahhala esetshenziswe ku- I-GIMP.

Vector ihluzo

• Okujwayelekile: IMacromedia Flash (.swf), Ifomethi yokuphathelene ye-Adobe. Ibuye isetshenziswe kabanzi IMicrosoft Metafile (.wmf).
• Kufanele siyilahle futhi sisebenzise ifomethi yamahhala: I-SVG (.svg).

CAD

• Okujwayelekile: I-DWG (.dwg), Ifomethi yokuphathelene ye-AutoCAD.
• Kufanele siyilahle futhi sisebenzise ifomethi yamahhala: I-DXF (.dxf).

3D

• Izinga le-De facto: akekho, kuningi Amafomethi we-3D.
• Kufanele sisebenzise ifomethi yamahhala: X3D (.x3d).

Audio

• Okujwayelekile: MP3 (.mp3), ifomethi ephathelene neFraunhofer Institute.
• Kufanele siyilahle futhi sisebenzise ifomethi yamahhala: I-Ogg Vorbis (.ogg), I-FLAC (.flac) yomsindo ongalahleki futhi khuluma (imvamisa ngaphakathi kwesitsha se-.ogg) sokuqoshwa kwezwi.
• Amanye amafomethi:
• I-AAC (.m4a, .mp4), ifomethi yokuphathelene esetshenziswe yi- iTunes.
• I-WMA (.wma), ifomethi ephathelene ne-MS-Windows Media Audio.
• Isikhathi Esheshayo (.mov), Ifomethi ye-Apple yokuphathelene.
• I-RealAudio (.ra), ifomethi ephathelene neRealNetworks.
• AMR (.amr), ifomethi ephathelene nokuqoshwa kwezwi.

Ividiyo

• Okujwayelekile:
• I-MPEG (.mpg), ifomethi ye-MPEG ephathelene.
• DivX (.avi), ifomethi ye-DivX ephathelene.
• Kumele sibashiye futhi sisebenzise:
• U-Ogg Theora (.ogv).
• I-XviD (.avi).
• I-WebM (.webm)
• Amanye amafomethi:
• I-WMV (.wmv), ifomethi ephathelene ne-MS-Windows Media Video.
• Isikhathi Esheshayo (.mov), Ifomethi ye-Apple yokuphathelene.
• I-RealVideo (.rm), ifomethi ephathelene neRealNetworks.

Isitsha semultimedia

Un isiqukathi se-multimedia uhlobo lwefayela eligcina umsindo, ividiyo, imibhalo engezansi, izahluko, i-meta-data, njll. Okulalelwayo nevidiyo kuzofakwa ngekhodi kwelinye lamafomethi angenhla, ngakho-ke sizodinga ama-codec afanele.

• Okujwayelekile:

• I-MPEG-4 (.mpg), ifomethi ye-MPEG ephathelene.
• AVI (.aviIfomethi ye-Microsoft ephathelene (ASF, .asf, yokusakaza).
• Kufanele siyilahle bese sisebenzisa:
• Ogg (.ogg).
• Matroska (.mkv).
• Amanye amafomethi:
• Isikhathi Esheshayo (.mov), Ifomethi ephathelene ne-Apple yama-codec ayo.
• I-RealMedia (.rm), Ifomethi ye-RealNetworks yobunikazi bama-codec ayo.

DVD

• Nquma noma udlula ukuvikela okungavinjwanga kwekhophi ye- DVD ukubethela akukho emthethweni emazweni amaningi (i-piracy). Kepha kwamanye amazwe le mikhuba isemthethweni:
• eSpain i ikhophi yangasese kwesokudla ikuvumela ukuthi wenze amakhophi wesipele ama-DVD nama-CD kunoma iyiphi indlela.
• E-United States ezinye izahlulelo zimemezela ukuthi kusemthethweni ukususa ukubhala ngama-anti-copy system ama-DVD I-Macrovision ukwenza amakhophi wesipele ngezinhlelo ezinjenge I-DVD Decrypter.
• eNorway, izinkantolo zamemezela ukuthi kusemthethweni ukususa uhlelo lwama-DVD olwa namakhophi CSS (Uhlelo Lokuqhuqha Okuqukethwe) ecaleni elitholwa yintsha UJon johansen (aka DVD Jon) lapho ephula i-algorithm.

Amavidiyo wewebhu

• Okujwayelekile: Ividiyo ye-Flash (.flv), Ifomethi yokuphathelene ye-Adobe.
• Kufanele siyilahle futhi sisebenzise ifomethi yamahhala: I-HTML 5 + VP8.