Izimvume namalungelo ku-Linux

Bangaki kithi abake baba nesidingo "sokukhawulela ukufinyelela" kumafayili aqukethwe kuhla lwemibhalo / ifolda ethile noma simane nje sidinga ukuvimbela abanye abantu ekubukeni, ekususeni noma ekuguquleni okuqukethwe kwefayela elithile? Ngaphezu kweyodwa, akunjalo? Singayifinyelela ku-penguin wethu othandekayo? Impendulo ithi: Yebo kunjalo : D.

Isingeniso

Abaningi bethu abavela eWindows, bebejwayele ukubhekana nale "nkinga" ngendlela ehluke kakhulu, ukufeza le njongo bekufanele sisebenzise "amasu" angajwayelekile, njengokufihla ifayela ngezimpawu zalo, ukuhambisa imininingwane eya endaweni ekude kakhulu yethimba lethu (ngaphakathi kwamafolda angama-20,000 XNUMX) ukuzama ukunqanda "isitha" sethu se-XD, ukushintsha noma ukususa isandiso sefayela, noma imikhuba "ejwayelekile" yokulanda uhlelo olusivumela ukuthi " vala ”umkhombandlela wethu ngemuva kwebhokisi lebhokisi elincomekayo elicela iphasiwedi ukuthola lona. Sibe nenye indlela engcono kakhulu? Cha.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ungawafaka kanjani ama-HDD noma ukwahlukanisa nge-terminal

Ngiyaxolisa kakhulu kubangani bami be "Windoleros" (ngikusho ngothando olukhulu ukuze kungabikho muntu okhubekayo, kulungile?;)), Kepha namuhla kuzofanele ngizifundise kancane ngeWindows: P, ngoba ngizochaza ukuthi kungani le OS ingavumeli native lokhu kusebenza.

Bangaki kini abake babona ukuthi uma sihlala ngemuva kwekhompyutha ye- "Windows" (noma ngabe akuyona eyethu) siba ngabanikazi bayo yonke into equkethwe yikhompyutha (izithombe, amadokhumenti, izinhlelo, njll.)? Ngiqonde ukuthini? Yebo, ngokumane sithathe i- "control of Windows", singakopisha, sihambise, sisuse, sakhe, sivule noma siguqule amafolda namafayela kwesokunxele nakwesokudla, noma ngabe singabanikazi balolu lwazi noma cha. Lokhu kukhombisa iphutha elikhulu ekuphepheni kohlelo lokusebenza, akunjalo? Hhayi-ke, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza zeMicrosoft bezingakhelwanga ukusuka phansi ukuze zisebenzise abasebenzisi abaningi. Lapho kukhishwa izinhlobo ze-MS-DOS kanye nezinye ze-Windows, bathembele ngokuphelele ukuthi umsebenzisi wokugcina uzoba nesibopho "sokuqapha" ikhompyutha yabo ukuze kungabikho omunye umsebenzisi okwazi ukufinyelela kulwazi olugcinwe kuyo. ¬. Manje bangani beWinUsers, usuyazi vele ukuthi kungani kunale "mpicabadala": D.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-GNU / Linux, njengoba iyisistimu eyakhelwe ngokuyinhloko ukuxhumana, ukuphepha kwemininingwane esiyigcina kumakhompyutha ethu (ingasaphathwa kumaseva) kubalulekile, ngoba abasebenzisi abaningi bazokwazi ukufinyelela noma ingxenye yezinsizakusebenza zesoftware (zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza nolwazi) ne-hardware ephethwe kulawa makhompyutha.

Manje siyabona ukuthi kungani isidingo sohlelo lwemvume? Masingene esihlokweni;).

I-athikili ehlobene:

I-DU: ungabuka kanjani izinkomba eziyi-10 ezithatha isikhala esiningi

Ku-GNU / Linux, izimvume noma amalungelo abasebenzisi abangaba nawo ngaphezulu kwamafayela athile aqukethwe kuwo asungulwa ngamazinga amathathu ahlukaniswe ngokusobala. La mazinga amathathu ami kanje:

<° Izimvume Zomnikazi.
<° Izimvume zeqembu.
<° Izimvume zabanye abasebenzisi (noma ezibizwa nangokuthi "abanye").

