NgeTheminali: Kusetshenziswa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile

Enye yezinto ebengihlala ngiyithanda mayelana ne-Linux terminal yilokho ongakufinyelela usebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile. Noma ngabe sidinga ukuthola umbhalo oyinkimbinkimbi noma ukumiselela ngokufaka okunye, ukusebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile kungenza umsebenzi ube lula kakhulu. Ake siqale ekuqaleni:

Yini inkulumo ejwayelekile?

Isisho esivamile uchungechunge lwezinhlamvu ezikhethekile ezisivumela ukuthi sichaze umbhalo esifuna ukuwuthola. Isibonelo, uma besifuna ukucinga igama elithi "linux" kuzokwanela ukufaka lelo gama kuhlelo esilusebenzisayo. Igama ngokwalo liyinkulumo ejwayelekile. Kuze kube manje kubonakala kulula kakhulu, kepha kuthiwani uma sifuna ukuthola zonke izinombolo kufayela elithile? Noma yonke imigqa eqala ngofeleba? Kulezo zimo awusakwazi ukubeka igama elilula. Isixazululo ukusebenzisa isisho esijwayelekile.

Izinkulumo ezijwayelekile vs. amaphethini wefayela.

Ngaphambi kokuthi singene odabeni lwezichasiso ezijwayelekile, ngifuna ukususa ukungaqondani okuvamile ngezinkulumo ezijwayelekile. Isisho esijwayelekile akuyona into esiyibeka njengepharamitha emiyalweni efana ne-rm, cp, njll ukubhekisa kumafayili ahlukahlukene akwi-hard disk. Lokho kungaba iphethini lefayela. Izinkulumo ezijwayelekile, yize zifana nokuthi zisebenzisa izinhlamvu ezithile ezijwayelekile, zehlukile. Iphethini lefayela liyaxoshwa ngokumelene namafayela akwi-hard disk bese libuyisa lawo ahambelana ngokuphelele nephethini, ngenkathi isisho esijwayelekile sikhishelwa umbhalo bese sibuyisa imigqa equkethe umbhalo oseshwe. Isibonelo, isisho esivamile esihambisana nephethini *.* kungaba into efana nayo ^.*\..*$

Izinhlobo zezincazelo ezijwayelekile.

Akuzona zonke izinhlelo ezisebenzisa izinkulumo ezifanayo ezivamile. Hhayi kancane. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezingaphansi noma ezijwayelekile zezincazelo ezijwayelekile, kepha kunezinhlelo eziguqula kancane i-syntax, zifake izandiso zazo, noma zisebenzise izinhlamvu ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, lapho ufuna ukusebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile ngohlelo ongalwazi kahle, into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukubuka imanuwali noma imibhalo yohlelo ukubona ukuthi izinkulumo ezijwayelekile elizibonayo zinjani.

Okokuqala, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezincazelo ezijwayelekile, eziqukethwe indinganiso ye-POSIX, okuyilokho okusetshenziswa amathuluzi we-Linux. Yizinkulumo ezijwayelekile eziyisisekelo nezeluliwe. Imiyalo eminingi esebenza ngezinkulumo ezijwayelekile, njenge-grep noma i-sed, ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise lezi zinhlobo ezimbili. Ngizokhuluma ngazo ngezansi. Kukhona nezincazelo ezijwayelekile zesitayela se-PERL, bese kuba nezinhlelo ezinjenge-vim noma ama-emac asebenzisa okuhlukile kwalokhu. Kuya ngalokho esifuna ukukwenza, kungakuhle ukuthi sisebenzise eyodwa noma enye.

Ukuhlola izinkulumo ezivamile.

