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Uyawazi umehluko phakathi kwesoftware yamahhala nesoftware evulekile? Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-copyleft ne-non-copyleft? Noma uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-freeware, i-shareware, isoftware yezentengiso? Lesi ngesinye sezindatshana ezinde, ezigcwele izincazelo nemiqondo ezokusiza ukuthi uhlele imibono yakho uma kukhulunywa ngesoftware yamahhala. |
Isofthiwe yamahhala
Isoftware yamahhala isoftware enelayisense kunoma ngubani ongayisebenzisa, ayikopishe, futhi ayisabalalise, kungaba noma ngaphandle kokulungiswa, mahhala noma ngemali ethile. Ikakhulu, lokhu kusho ukuthi ikhodi yomthombo kufanele itholakale. "Uma kungewona umthombo, akuyona isoftware." Le yincazelo eyenziwe lula; bona futhi nencazelo ephelele.
Uma uhlelo lukhululekile, lungafakwa ohlelweni lokusebenza lwamahhala njenge-GNU noma amasistimu wamahhala we-GNU / Linux.
Kunezindlela eziningi ezahlukahlukene zokwenza uhlelo lukhululeke: izingqinamba eziningi ukunquma ukuthi ezimweni eziningi zingama-nuances, futhi zingaxazululwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ngaphandle kokuthi uhlelo luyeke ukuba mahhala. Okunye ukwehluka okungenzeka kuchazwe ngezansi. Ngemininingwane ngamalayisense athile wesoftware yamahhala, ungabheka uhlu lwamalayisense.
Isichasiso "samahhala" sesoftware yamahhala sisho inkululeko, hhayi eyamahhala. Kodwa-ke, izinkampani zesoftware ephathelene kwesinye isikhathi zisebenzisa igama elithi "isoftware yamahhala" ukubhekisa entengo [Inothi lomhumushi: NgesiNgisi "isoftware yamahhala" ibhalwe ukuthi "isoftware yamahhala", igama elithi "mahhala" lingasho ukuthi "mahhala" noma "mahhala"]. Kwesinye isikhathi usebenzisa leli gama lapho ekhuluma ngekhophi kanambambili etholakala mahhala; futhi kwesinye isikhathi zisetshenziselwa ukuthola ikhophi elifakiwe kukhompyutha esanda kutholwa. Lokhu akuhlangene nakancane nokuthi sisho ukuthini ngesoftware yamahhala kuphrojekthi ye-GNU.
Ngenxa yalokhu kudideka okungahle kube khona, lapho inkampani yesoftware ithi umkhiqizo wayo uyisoftware yamahhala, kuwukuhlakanipha ukubuka njalo imigomo yalokhu kusatshalaliswa ukubona ukuthi abasebenzisi banazo zonke izinkululeko ezishiwo isoftware yamahhala. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyiqiniso isoftware yamahhala; nangezinye izikhathi akunjalo.
Izilimi eziningi zinamagama amabili ahlukene athi "mahhala" njengenkululeko kanye no "mahhala" njengenani lentengo. Isibonelo, isiFulentshi sinegama "libre" nelithi "gratuit" [ngeSpanishi into efanayo iyenzeka ngamagama "libre" kanye "gratis"]. Lokhu akwenzeki esiNgisini, esiNgisini kunegama elithi "mahhala", elibhekisa ngokungaqondakali emananini, kepha alinaso isichasiso esivamile esisho inkululeko ngokungaqondakali. Ngakho-ke, uma ukhuluma olunye ulimi ngaphandle kwesiNgisi, siphakamisa ukuthi uhumushe igama elithi "mahhala" kusuka ku- "isoftware yamahhala" olimini lwakho ukuze likwenze kucace. Bona uhlu lwethu lokuhumusha kwenkulumo ethi "isoftware yamahhala" kwezinye izilimi.
Isoftware yamahhala ivame ukwethenjelwa ukwedlula isoftware engekho mahhala.
Isoftware yomthombo ovulekile
Abantu abaningi basebenzisa igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" isoftware ukubhekisa esigabeni esicishe sifane nesoftware yamahhala. Kodwa-ke, azilona uhlobo olufanayo lwesoftware: amukela amanye amalayisense esiwabheka njengabekelwe imingcele kakhulu, futhi kunamalayisense we-software wamahhala angakawamukeli. Kodwa-ke, umehluko phakathi kwalokho okuhlanganiswayo yilezi zigaba ezimbalwa: cishe yonke isoftware yamahhala ingumthombo ovulekile, futhi cishe yonke isoftware yomthombo ovulekile imahhala.
Sithanda igama elithi "isoftware yamahhala" ngoba libhekisa enkululekweni, into igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" elingenayo.
