Umbono weBash

0. Inkomba

1. Izinto ezenzeka kubantu abaningi
2. Ukwakheka kweskripthi
3. Phrinta esikrinini
4. Funda okokufaka komsebenzisi
5. Izibalo ku-bash
6. Izimo
7. Izihibe
8. Imisebenzi
9. Ama-Getops

1. Izinto ezenzeka kubantu abaningi

/ bin / bash noma / bin / sh

Enye yezinto zokuqala ezenziwa ngumshini lapho wenza iskripthi sethu ukuthi ubheka ukuthi iyiphi igobolondo okufanele ayenze nayo. Kuzinhlelo eziningi zamanje ze-linux / bin / sh isixhumanisi se / bin / bash, kepha lokhu akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngokwesibonelo ekusabalaliseni okusebenzisayo umatasa baletha Sh futhi imvamisa nazo ziletha Bash, kepha uma usebenzisa / bin / sh, ngeke isebenze neBash. Kungakho ngincoma ukusebenzisa njalo / bin / bash.

I-Unicode vs ASCII

Wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani ungakwazi ukusebenzisa "¿" noma "ñ" kwizikripthi zakho? Noma sebenzisa ama-accents? Kungacasula impela kwizikripthi ezisebenzisanayo. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi ukufakwa kwamakhodi okuzenzakalelayo kweBash yi-ASCII, noma okufanayo, isethi yohlamvu lwesiNgisi. Ukuyiguqula kufanele sitshele iskripthi sethu ukuthi sifuna ukusebenzisa i-Unicode. Ngalokho kufanele ungeze umugqa ngemuva nje komhumushi womyalo:

# - * - Ukufaka: UTF-8 - * -

Qaphela, kubalulekile ukuthi lo mugqa usekuqaleni kweskripthi.

Yenza iskripthi sisebenze

Kuyahlekisa ukuthi bangaki abantu abasebenzisa imibhalo nge- «$ bashscript.sh" esikhundleni se "$ ./script.sh»Ngemuva kwakho konke, yilokho esikuchazele igobolondo.

Ukuze ungeze izimvume zokwenza, kufanele usebenzise:

I-sudo + x script.sh

BIN = "ifolda lapho sinemibhalo khona" PATH = "$ BIN $ PATH"

2. Ukwakheka kombhalo

1. Unhlokweni
2. Incazelo yokuguquguquka komhlaba
3. Usizo
4. Imisebenzi
5. Umzimba omkhulu

Unhlokweni kulapho sikhomba khona ukuthi yiliphi igobolondo esifuna ukulisebenzisa nokufaka ikhodi. Ubuhle bemisebenzi ukusebenzisa kabusha ikhodi ephindaphindwe ngokuyibhala kanye kuphela nokwenza kube lula ukuqonda iskripthi, ngoba ikhodi edlula imigqa eyi-100 ilusizo kakhulu.

Ukuze usebenzise imisebenzi, kufanele ichazwe ngaphambi komzimba omkhulu wesikripthi sethu. Futhi uma sifuna ukusebenzisa okuguqukayo ezingeni lomhlaba lawo wonke umbhalo wethu, emzimbeni oyinhloko nasemisebenzini, kufanele sikuchaze ekuqaleni kwakho konke, ngemuva nje kukanhlokweni.

Okokugcina, kuwumkhuba omuhle ukubhala umsebenzi wokusiza lapho iskripthi sethu sihamba kabi noma sinamapharamitha amabi. Ngokusobala, kulezo zimo sifuna ukuphuma kwiskripthi ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokufunda imisebenzi. Ngalokho singakusebenzisa:

umsebenzi wosizo () {echo "" "Umbhalo wethu wosizo owakheke kahle." "" phuma uma [[-z $ 1 || $ 1 == "-h" || $ 1 == "- usizo"]]; bese usiza fi

Uma sifaka "ukuphuma" emsebenzini wosizo, sizophuma kwiskripthi njalo lapho sisebenzisa usizo, ngokwesibonelo ngemuva kwemiyalezo yephutha, njll. Sigcina imigqa embalwa yekhodi.

Isimo sikhombisa usizo lokubonisa esikrinini bese uphuma uma iskripthi sisebenza ngaphandle kwemingcele noma uma -h / –help icacisiwe. Uma uyibuka, lokho kungukuziphatha okujwayelekile kwezinhlelo eziningi ze-linux.