I-syntax yezincazelo ezijwayelekile ayilutho neze. Lapho kufanele sibhale isisho esijwayelekile esiyinkimbinkimbi sizobe siphambi kwentambo yezinhlamvu ezikhethekile esingenakuziqonda ekuqaleni, ngakho-ke ukuze sifunde ukuzisebenzisa kubalulekile ukuthi sibe nendlela yokwenza zonke izivivinyo esizifunayo futhi sizibone imiphumela kalula. Kungakho-ke manje sengizobeka imiyalo eminingana esingenza ngayo izivivinyo futhi sihlole konke esikudingayo size sibuse izinkulumo ezijwayelekile.

Owokuqala umyalo we-grep. Lona ngumyalo esizowusebenzisa kaningi ukwenza usesho. I-syntax imi kanje:

grep [-E] 'REGEX' FICHERO
COMANDO | grep [-E] 'REGEX'

Ngincoma ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi ngibeke izinkulumo ezijwayelekile kuzilinganiso ezithile ukuze igobolondo lingasenzi sifinyelele kulo. Indlela yokuqala ukuthola isisho esijwayelekile kufayela. Owesibili uvumela ukuhlunga ukukhishwa komyalo ngenkulumo ejwayelekile. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, i-grep isebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile eziyisisekelo. Inketho ye -E yokusebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile ezinwetshiwe.

Icebo elingasisiza sibone ukuthi izinkulumo ezijwayelekile zisebenza kanjani ukunika amandla ukusetshenziswa kombala kumyalo we-grep. Ngaleyo ndlela, ingxenye yombhalo ehambelana nenkulumo ejwayelekile esiyisebenzisayo izogqanyiswa. Ukwenza umbala usebenze kumyalo we-grep, vele uqiniseke ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwemvelo GREP_OPTIONS aqukethe inani --color, okungenziwa ngalo myalo:

GREP_OPTIONS=--color

Singayifaka ku-.bashrc ukuze ihlale isebenza.

Enye indlela yokusebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile ukusebenzisa umyalo we-sed. Lokhu kufaneleke kakhulu ukufaka esikhundleni sombhalo, kepha kungasetshenziselwa ukusesha. Isi syntax sayo singaba kanjena:

sed -n[r] '/REGEX/p' FICHERO
COMANDO | sed -n[r] '/REGEX/p'

Umyalo we-sed uphinde usebenzise izinkulumo ezijwayelekile eziyisisekelo ngokuzenzakalela, ungasebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile ezinwetshiwe ngenketho -r.

Omunye umyalo engifuna nokuwuqamba igama awk. Lo myalo ungasetshenziselwa izinto eziningi, njengoba kukuvumela ukuthi ubhale imibhalo ngolimi lwakho lohlelo. Uma esikufunayo ukubheka isisho esivamile efayeleni noma ekukhipheni umyalo, indlela yokuyisebenzisa kungaba okulandelayo:

awk '/REGEX/' FICHERO
COMANDO | awk '/REGEX/'

Lo myalo uhlala usebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile ezinwetshiwe.

Ukwenza izivivinyo zethu sizodinga futhi umbhalo ozosebenza njengesibonelo ukusesha kuwo. Singasebenzisa umbhalo olandelayo:

- Lista de páginas wiki:

ArchLinux: https://wiki.archlinux.org/
Gentoo: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Main_Page
CentOS: http://wiki.centos.org/
Debian: https://wiki.debian.org/
Ubuntu: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/

- Fechas de lanzamiento:

Arch Linux: 11-03-2002
Gentoo: 31/03/2002
CentOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
Debian: 16/08/1993
Ubuntu: 20/10/2004

Desde Linux Rulez.

Lona ngumbhalo engizowusebenzisela izibonelo kokunye okuthunyelwe, ngakho-ke ngincoma ukuthi uwukopishele kufayela ukuze ulusebenzise kusuka esigungwini. Ungabeka igama olifunayo. Ngikubize nge-regex.

Ukuqala isifundo.