Isoftware yomphakathi
Isoftware yomphakathi yi-software engavikelwe yi-copyright. Kuyicala elikhethekile lesoftware yamahhala engavikelwe i-copyleft, okusho ukuthi amanye amakhophi noma izinhlobo eziguquliwe kungenzeka zingabi mahhala ngokuphelele.
Kwezinye izimo, uhlelo olusebenzayo lungaba sezindaweni zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuthi ikhodi yalo yomthombo itholakale. Le software akuyona isoftware yamahhala, ngoba ukuze ibe mahhala, ikhodi yomthombo kufanele ifinyeleleke. Ngokwengxenye yayo, isoftware emahhala akuyona isoftware yomphakathi; ivikelwe yi-copyright, futhi abanikazi be-copyright banikeze imvume esemthethweni kunoma ngubani ukuthi ayisebenzise ngokukhululeka esebenzisa ilayisensi ye-software yamahhala.
Kwesinye isikhathi igama elithi "isizinda esisesidlangalaleni" lisetshenziswa ngokukhululeka ukusho ukuthi "mahhala" noma "litholakala ngokukhululeka." Kodwa, "indawo esesidlangalaleni" yigama elisemthethweni futhi lisho ngqo "ngaphandle kwe-copyright." Ukuze kucace ngangokunokwenzeka, sincoma ukusetshenziswa kwe- "domain yomphakathi" ukuveza le ncazelo kuphela, nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izinkulumo ukudlulisa eyodwa ehambelana nayo.
Ngaphansi komhlangano waseBerne, osayinwe amazwe amaningi, noma yikuphi ukubhala okusha kune-copyright ezenzekelayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlelo. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna uhlelo olibhalile ukuthi lube sezindaweni zomphakathi, kufanele ulandele izinqubo ezithile zomthetho ukugwema lokho, ngokuzenzakalela, amalungelo okushicilela engezwa kuwo.
Isoftware evikelwe iCopyleft
Isoftware evikelwe iCopyleft yisoftware yamahhala imigomo yayo yokusatshalaliswa eqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amakhophi azo zonke izinhlobo ayisoftware yamahhala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi amalayisense we-copyleft awavumeli abantu besithathu ukuthi bangeze noma yiziphi izidingo ezingeziwe (ngaphandle kwezidingo ezimbalwa zokukhulisa ukuvikelwa kwabo) futhi zidinga ukuthi ikhodi yomthombo ibe sesidlangalaleni. Amanye amalayisense we-copyleft, njengenguqulo yesithathu ye-GPL, avimbela ezinye izindlela zokwenza isoftware iphatheke kahle.
EPhrojekthi ye-GNU, sikopisha cishe yonke isoftware esiyibhalayo, ngoba inhloso yethu ukunika wonke umsebenzisi inkululeko okushiwo yigama elithi "software yamahhala". Bona iCopyleft ivikelwe ukuthola eminye imininingwane yokuthi i-copyleft isebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani siyisebenzisa.
ICopyleft ingumqondo ojwayelekile; ukukopisha uhlelo, udinga ukusebenzisa isethi ethile yemigomo yokusabalalisa. Kunezindlela eziningi zokubhala imigomo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-copyleft, amalayisense amaningi we-software we-copyleft angahle abe khona ngokuvumelana. Kodwa-ke, ngokwenza cishe yonke isoftware ye-copyleft isebenzisa i-GNU General Public License. Ngokuvamile, amalayisense amabili we-copyleft "ahambisani", okusho ukuthi akukho emthethweni ukuhlanganisa ikhodi evikelwe yilawo malayisense; ngakho-ke, kungakuhle emphakathini uma bonke bebengasebenzisa ilayisense elilodwa le-copyleft.
Isoftware yamahhala ayivikelwe nge-copyleft
Isoftware yamahhala engeyona eye-copyleft ifaka imvume yombhali yokusabalalisa kabusha nokuguqula isoftware, kanye nemvume yokwengeza imikhawulo eyengeziwe.
Iqiniso lokuthi uhlelo lukhululekile kepha aluvikelekile nge-copyleft lisho ukuthi amanye amakhophi noma izinhlobo zalo eziguquliwe kungenzeka zingabi mahhala ngokuphelele. Inkampani yesoftware ingahlanganisa lolu hlelo, ngokulungiswa noma ngaphandle kwalo, bese isabalalisa ifayili elisebenzisekayo njengomkhiqizo wesoftware ophathelene nayo.