3. Phrinta esibukweni

Kunemiyalo emibili eyinhloko yokuphrinta ukuskena ku-bash:qalisa»Futhi«printf«. Zombili ziyashesha futhi zombili ziyingxenye ye-bash. Umehluko omkhulu wabaqalayo ukuthi i-echo ingeza umugqa omusha ekugcineni, ngenkathi «printf»Akunjalo.

I-Echo yinhle kakhulu futhi iyilokho abantu abaningi abakusebenzisayo, noma kunjalo lapho ufunda i-INPUT yomsebenzisi, noma lapho ufuna ukuphrinta okuguquguqukayo okuthathwe kumafayili ngokucubungula amagama, izinto eziyinqaba zingenzeka. Imvamisa zixazululwa kalula, njengokulula njengokushintsha izingcaphuno eziphindwe kabili ziye kokukodwa noma okuphambene nalokho, noma kukhishwe izinkomba eziguquguqukayo kuzilinganiso. «Echo»Ingabe izinto ezingajwayelekile futhi kuya ngokuthi yahlanganiswa kanjani, uma sihlala sisebenzisa Ubuntu noma iFedora njalo, akusithinti thina, kepha uma sishintsha ukwabiwa kuyenzeka.

Yingakho ngisebenzisa «printf«, Okunganginiki ikhanda futhi futhi kuziphatha njengokufana«printf»Kusuka ku-C noma i-«ukuphrinta»NgePython, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma ngabe ufuna ukufaka umbhalo wakho kolunye ulimi lohlelo.

4. Funda okokufaka komsebenzisi

Konke esikubhala ngemuva kwegama lesikripthi sethu nangaphambi kokushaya ukhiye we-ENTER kugcinwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokuhlukahluka okukhethekile. Lokhu okuguqukayo kungohlobo lwe- $ X lapho i-X iyinombolo.

«$0»Ikhombisa igama lesikripthi sethu futhi kusuka ku-«$1»Ukungapheli konke esikubhalile kamuva kuyahlukahluka. Ngokwesibonelo:

ikati << EOF >> test.sh #! / bin / bash # - * - ENODING: UTF-8 - * - printf "\ $ 0 = $ 0 \ n" printf "\ $ 1 = $ 1 \ n" printf "\ $ 2 = $ 2 \ n "EOF chmod + x script.sh ./script.sh ifayela lami.txt

Sakha iskripthi sokuhlola, sikwenze sisebenzise, ​​futhi sisebenzise ngamapharamitha ama-2. Sithola ukukhishwa kwesikrini kwe:

$ 0 = ./script.sh $ 1 = my $ 2 = file.txt

Sisebenzisa izingcaphuno besingadlulisa i- "my file.txt" to "$ 1".

Singafunda futhi i-INPUT yomsebenzisi ngomyalo othi "funda", okukhombisa ngqo okuguqukayo lapho sifuna ukugcina ipharamitha. Ngokwesibonelo:

phrinta "Ngubani igama lakho? \ n" funda i-NAME printf "Sawubona, $ NAME. \ n"

5. Izibalo eBash

Ngalokho singasebenzisa «veza«, Uma nje singadingi ukwenza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kufanele kuqashelwe izinto ezimbili, eyokuqala ukuthi «veza»Kuvuma kuphela izinombolo eziphelele, okwesibili ukuthi ukwahlukana kubuyisa wonke umphumela, ukubona okunye esingakusebenzisa«%".

Imvamisa sizofuna ukwabela umphumela we-expr kokuguqukayo. Singakwenza lokho ngezindlela ezimbili:

I-VAR2 = `expr $ VAR1 / 10` VAR2 = $ (expr $ VAR1 / 100)

Ungase futhi weqe «veza»Kusetshenziswa abakaki abakabili:

I-VAR2 = $ (($ VAR1 / 100))

I-6 Izimo

Isivele ibhalwe ngendlela ebanzi kakhulu mayelana ne- «if«,«futhi«,«elif»Nemibandela. Ungafunda ngalokhu ku:

• Ukuhlela eBash: ingxenye 1
• UBash: uma-ke, kungenjalo ezinye izimo
• Bheka ukuthi ngabe ifayili noma ifolda ikhona noma cha nokuningi nge-loop
• Ukuhlela eBash: ingxenye 2

Ngifuna ukugqamisa umehluko phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwabakaki abayisikwele abalula, «[]«, Futhi kubakaki ababili,«[[]]«, Okwezimo. Ngabakaki ababili singasebenzisa izimo ezingeziwe:

• «&&»Okwe futhi
• «||»Okwe noma

Ukusebenzisa "&&»Futhi«||»Ngamabakaki alula ayisikwele, ingxenye ngayinye kufanele ihlukaniswe kubakaki abayisikwele abahlukene. Isibonelo esisetshenziselwe ingxenye yeskripthi esibheka ukubona ukuthi ngabe usizo ludinga ukwenziwa kungaba yini:

uma [-z "$ 1"] || ["$ 1" == "-h"] || ["$ 1" == "--help"]]; bese usiza fi

Futhi kuyasisindisa ekubeni sibhale amagama ahlukahlukene ngezilinganiso zokuvikela amaphutha. Ngokwesibonelo:

uma [$ 1 = 1]; bese uphrinta "Ipharamitha ilingana no-1"; fi uma ["$ 1" = 1]; bese uphrinta "Ipharamitha ilingana no-1"; fi uma [[$ 1 = 1]]; bese uphrinta "Ipharamitha ilingana no-1"; fi

Uma i-script.sh isebenza ngaphandle kwemingcele, icala lokuqala linganikeza iphutha:

bash: [: =: opharetha ongabizi kulindeleke

Okungakhulunywa ngakho yi- «icala«, Okusetshenziselwa ukwenza lula«if«. Ake siqale ekuqaleni, lapho singenayo i- «if»Yonke ikhodi izokwenziwa. Uma sengeza isimo «if»Sizoba namacala amabili, elilodwa lapho ibhulokhi yekhodi engaphakathi kwe-«if»Futhi elinye icala lapho leli bhulokhi lingenziwanga.

Uma sifaka i- «futhi«Sizophinde sibe namacala amabili, kepha lawa macala amabili ahlukile kulawa wangaphambilini. Ngoba manje kuzoba namabhulokhi wamakhodi amabili anemibandela, u-A no-B, no-C block, okuluhlelo lonke. U-A noma u-B uzobulawa, kanti u-C esimweni esedlule bekungu-A no-C noma u-C kuphela.

Ukugwema izimo zokubhala «uma / okunye"ngaphakathi"futhi»Futhi ukwenza kube lula ukufundwa kwekhodi, yadalwa«elif«. Lapho sinezimo eziningi ezincike kokwedlule, ngokwesibonelo uhla lwezinombolo noma uhlobo:

I-VAR1 = $ 1 uma [[$ VAR1 = 1]]; bese uphrinta "1 \ n" elif [[$ VAR1 = 2]]; bese uphrinta "2 \ n" elif [[$ VAR1 = 3]]; bese uphrinta u- "3 \ n" else printf "none \ n" fi

Endabeni yokugcina «elif»Kuzofundwa izimo eziningi. Uma kwenzeka le nqubo ihlelwa kalula:

I-VAR1 = $ 1 case $ VAR in 1) printf "1 \ n" ;; 2) ukuphrinta "2 \ n" ;; 3 | 4) printf "3 noma 4, kuya \ n" ;; *) printf "none \ n" ;; ukuthi uC

Ukuguquguquka kuzofundwa, kuleli cala i-VAR1, futhi kuzobonakala ukuthi ngabe kuyalingana nanoma yimaphi amacala, uma kungenjalo, kuzokwenziwa icala elizenzakalelayo "*". Ama-semicolon aphindwe kabili alingana no- «ukuphuka«, Batshela«icala»Lokho kufanele kuphele.

7. Izihibe

Ambalwa kakhulu amaluphu aziwa kunoma yiluphi ulimi lohlelo. EBash bayi «ngenkathi«,«kuze»Futhi«ngoba«. Sekuvele kubhaliwe kubhulogi mayelana nalezi:

• Ukuhlela eBash: ingxenye 1
• Ukuhlela eBash: ingxenye2

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamaluphu «ngoba«, Lezo eziwuhlobo«$ ye-VAR ku-LOQUESEA»Futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zohlobo C«$ ye ((I = 0; I <= 10; I ++))«. Uhlobo lwesibili lwezihibe «ngoba»Ziwusizo kakhulu, inezingxenye ezi-3 ekuqaleni kwe-loop:

• Isimemezelo nokuqaliswa kokuguquguqukayo (Kulesi simo okuguquguqukayo okusizayo "I = 0").
• Isimo sokwenza (ngize ngibe ngaphansi noma ngilingane no-10).
• Ukwandiswa kokuhlukahluka okusizayo

Ngokubona kwami ​​kuyiluphu enamandla kunazo zonke. Isibonelo, esiphrinta zonke izinombolo kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-10, okubandakanya:

#! / bin / bash ye ((I = 0; I <= 10; I ++)); yenza ukuphrinta "$ I \ n" kwenziwe

8. Imisebenzi

Kunezinto uBash angasivumeli ukuba sizenze, akunjalo? Uma uthi nhlá, imisebenzi ye-bash ikuvimbela ekwenzeni izinto ezi-3: ukumemezela okuguquguqukayo kwasendaweni emisebenzini, ukudlulisa amapharamitha emisebenzini, nokubuyisa amapharamitha. Konke kunesixazululo.