Ukucaca ngale mibono, ezinhlelweni zenethiwekhi (njengepenguin) kuhlale kunesibalo somlawuli, umphathi omkhulu noma impande. Lo mphathi uphethe ukudala nokususa abasebenzisi, kanye nokusungula amalungelo ezoba nawo ngamunye wabo ohlelweni. Lawa malungelo asungulelwa umkhombandlela womsebenzisi ngamunye we-HOME kanye nezinkomba namafayela umphathi anquma ukuthi umsebenzisi angawafinyelela.

Izimvume zomnikazi

Umnikazi ngumsebenzisi okhiqiza noma odala ifayili / ifolda ngaphakathi kohla lwemibhalo olusebenzayo (IKHAYA), noma kolunye umkhombandlela onamalungelo ngaphezulu. Umsebenzisi ngamunye unamandla okwenza, ngokuzenzakalela, amafayela awafunayo ngaphakathi kohla lwemibhalo olusebenzayo. Ngokomthetho, nguye futhi kuphela ozokwazi ukufinyelela kulwazi oluqukethwe kumafayela nezikhombisi kuhla lwemibhalo lwakho EKHAYA.

Izimvume zeqembu

Into ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ukuthi umsebenzisi ngamunye ungoweqembu lomsebenzi. Ngale ndlela, lapho iqembu liphethwe, bonke abasebenzisi abangabalo baphethwe. Ngamanye amagama, kulula ukuhlanganisa abasebenzisi abaningana eqenjini elinikezwe amalungelo athile ohlelweni kunokunikeza amalungelo ngokuzimela kumsebenzisi ngamunye.

Izimvume zabo bonke abanye abasebenzisi

Okokugcina, amalungelo wamafayela aqukethwe kunoma iyiphi inkomba angagcinwa futhi nakwabanye abasebenzisi okungebona abaseqenjini lokusebenza lapho kufakwa khona ifayela okukhulunywa ngalo. Ngamanye amagama, abasebenzisi okungebona beqembu lomsebenzi okukhona kulo ifayela, kepha abangabamanye amaqembu eqembu, babizwa ngokuthi abanye abasebenzisi bohlelo.

Kuhle kakhulu, kepha ngingakukhomba kanjani konke lokhu? Kulula, vula ukuphela bese wenza okulandelayo:

$ ls -l

Nota: yizinhlamvu ezincane "L" 😉

Kuzovela into efana nale elandelayo:

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, lo myalo ukhombisa noma "ubala" okuqukethwe IKHAYA lami, esisebenzelana nakho yimigqa ebomvu nebomvu. Ibhokisi elibomvu lisikhombisa ukuthi ngubani umnikazi futhi ibhokisi eliluhlaza likhombisa ukuthi yiliphi iqembu ngalinye lamafayela namafolda abhalwe ngenhla angaphansi. Kulokhu, bobabili umnikazi neqembu babizwa nge- "Perseus", kepha kungenzeka ukuthi bahlangane neqembu elihlukile njenge- "sales". Kokunye, ungakhathazeki okwamanje, sizobona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: D.

Izinhlobo zezimvume ku-GNU / Linux

Ngaphambi kokufunda ukuthi izimvume zisethwe kanjani ku-GNU / Linux, kufanele sazi ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamafayela uhlelo olungaba nawo zingahlukaniswa kanjani.

Ifayela ngalinye ku-GNU / Linux likhonjwa ngezinhlamvu eziyi-10, ezibizwa imaski. Kulezi zinhlamvu eziyi-10, owokuqala (kusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla) ubhekisa ohlotsheni lwefayela. Abangu-9 abalandelayo, ukusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla naku-block 3, kubhekisa kuzimvume ezinikezwayo, ngokulandelana, kumnikazi, iqembu nakwabanye noma kwabanye. Isithombe-skrini ukukhombisa zonke lezi zinto:

Uhlamvu lokuqala lwamafayela kungaba okulandelayo:

Uxolo	Khomba
-	Faka kungobo yomlando
d	Isiqondisi
b	Ifayela Elikhethekile Lokuvimba (Amafayela Akhethekile Wedivayisi)
c	Ifayela lezinhlamvu ezikhethekile (idivayisi ye-tty, iphrinta ...)
l	Xhuma ifayela noma isixhumanisi (isixhumanisi esithambile / esingokomfanekiso)
p	Ifayela elikhethekile lesiteshi (ipayipi noma ipayipi)

Izinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalolunye ezilandelayo izimvume ezinikezwe abasebenzisi bohlelo. Zonke izinhlamvu ezintathu, umnikazi, iqembu, nezinye izimvume zomsebenzisi ziyakhonjwa.