Uhlelo lwe-X Window luyisibonelo salokhu. I-Consortium X ikhipha i-X11 enamagama wokusabalalisa ayenza ibe isoftware yamahhala engeyona eye-copyleft. Uma ufisa, ungathola ikhophi enale migomo yokusatshalaliswa futhi imahhala. Kodwa-ke, kukhona nezinguqulo ezingekho mahhala, futhi kunezindawo zokusebenzela ezithandwayo namakhadi wehluzo e-PC lapho kusebenza khona izinguqulo ezingekho mahhala kuphela. Uma usebenzisa le hardware, i-X11 akuyona isoftware yakho yamahhala. Ngisho nabathuthukisi beX11 ngokwabo benze i-X11 isoftware engakhokhelwa isikhashana.
Isoftware embozwe nge-GPL
I-GNU General Public License (GPL) iqoqo elithile lamagama wokusabalalisa asetshenziselwa ukuvikela uhlelo lwe-copyleft. Iphrojekthi ye-GNU isebenzisa le layisensi ukusabalalisa iningi lesoftware ye-GNU.
Uhlelo lwe-GNU
Uhlelo lwe-GNU uhlelo olusebenzayo olufana ne-Unix, olwenziwe ngokuphelele ngesoftware yamahhala, esiyenze ku-GNU Project kusukela ngo-1984.
Isistimu yokusebenza efana ne-Unix yakhiwe yizinhlelo eziningi. Uhlelo lwe-GNU lubandakanya yonke isoftware ye-GNU, kanye namanye amaphakheji amaningi, njenge-X Window System ne-TeX, okungeyona isoftware ye-GNU.
Uhlobo lokuqala lwesivivinyo sohlelo oluphelele lwe-GNU lwalutholakala ngo-1996. Lwalufaka i-GNU Hurd, inhlamvu yethu, eyaqala ukwenziwa kusukela ngo-1990. Ngo-2001 uhlelo lwe-GNU (okubandakanya ne-GNU Hurd) lwaqala ukusebenza ngokuthembekile, kepha i-Hurd It yayiswele ezinye izici ezibalulekile, ngakho-ke ayisetshenziswa kabanzi. Okwamanje, uhlelo lwe-GNU / Linux, olususelwa kuhlelo lwe-GNU olusebenzisa iLinux njengekernel esikhundleni seGNU Hurd, lube yimpumelelo enkulu kusukela ngama-1990s.
Njengoba inhloso ye-GNU ukuthi ibe uhlelo lwamahhala, ingxenye ngayinye yezingxenye zayo kufanele ibe yisoftware yamahhala. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke okufanele zivikelwe yi-copyleft; ngokusemthethweni, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesoftware yamahhala lungafakwa uma lusiza ukufeza izinhloso zobuchwepheshe eziphakanyisiwe. Futhi akudingekile ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye ibe yisoftware ye-GNU ngawodwana. Uhlelo lwe-GNU lungafaka futhi lufake isoftware yamahhala engavikelwe yi-copyleft, efana ne-X Window System, eyakhiwa kwamanye amaphrojekthi.
Izinhlelo ze-GNU
Inkulumo ethi "Izinhlelo ze-GNU" ilingana nesoftware ye-GNU. Uhlelo lwe-Y luhlelo lwe-GNU uma kuyisoftware ye-GNU (isoftware ye-GNU Project). Kwesinye isikhathi sithi "yiphakheji ye-GNU".
Isoftware ye-GNU
Isoftware ye-GNU yisoftware ekhishwe ngaphansi kwephiko leProjekthi ye-GNU. Siphinde sibize uhlelo oluyi-software ye-GNU noma iphakheji le-GNU. Ifayela le-README noma ibhuku lephakheji le-GNU kufanele likhombise ukuthi kunjalo; ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Free Software Directory ikhomba wonke amaphakheji we-GNU.
Iningi lesoftware ye-GNU ivikelwe nge-copyleft, kepha hhayi yonke; noma kunjalo, yonke isoftware ye-GNU kufanele ibe yisoftware yamahhala.
Enye yesoftware ye-GNU ibhalwe ngabasebenzi beFree Software Foundation, kepha iningi lesoftware linikelwa ngamavolontiya. Kwisoftware enikelwe ngamavolontiya, kwesinye isikhathi umnikazi welungelo lobunikazi yiFree Software Foundation futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuba ababhalisi abayibhalile.
Isofthiwe ayikhululekile
Isoftware engakhokhelwa yinoma iyiphi isoftware engekho mahhala. Lokhu kufaka phakathi isoftware engenamahhala nesoftware ephathelene.