Ungenzi okufana nalokhu:

#! / bin / bash VAR = 1 printc "$ VAR \ n" function hello () {VAR = 2 printf "$ VAR \ n"} sawubona printf "$ VAR \ n"

Lokhu kuprinta kusikrini 1, 2 no-2.

Ukumemezela okuguquguqukayo kwasendaweni, engeza i- «wendawo»Lapho kumenyezelwa:

#! / bin / bash VAR = 1 printf "$ VAR1 \ n" function foo () {local VAR1 = 2 printf "$ VAR1 \ n"} printf "$ VAR1 \ n" foo printf "$ VAR1 \ n"

Lokhu kuprinta 1, 1, 2, 1 esikrinini.

Udlulisa kanjani amapharamitha emsebenzini?

#! / bin / bash # - * - Ukufaka: UTF-8 - * - function hello () {printf "Hello $ 1 \ n"}

phrinta "Ngubani igama lakho? \ n"
funda i-VAR1
sawubona $ VAR1

Ibuyiselwa kanjani imingcele?

#! / bin / bash # - * - ENCODING: UTF-8 - * - function hello () {printf "Hello holita"} printf "Ubani igama lakho? \ n" funda i-VAR1 VAR1 = $ (sawubona) # LAPHA KUKHONA phrinta "$ VAR1 $ VAR2 \ n"

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, lokhu kunezingqinamba ezimbili, ungabuyisa ipharamitha eyodwa kuphela, engaba i-vector 😀, futhi uma ufuna ukubuyisa ipharamitha, awusakwazi ukuphrinta esikrinini kulowo msebenzi.

9. Ama-Getops

Enye yezinto zokugcina odinga ukuzazi ngeBash ukudala imibhalo eyinkimbinkimbi yi- «getops«. Isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa izinketho kwisikripthi ngaphandle kwe-oda. Okuwukuphela kokubi ukuthi kuthinta kuphela izinketho ezimfushane:

#! / bin / bash # - * - Ukufaka: UTF-8 - * - VARC = 0 usizo lomsebenzi () {printf "Umlayezo wosizo \ n" phuma} uma [[--z $ 1]]; bese usiza fi ngenkathi uthola: ha: b: c UKUKHETHA; yenza icala $ OPT ku h) usizo ;; :) Usizo ;; a) VARA = $ OPTARG ;; b) I-VARB = $ OPTARG ;; c) VARC = 1 ;; \?) Usizo ;; esac kwenziwe # Main block of the script # owenza izinto nge-VARA, VARB ne-VARC

«Ama-Getopts»Ufunda izinketho ngamunye ngamunye, ngakho-ke kudingeka iluphu.

Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zezinketho ezingadluliselwa kusetshenziswa i- «uthole":

• Amapharamitha abizwa ngamafulegi, kuleli cala -c noma -h. Kucacisiwe ngohlamvu esifuna ukulusebenzisa. Zifana nokuguquguquka kweBoolean, «weqiniso»(Are) noma«bamanga"(Abekho lapha).
• Amapharamitha anezimpikiswano ezihambisanayo, -a noma yini, -b noma yini. Kucacisiwe ngohlamvu esilufunayo ngekholoni engezansi. Impikiswano igcinwe ku-OPTARG (leli gama aliguquki).

Wenzani lo mbhalo?

Ibonisa umlayezo wosizo lapho kungekho nketho edluliswayo, lapho ipharamitha engu - "-h" iphasiswa, lapho kudluliswa ipharamitha engavumelekile (ngokwesibonelo "-x", lokhu kwenziwa ngu - "\?") Noma uma ipharamitha evumelekile engenangxabano (":"). Kuwo wonke amanye amacala igcina ubukhona be- "-c" njenge-1 ku-VARC, futhi amanani adluliswe ngo - "-a" kanye no "-b" ku-VARA nase-VARB.