Izinhlamvu ezichaza lezi zimvume yilezi ezilandelayo:

Uxolo	Khomba
-	Ngaphandle kwemvume
r	Funda imvume
w	Bhala imvume
x	Imvume yokwenza

Izimvume zefayela

<° Ukufunda: ngokuyisisekelo kukuvumela ukubuka okuqukethwe kwefayela.
<° Bhala: ikuvumela ukuthi uguqule okuqukethwe kwefayela.
<° Ukwenza: kuvumela ifayela ukuthi lenziwe sengathi luhlelo olusebenzayo.

Izimvume zemibhalo

<° Funda: Ivumela ukwazi ukuthi yimaphi amafayela nezinkomba umkhombandlela onale mvume uqukethe.
<° Bhala: ikuvumela ukuthi udale amafayela enkombeni, kungaba amafayela ajwayelekile noma izinkomba ezintsha. Izinkomba zingasuswa, amafayela akopishwe enkombeni, ahanjiswe, aqanjwe kabusha, njll.
<° Ukwenza: kukuvumela ukuthi udlule kwisikhombi ukuze ukwazi ukuhlola okuqukethwe yikho, ukopishe amafayela ususe noma uye kuso. Uma futhi unezimvume zokufunda nokubhala, ungenza yonke imisebenzi engenzeka kumafayela nakwizikhombisi-ndlela.

Nota: Uma ungenayo imvume yokwenza, ngeke sikwazi ukufinyelela leso siqondisi (noma ngabe sisebenzisa umyalo "cd"), ngoba lesi senzo sizonqatshwa. Ibuye ivumele ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa komkhombandlela njengengxenye yendlela (njengalapho sidlulisa indlela yefayela etholakala kuleyo nkomba njengereferensi. Ake sithi sifuna ukukopisha ifayela "X.ogg" elisefolda " / home / perso / Z ”- lapho ifolda ethi" Z "ingenayo imvume yokusebenzisa-, singenza okulandelayo:

$ cp /home/perseo/Z/X.ogg /home/perseo/Y/

ukuthola ngalokhu umyalezo wephutha usitshela ukuthi asinazo izimvume ezanele zokufinyelela kufayela: D). Uma imvume yokusebenzisa isiqondisi ingasebenzi, uzokwazi ukubona okuqukethwe kwayo (uma ufunde imvume), kepha ngeke ukwazi ukufinyelela noma yiziphi izinto eziqukethwe kuyo, ngoba lo mkhombandlela uyingxenye yendlela edingekayo ukuxazulula indawo yezinto zakho.

Ukuphathwa kwemvume ku-GNU / Linux

Kuze kube manje, sesibonile ukuthi yiziphi izimvume zethu ku-GNU / Linux, ngokulandelayo sizobona ukuthi singabela kanjani noma sisuse kanjani izimvume noma amalungelo.

Ngaphambi kokuqala, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi lapho sibhalisa noma senza umsebenzisi ohlelweni, sibanikeza amalungelo ngokuzenzakalela. Lawa malungelo, vele, ngeke abe aphelele, okusho ukuthi, abasebenzisi ngokuvamile ngeke babe nezimvume namalungelo afanayo ophethe amandla amakhulu. Lapho umsebenzisi edalwa, uhlelo lukhiqiza ngokuzenzakalela amalungelo omsebenzisi wokuphathwa kwefayela nokuphathwa kwesiqondisi. Ngokusobala, lokhu kungaguqulwa ngumlawuli, kepha uhlelo lukhiqiza amalungelo acishe acishe asebenze emisebenzini eminingi umsebenzisi ngamunye azoyenza enkombeni yabo, kumafayili abo nakwizikhombisi namafayela abanye abasebenzisi. Ngokuvamile lezi izimvume ezilandelayo:

<° Okwamafayela: - rw-r-- r--
<° Okwezinkomba: - rwx rwx

Nota: akuzona izimvume ezifanayo kukho konke ukusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU / Linux.