Isoftware engaphelele
Isoftware engaphelele iyisoftware engekho mahhala, kepha ifaka nemvume yokuthi abantu bayisebenzise, bayikopishe, bayisabalalise futhi bayishintshe (kufaka phakathi ukusatshalaliswa kwezinguqulo eziguquliwe) ngezinjongo ezingenzi nzuzo. I-PGP iyisibonelo sohlelo olukhululekile.
Isoftware engaphelele ingcono kakhulu kunesoftware ephathelene nokuthengisa, kepha kusenezinkinga ezingasivumeli ukuthi siyisebenzise ohlelweni lokusebenza lwamahhala.
Imikhawulo yeCopyleft yenzelwe ukuvikela inkululeko ebalulekile yabo bonke abasebenzisi. Kithina, umkhawulo okuyiwo kuphela ovunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kohlelo yilowo ovimbela ukwengezwa kwemikhawulo ngabanye abantu. Izinhlelo ezingena-semi zinemikhawulo eyengeziwe eshukunyiswa izinhloso zobugovu.
Akunakwenzeka ukufaka isoftware engenasistimu ohlelweni lokusebenza lwamahhala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imigomo yokusabalalisa yohlelo lokusebenza lwamahhala iyonke iyisihlanganisi semigomo yokusatshalaliswa kwazo zonke izinhlelo eziyibhalayo. Ukungezelela uhlelo olungaphelele kuma-system kuzokwenza ukuthi uhlelo luphelele lube mahhala. Kunezizathu ezimbili zokuthi kungani singafuni lokhu kwenzeke:
Sikholelwa ukuthi isoftware yamahhala kufanele ibe ngeyawo wonke umuntu, kufaka phakathi izinkampani, hhayi ezikoleni kuphela noma ezokungcebeleka kwangasese. Sifuna ukumema izinkampani ukuthi zisebenzise uhlelo oluphelele lwe-GNU, ngakho-ke akufanele sifake uhlelo olungenalutho kulo.
Ukusatshalaliswa kokuhweba kwezinhlelo zokusebenza mahhala, kufaka phakathi amasistimu we-GNU / Linux, kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi abasebenzisi bayakwazisa ukutholakala kokuhanjiswa kwezebhizinisi ku-CD-ROM. Ukufaka uhlelo olungahambanga kahle kuhlelo lokusebenza kungavimbela ukusatshalaliswa kwalo kwezebhizinisi ku-CD-ROM.
IFree Software Foundation uqobo ayiyona inhlangano yezentengiso, ngakho-ke ingasebenzisa uhlelo olungaphelele "ngaphakathi" ngokusemthethweni. Kepha akunjalo, ngoba kuzoba nomthelela omubi emizameni yethu yokuthola izinhlelo esingazifaka ohlelweni lwe-GNU.
Inqobo nje uma kunomsebenzi odinga ukwenziwa nge-software futhi ungenalo uhlelo lokukwenza, uhlelo lwe-GNU luzobe luntuleka. Kufanele sithi kumavolontiya, "Asinalo uhlelo lokwenza lo msebenzi eGNU Project okwamanje, ngakho-ke siyethemba ukuthi uzowubhala." Uma besisebenzisa uhlelo olungaphelele ukwenza lowo msebenzi, besingakudicilela phansi lokho esikusho thina; nomfutho (wethu nowalabo abangabelana ngemibono yethu) ukubhala enye indlela yamahhala izolahleka. Ngakho-ke, asazi.
Isoftware yokuphathelene
Isoftware yobunikazi isoftware engekho mahhala futhi engenawo umugqa. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo, ukwabiwa kabusha noma ukuguqulwa akuvunyelwe, kudinga ukuthi ucele ukugunyazwa, noma kukhawulelwe kangangokuthi empeleni awukwazi ukukwenza ngokukhululeka.
IFree Software Foundation ilandela umthetho wokuthi singafaka kuphela uhlelo lobunikazi kumakhompyutha ethu, lapho senza lokho okwesikhashana futhi ngenhloso yokubhala enye indlela yamahhala kulolo hlelo olufanayo. Ngaphandle kwaleli cala elithile, sikholwa ukuthi asikho isizathu esingaba khona sokufaka uhlelo lobunikazi.
Isibonelo, sasikholelwa ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-Unix kumakhompyutha ethu ngawo-1980 kwakuvumelekile, ngoba besikusebenzisa ukubhala enye indlela yamahhala ye-Unix uqobo. Njengamanje, uma kubhekwa ukuthi kunezinhlelo zokusebenza zamahhala ezitholakalayo, lesi sizathu asisasebenzi; sesiqede zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingekho mahhala; futhi kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha entsha sifaka isistimu yokusebenza yamahhala ngokuphelele.