Manje sesinakho konke okudingayo ukuqala ukuhlola izinkulumo ezijwayelekile. Asihambe kancane kancane. Ngizobeka izibonelo ezimbalwa zokusesha ngezinkulumo ezijwayelekile lapho ngizochaza khona ukuthi uhlamvu ngalunye lenzelwe ini. Akuzona izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu, kepha njengoba ngizoba nokuthunyelwe okude kakhulu, angisafuni ukukuphazamisa. Futhi ngizovele ngikwazi ukubona lokho okungenziwa ngezinkulumo ezijwayelekile.

Into elula kunazo zonke ukucinga igama elithile, ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi sifuna ukusesha yonke imigqa equkethe igama elithi "Linux". Lokhu kulula kakhulu, ngoba kufanele sibhale kuphela:

grep 'Linux' regex

Futhi siyawubona umphumela:

ArchLinux: https://wiki.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux: 11-03-2002 Kusuka Linux Rulez.

Le yimigqa emithathu equkethe igama elithi "Linux" okuthi uma sisebenzise ubuqili bombala, lizovela liqhakanjiswe. Qaphela ukuthi iyalibona igama esilifunayo ngisho noma liyingxenye yegama elide njengaku- "ArchLinux". Noma kunjalo, aliqokomisi igama elithi "linux" elivela ku-URL "https://wiki.archlinux.org/". Lokho kungenxa yokuthi livela lapho lifakwe ngohlamvu omncane "l" futhi silibheke ngofeleba. Umyalo we-grep unezinketho zalokhu, kepha angizukukhuluma ngabo ku-athikili yezinkulumo ezijwayelekile.

Ngalesi sivivinyo esilula singafinyelela esiphethweni sokuqala:

• Uhlamvu olujwayelekile olufakwa enkulumweni ejwayelekile luyazifanela.

Okusho ukuthi uma ufaka uhlamvu "a" luzobheka uhlamvu "a". Kubonakala kunengqondo, akunjalo? 🙂

Manje ake sithi sifuna ukucinga igama elithi "CentO" elilandelwa yinoma yimuphi umlingiswa, kepha kuphela uhlamvu olulodwa. Kulokhu singasebenzisa umlingiswa ".", Okuyikhadi lasendle elifana nanoma yimuphi umlingiswa, kodwa munye kuphela:

grep 'CentO.' regex

Umphumela uba:

CentOS: http://wiki.centos.org/
Ama-CentOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38

Okusho ukuthi ifaka phakathi i- "S" ku- "CentOS" yize kwesinye isikhathi ingusonhlamvukazi nakwezinye izinhlamvu ezincane. Uma ngabe kukhona omunye umlingisi ovele kuleyo ndawo, ibizoyifaka nayo. Sivele sinomthetho wesibili:

• Uhlamvu "." ifanisa noma yimuphi umlingiswa.

Akuseyona into engasho lutho njengoba bekubonakala, kepha ngalokhu asikwazi ukwenza okuningi. Ake siqhubeke kancane. Ake sicabange ukuthi sifuna ukuthola imigqa okuvela kuyo unyaka ka-2002 noka-2004.

grep '200[24]' regex

Okusho ukuthi sifuna ukuthola inombolo engu-200 elandelwa u-2 noma u-4. Umphumela walokhu:

I-Arch Linux: 11-03-2002
I-Gentoo: 31/03 /2002
Ama-CentOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
Ubuntu: 20/10/2004

Okusiletha emthethweni wesithathu:

• Izinhlamvu eziningi ezifakwe kubakaki zifana nanoma yiziphi izinhlamvu ezingaphakathi kubakaki.