Lawa malungelo asivumela ukuthi sakhe, sikopishe futhi sisuse amafayela, sakhe izinkomba ezintsha, njll. Ake sibone konke lokhu ngokwenza: D:

Masithathe ifayela le- "Advanced CSS.pdf" njengesibonelo. Qaphela ukuthi livela kanjena: -rw-r--r-- … Advanced CSS.pdf. Ake sihlolisise.

I-Tipo	umsebenzisi	Iqembu	Abanye abasebenzisi (abanye)	Igama lefayela
-	rw -	r--	r--	I-CSS ethuthukile

Lokhu kusho ukuthi:

<° Uhlobo: Faka kungobo yomlando
<° Umsebenzisi anga: Funda (buka okuqukethwe) bese ubhala (shintsha) ifayela.
<° Iqembu okulo umsebenzisi anga: Funda (kuphela) ifayili.
<° Abanye abasebenzisi banga: Funda (kuphela) ifayili.

Kulabo abafuna ukwazi abazibuza okwamanje ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izinkambu zohlu ezitholwe yi-ls -l ezibhekiswe kuzo, nansi impendulo:

Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngezixhumanisi ezilukhuni nezithambile / ezingokomfanekiso, nansi incazelo kanye nokwabo umehluko.

Kuhle bangani, sifika engxenyeni ethakazelisa kakhulu nesindayo yale ndaba okukhulunywa ngayo ...

Ukunikezwa kwemvume

Umyalo chmod ("Shintsha imodi") ivumela ukuguqula imaski ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi emincane noma emincane kumafayili noma kwizikhombisi-ndlela, ngamanye amagama, nge-chmod ungasusa noma ususe amalungelo ohlobo ngalunye lomsebenzisi. Uma uhlobo lomsebenzisi esifuna ukususa, ukubeka noma ukwabela amalungelo lungacacisiwe, kuzokwenzekani lapho kwenziwa lo msebenzi kuzothinta bonke abasebenzisi ngasikhathi sinye.

Into eyisisekelo okufanele uyikhumbule ukuthi sinikeza noma sisusa izimvume kula mazinga:

Ipharamitha	Ileveli	Descripción
u	umnikazi	umnikazi wefayela noma umkhombandlela
g	iqembu	iqembu elingelakhe
o	abanye	bonke abanye abasebenzisi okungebona abanikazi noma iqembu

Izinhlobo zemvume:

Uxolo	Khomba
r	Funda imvume
w	Bhala imvume
x	Imvume yokwenza

 Nikeza umnikazi imvume yokusebenzisa:

$ chmod u+x komodo.sh

Susa ukukhipha imvume kubo bonke abasebenzisi:

$ chmod -x komodo.sh

Nikeza abanye abasebenzisi imvume yokufunda nokubhala:

$ chmod o+r+w komodo.sh

Shiya kuphela imvume yokufunda eqenjini lelo ifayili elikuyo:

$ chmod g+r-w-x komodo.sh

Izimvume ngefomethi yezinombolo ze-octal

Kukhona enye indlela yokusebenzisa umyalo we-chmod othi, kubasebenzisi abaningi, "unethezeke kakhudlwana", yize i-priori icishe ixakeke ukuyiqonda ¬¬.