Asigcizeleli ukuthi abasebenzisi be-GNU noma abanikeli balandele leli zinga. Sizakhela leli zinga. Kepha siyethemba ukuthi nabo bazothatha isinqumo sokumlandela.
freeware
Igama elithi "i-freeware" alinayo incazelo ecacile eyamukelwe, kepha livame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhekisa kumaphakeji angasatshalaliswa kodwa angaguqulwa (futhi ikhodi yomthombo wayo engatholakali). Lawa mapakeji akuyona isoftware yamahhala. Ngakho-ke, sicela ungasebenzisi igama elithi "freeware" ukubhekisa kwisoftware yamahhala.
Shareware
I-Shareware yi-software evunyelwe ukusabalalisa amakhophi, kodwa kwikhophi ngayinye esetshenzisiwe, umsebenzisi kufanele akhokhe imali yelayisense.
I-Shareware ayiyona isoftware yamahhala, noma ngabe ayikhululekile. Lokhu kunjalo ngezizathu ezimbili:
Kwi-shareware eningi, ikhodi yomthombo ayitholakali; ngakho-ke, awukwazi ukuguqula uhlelo nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Awukwazi ukwenza ikhophi ye-shareware bese uyifaka ngaphandle kokukhokha imali yelayisense, ngisho nakubantu abayisebenzisela imisebenzi engenzi nzuzo (empeleni, abasebenzisi bavame ukungayinaki imigomo yokusabalalisa futhi benze kanjalo noma kunjalo, kepha le migomo ayivumeli it).
Isofthiwe eyimfihlo
Isoftware yangasese noma yangokwezifiso isoftware eyenzelwe umsebenzisi (imvamisa inhlangano noma inkampani). Lo msebenzisi unayo futhi uyayisebenzisa, futhi akayikhipheli emphakathini njengekhodi yomthombo noma kanambambili.
Uhlelo oluyimfihlo luyisoftware yamahhala ngomqondo omncane uma umsebenzisi wayo kuphela enamalungelo agcwele kuyo. Kodwa-ke, uma ucubungula umbuzo ngokujule kakhudlwana, umbuzo wokuthi uhlelo olunjalo lukhululekile yini ulahlekelwa yincazelo yalo.
Ngokuvamile asikholwa ukuthi ukwenza uhlelo nokungalukhululi kuyiphutha. Kunezikhathi lapho uhlelo luwusizo olukhulu kangako ukuze luzilondolozele wena lulimaze isintu. Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo eziningi azimnandi kangako, futhi ukungazikhululi akulimazi kangako. Ngakho-ke, akukho kungqubuzana phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware yangasese noma yangokwezifiso kanye nemigomo yokuhamba kwesoftware yamahhala.
Iningi lokuqashwa kwabahleli bezinhlelo ukwenziwa kwesoftware yangokwezifiso; ngakho-ke, imisebenzi eminingi yohlelo ingenziwa, noma ingenziwa ngendlela ehambisana nokunyakaza kwesoftware kwamahhala.
Isoftware yezentengiso
Isoftware yezentengiso yileyo eyenziwe yibhizinisi ehlose ukuthola imali ekusetshenzisweni kwayo. "Ukuhweba" kanye "nokuphathelene" akufani! Iningi lesoftware yezentengiselwano ingumnikazi wobunikazi, kepha kukhona isoftware yamahhala ethengiswayo, futhi kukhona nesoftware engekho kwezentengiso.
Isibonelo, i-Ada ye-GNU ihlala ikhishwa ngaphansi kwemigomo ye-GNU GPL, futhi ikhophi ngalinye liyi-software yamahhala; noma kunjalo, abathuthukisi bayo benza izinkontileka zesondlo. Amakhasimende anentshisekelo kwesinye isikhathi aphawula kubathengisi: "Singazizwa silondeke kakhudlwana ngomhlanganisi wezentengiso." Abathengisi baphendula bathi kubo: “I-Ada evela ku-GNU ihlanganisa ukuhweba; ngokukhethekile ukuthi futhi kuyisoftware yamahhala ».
NgeProjekthi ye-GNU, ukugcizelelwa kukwelinye izinga: into ebalulekile ukuthi i-Ada ye-GNU isoftware yamahhala; noma ngabe ezentengiso akuyona inkinga ebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwe-GNU Ada okuvela ekuthengisweni kwayo kuzuzisa nakanjani.
Sicela usize ekusabalaliseni igama lokuthi kungenzeka isoftware yamahhala. Ungakwenza lokhu ngokuzama ukungasho ukuthi "ukuhweba" lapho okusho ukuthi "kungumnikazi."
Umthombo: Isoftware Samahhala (FSF)