Abakaki banikeza ukudlala okuningi. zingasetshenziswa futhi ukukhipha izinhlamvu. Isibonelo, ake sithi sifuna ukuthola amasayithi lapho kuvela khona uhlamvu ":", kodwa olungalandelwa u - "/". Umyalo ubungaba kanjena:

grep ':[^/]' regex

Kumane nje kuyindaba yokubeka u- "^" njengomlingiswa wokuqala ngaphakathi kubakaki. Ungabeka zonke izinhlamvu ozifunayo ngezansi. Umphumela walo myalo wokugcina ulandelayo:

I-ArchLinux: https://wiki.archlinux.org/
Gentoo: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Main_Page
CentOS: http://wiki.centos.org/
Debian: https://wiki.debian.org/
Ubuntu: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/
Arch Linux: 11-03-2002 UGentoo: 31/03/2002 CentOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38 UDebian: 16/08/1993 Ubuntu: 20/10/2004

Manje kugqanyiswe okuthi ":" ngemuva kwamagama we-distro, kepha hhayi lawo akuma-URL ngoba ama-URL ane- "/" emva kwawo.

• Ukubeka uhlamvu lwe- "^" ekuqaleni kubakaki kufana nanoma yimuphi umlingiswa ngaphandle kwezinye izinhlamvu kubakaki.

Enye into esingayenza ukucacisa uhla lwezinhlamvu. Isibonelo, ukusesha noma iyiphi inombolo elandelwa u - "-" kungabonakala kanjena:

grep '[0-9]-' regex

Ngalokhu sicacisa umlingiswa ophakathi kuka-0 no-9 bese kuba uphawu lokususa. Ake sibone umphumela:

I-Arch Linux: 11-03-Ama-CentOs ka-2002: 14-05-2004 03: 32: 38

Amabanga amaningi angacaciswa ngaphakathi kubakaki kuze kuhlanganiswe amabanga nezinhlamvu ezingashadile.

• Ukubeka izinhlamvu ezimbili ezihlukaniswe u - "-" ngaphakathi kubakaki kufana nanoma yimuphi umlingiswa ebangeni.

Ake sibheke manje ukuthi singakhetha yini ingxenye yokuqala yama-URL. Lowo othi "http" noma "https". Ziyehluka kuphela kuma "s" wokugcina, ngakho-ke masikwenze ngokulandelayo:

grep -E 'https?' regex

Uphawu lombuzo lusetshenziselwa ukwenza umlingiswa aye kokuzithandela kwesobunxele. Kepha manje sengeze inketho ye -E kumyalo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuphenywa ngemibuzo kuyisici senkulumo ejwayelekile enwetshiwe. Kuze kube manje besisebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile eziyisisekelo, ngakho-ke bekungekho sidingo sokubeka noma yini. Ake sibone umphumela:

I-ArchLinux: https: //wiki.archlinux.org/ Gentoo: https: //wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Main_Page CentOS: http: //wiki.centos.org/ I-Debian: https: //wiki.debian.org/ Ubuntu: https: //wiki.ubuntu.com/

Ngakho-ke sesivele sinomthetho omusha:

• Umlingiswa olandelwa ngu "?" ifana nalowo mlingiswa noma akekho. Lokhu kusebenza kuphela ezinkulumweni ezijwayelekile ezeluliwe.

Manje sizobheka amagama amabili ahluke ngokuphelele. Ake sibone ukuthi ungayithola kanjani imigqa equkethe igama elithi "Debian" kanye "Ubuntu".

grep -E 'Debian|Ubuntu' regex

Ngomugqa omile singahlukanisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezihlukile bese sibheka imigqa efana nanoma iyiphi yazo:

Debian: https://wiki.debian.org/
Ubuntu: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/
Debian: 16 / 08 / 1993
Ubuntu: 20 / 10 / 2004

• Uhlamvu "|" Isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izinkulumo eziningana ezijwayelekile futhi ifane nanoma iyiphi yazo. Futhi kucacisiwe ezinkulumweni ezijwayelekile ezeluliwe.