Inhlanganisela yamanani weqembu ngalinye labasebenzisi yakha inombolo ye-octal, i- "x" ingu-20 okungu-1, i-w bit ingama-21 okungu-2, i-r bit ingu-22 okungu-4, bese sinakho ke:

<° r = 4
<° w = 2
<° x = 1

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamabhithi noma okuvaliwe eqenjini ngalinye kunikeza inhlanganisela yamanani ayisishiyagalombili, okungukuthi, isamba samabhithi ku:

Uxolo	Inani le-Octal	Descripción
- - -	0	awunayo imvume
- - x	1	yenza imvume kuphela
- w -	2	bhala imvume kuphela
- wx	3	bhala futhi usebenzise izimvume
r - -	4	funda imvume kuphela
r - x	5	funda futhi usebenzise izimvume
rw -	6	funda futhi ubhale izimvume
rwx	7	zonke izimvume zimisiwe, zifundwe, zibhale futhi zisebenzise

Uma uhlanganisa umsebenzisi, iqembu, nezinye izimvume, uthola inombolo enamadijithi amathathu akha izimvume zefayela noma zemikhombandlela. Izibonelo:

Uxolo	I-Valor	Descripción
rw- --- --	600	Umnikazi ufunde futhi wabhala izimvume
rwx --x --x	711	Umnikazi ufunda, ubhale futhi akhiphe, iqembu nabanye bakhiphe kuphela
rwx rx rx	755	Okufundwayo, ukubhala kanye nokwenza umnikazi, iqembu nabanye bangafunda futhi basebenzise ifayili
rwx rwx	777	Ifayela lingafundwa, libhalwe futhi lenziwe yinoma ngubani
r-- --- --	400	Ngumnikazi kuphela ongafunda ifayili, kepha futhi ngeke aliguqule noma alisebenzise futhi empeleni iqembu noma abanye abakwazi ukwenza lutho kulo.
rw-r-- ---	640	Umsebenzisi ongumnikazi angafunda nokubhala, iqembu lingafunda ifayela, kanti abanye abakwazi ukwenza lutho

Izimvume ezikhethekile

Kusekhona ezinye izinhlobo zezimvume okufanele zicatshangelwe. Lezi yizicucu zemvume ze-SUID (Setha i-ID Yomsebenzisi), i-SGID (Setha i-ID ye-ID) kanye nemvume yokunamathela (okuqhubekayo kwemvume)

setuid

I-setuid bit inikezwa amafayela asebenzayo, futhi ivumela ukuthi lapho umsebenzisi ekhipha lelo fayela, inqubo ithola izimvume zomnikazi wefayela elenziwe. Isibonelo esicacile sefayela elisebenzisekayo nge-setuid bit yile:

$ su

Siyabona ukuthi okuncane kunikezwa njenge- "s" kulokhu kubanjwa okulandelayo:

Ukwabela le nto kufayela kungaba:

$ chmod u+s /bin/su

Futhi ukuyisusa:

$ chmod u-s /bin/su

Nota: Kumele siyisebenzise ngokunakekela ngokweqile ngoba ingadala ukwanda kwamalungelo kuhlelo lwethu ¬¬.

setgid

I-setid bit ivumela ukuthola amalungelo weqembu elinikezwe ifayela, futhi linikezwa nezinkomba. Lokhu kuzoba wusizo olukhulu lapho abasebenzisi abaningana beqembu elifanayo bedinga ukusebenza ngezinsizakusebenza ezikhona enkombeni efanayo.

Ukunikeza lokhu kancane senza okulandelayo:

$ chmod g+s /carpeta_compartida

Futhi ukuyisusa:

$ chmod g-s /carpeta_compartida

okunamathelayo

Le bit ivame ukunikezwa kwizikhombisi lapho bonke abasebenzisi banokufinyelela khona, futhi ivumela ukuvimbela umsebenzisi ekususeni amafayela / izinkomba zomunye umsebenzisi ngaphakathi kwalowo mkhombandlela, ngoba bonke banemvume yokubhala.
Siyabona ukuthi i-bit inikezwe njenge- "t" ekuthwebuleni okulandelayo:

Ukunikeza lokhu kancane senza okulandelayo:

$ chmod o+t /tmp

Futhi ukuyisusa:

$ chmod o-t /tmp

Kuhle bangani, manje usuyazi ukuthi ungaluvikela kanjani kangcono ulwazi lwakho, ngalokhu ngiyethemba uzoyeka ukufuna ezinye izindlela Ilokhi yefolda o Ifolda Guard ukuthi ku-GNU / Linux asizidingi nakancane i-XD.

P.S: Le ndatshana icelwe ngumakhelwane womzala kamngani weXD, ngiyethemba ngikuxazulule ukungabaza kwakho ... 😀