Asiqhubeke. Manje sizobheka igama elithi "Linux", kepha kuphela lapho linganamatheli kwelinye igama ngakwesobunxele. Singakwenza kanjena:

grep '\

Lapha umlingiswa obalulekile ngu- "<", kepha udinga ukweqa ngokubeka u - "\" phambi kwawo ukuze i-grep ikutolike njengohlamvu olukhethekile. Umphumela ulandelayo:

Arch Linux: 11-03-2002 Kusuka Linux Rulez.

Ungasebenzisa futhi i - "\>" ukusesha amagama angalungile eduze komunye nomunye. Ake sihambe nesibonelo. Ake sizame lo myalo:

grep 'http\>' regex

Umphumela owukhiqizayo yilokhu:

I-CentOS: http: //wiki.centos.org/

"I-Http" yaphuma, kepha hhayi i- "https", ngoba ku- "https" kusekhona uhlamvu olungakwesokudla se- "p" olungaba yingxenye yegama.

• Izinhlamvu "<" kanye ">" zifanisa ukuqala nokuphela kwegama, ngokulandelana. Lezi zinhlamvu kumele zeqe ukuze zingatolikwa njengezinhlamvu zoqobo.

Sihamba nezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kancane. Uhlamvu "+" lufanisa uhlamvu nesobunxele salo, liphindwe okungenani kanye. Lo mlingiswa utholakala kuphela ngezinkulumo ezivamile ezeluliwe. Ngalo, singasesha, ngokwesibonelo, ukulandelana kwezinombolo eziningana zilandelana eziqala ngo- ":".

grep -E ':[0-9]+' regex

Umphumela:

Ama-CentOs: 14-05-2004 03: 32:38

Inombolo 38 nayo iyagqanyiswa ngoba nayo iqala ngo ":".

• Uhlamvu "+" lufanisa uhlamvu nesobunxele salo, liphindwe okungenani kanye.

Futhi ungalawula inani lezimpinda usebenzisa i - "{" ne "}". Umqondo ukufaka kubakaki inombolo ekhombisa inani eliqondile lokuphindaphinda esikufunayo. Ungafaka futhi ububanzi. Ake sibheke izibonelo zamacala amabili.

Okokuqala sizothola konke ukulandelana kwamadijithi amane okukhona:

grep '[0-9]\{4\}' regex

Qaphela ukuthi ama-brace curly kufanele aphunyuke uma sisebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile eziyisisekelo, kepha hhayi uma sisebenzisa ezengeziwe. Ngokwelulwa kungaba kanjena:

grep -E '[0-9]{4}' regex

Futhi umphumela ezimweni zombili kungaba yilokhu:

I-Arch Linux: 11-03-2002
I-Gentoo: 31/03 /2002
Ama-CentOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
Debian: 16/08/1993
Ubuntu: 20/10 /2004

• Izinhlamvu "{" no "}" ezinenombolo phakathi kwazo zifana nohlamvu lwangaphambilini eziphindaphinde inombolo ecacisiwe yezikhathi.

Manje esinye isibonelo esinabakaki. Ake sithi sifuna ukuthola amagama anezinhlamvu ezincane eziphakathi kuka-3 no-6. Singenza okulandelayo:

grep '[a-z]\{3,6\}' regex

Umphumela uzoba yilokhu:

- uList de ikhasis wiki: KUYArchLinux: https: //wiki.archlinux.i-org/ Gintoo: https: //wiki.mnumzane.i-org/wiki/Main_Page
CukungenaI-OS: http: //wiki.centos.i-org/ Di-ebian: https: //wiki.debian.i-org/ NOMAIyaphela indlela: https: //wiki.ubuntu.com/ - Fuphuthelwe de lanzamiento: KUYArch Linux: 11-03-2002 Gintoo: 31/03/2002 CukungenaOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
Di-ebian: 16/08/1993 UIyaphela indlela: 20/10/2004 DIkona Linux Rulez.

Okuthi, njengoba ubona, akubukeki kufana nalokho ebesikufuna. Kungenxa yokuthi isisho esivamile sithola izinhlamvu ngaphakathi kwamanye amagama amade. Ake sizame le nguqulo:

grep '\<[a-z]\{3,6\}\>' regex

Umphumela:

- Uhlu lwamakhasi wiki: I-ArchLinux: https: //wikiumabhebhana.i-org/ Gentoo: https: //wiki.mnumzane.i-org/wiki/ I-Main_Page CentOS: http: //wiki.centos.i-org/ UDebian: https: //wiki.debian.i-org/ Ubuntu: https: //wiki.ubuntu.com/

Lokhu sekuvele kufana kakhulu nalokhu ebesikufuna. Esikwenzile kudinga ukuthi igama liqale ngaphambi nje kohlamvu lokuqala bese liphela ngemuva nje kokugcina.

• Izinhlamvu "{" kanye "}" ezinezinombolo ezimbili phakathi kwazo zihlukaniswe ngukhefana umlingisi owedlule uphindaphinde inani lezikhathi ezikhonjiswe yizinombolo ezimbili.

Manje ake sibheke umlingiswa oyisisekelo se - "+". Ngu "*" futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuyafana, kuphela ukuthi kufana nanoma iyiphi inombolo yezinhlamvu kufaka phakathi uziro. Okungukuthi, yenza okufanayo ne - "+" kepha ayidingi umlingisi ngakwesobunxele sayo ukuze avele embhalweni. Isibonelo, ake sizame ukufuna lawo makheli aqala nge-wiki futhi agcine ku-org:

grep 'wiki.*org' regex

Ake sibone umphumela:

I-ArchLinux: https: //wiki.archlinux.org/ I-Gentoo: https: //wiki.gentoo.org/ wiki / I-Main_Page CentOS: http: //wiki.centos.org/ I-Debian: https: //wiki.debian.org/

I-Perfecto.

Manje uhlamvu lokugcina esizolubona. Uhlamvu "\" lusetshenziselwa ukweqa umlingiswa aye kwesokudla sakhe ukuze alahlekelwe yincazelo yakhe ekhethekile. Isibonelo: Ake sithi sifuna ukuthola imigqa ephela ngephuzu. Into yokuqala engahle ivele kithi kungaba yile:

grep '.$' regex

Umphumela awukona lokhu ebesikufuna:

- Uhlu lwamakhasi we-wiki:
I-ArchLinux: https://wiki.archlinux.org/
I-Gentoo: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Main_Page
I-CentOS: http://wiki.centos.org/
UDebian: https://wiki.debian.org/
Ubuntu: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/
- Izinsuku zokukhishwa: I-Arch Linux: 11-03-2002
IGentoo: 31/03/2002
CentOs: 14-05-2004 03:32:38
UDebian: 16/08/1993
Ubuntu: 20/10/2004
Desde Linux Rulez.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i- "." ifana nanoma yini, ukuze inkulumo ejwayelekile ifane nohlamvu lokugcina lomugqa ngamunye noma ngabe kuyini. Isixazululo yilesi:

grep '\.$' regex

Manje umphumela yilokhu esikufunayo:

Desde Linux Rulez.

Igeyimu ngaphezulu

Yize isihloko sezinkulumo ezijwayelekile siyinkimbinkimbi kangangoba nginganikeza uchungechunge lwezihloko, ngicabanga ukuthi sengikunikeze ubuhlungu obanele. Uma ukwazile ukufika, siyakuhalalisela. Futhi uma konke lokhu ukufunde ngasikhathi sinye, thatha i-aspirin noma okuthize, ngoba ngeke kube kuhle.

Okwamanje lokho kuphela. Uma uthanda le ndatshana, mhlawumbe ungabhala enye. Okwamanje, ngincoma ukuthi uzame zonke izinkulumo ezijwayelekile esigungwini ukuze ubone kahle ukuthi zisebenza kanjani. Futhi khumbula: NguChuck Norris kuphela ongadlulisa i-HTML esebenzisa izinkulumo ezijwayelekile.