Amathiphu: Ngaphezu kwemiyalo engama-400 ye-GNU / Linux okufanele uyazi: D

Ngizitholile ku GUTL Wiki lolu hlu oluphelele nge imiyalo engaphezu kuka-400 ukuze I-GNU / Linux ngencazelo yabo efanele, futhi ngifuna ukuwabelana nawe ukuze umphelelise le ndatshana enhle kakhulu ozakwethu akubhalele ukufunda ukuhlala ne-console.

Imininingwane Yesistimu

umdwebo: bonisa ukwakhiwa komshini (1).
uname-m: bonisa ukwakhiwa komshini (2).
uname -r: bonisa inguqulo ye-kernel esetshenzisiwe.
ikhodi yekhodi -q: bonisa izingxenye (i-hardware) zohlelo.
i-hdparm -i / dev / hda: bonisa izici ze-hard disk.
i-hdparm -tT / dev / sda: yenza isivivinyo sokufunda kudiski enzima.
ikati / proc / cpuinfo: bonisa imininingwane ye-CPU.
ikati / i-proc / iphazamisa: bonisa iziphazamiso.
ikati / proc / meminfo: hlola ukusetshenziswa kwememori.
ikati / proc / swaps: bonisa amafayela wokushintsha.
ikati / i-proc / inguqulo: bonisa uhlobo lwekernel.
ikati / proc / net / dev: bonisa ama-adaptha wenethiwekhi nezibalo.
ikati / proc / mounts: bonisa uhlelo lwefayela olufakiwe.
I-lspci -tv: bonisa amadivayisi we-PCI.
I-lsusb -tv: bonisa amadivayisi we-USB.
Usuku: bonisa usuku lwesistimu.
cal 2011: bonisa i-almanac ka-2011.
ikhala 07 2011: bonisa i-almanac yenyanga kaJulayi 2011.
usuku 041217002011.00: setha (memezela, setha) usuku nesikhathi.
iwashi -w: gcina izinguquko zosuku ku-BIOS.

Ukuvala (Qalisa kabusha Isistimu noma Phuma)

ukuvala -h manje: cisha uhlelo (1).
Init 0: cisha uhlelo (2).
Ucingo 0: cisha uhlelo (3).
ukumisa: cisha uhlelo (4).
shutdown -h amahora: imizuzu &- Ukuhlelwa kwesistimu okuhleliwe.
ukuvala shaqa -c- Khansela ukuvala shaqa okuhleliwe kohlelo.
ukuvala shaqa -r manje: qala kabusha (1).
qala kabusha: qala kabusha (2).
Phuma: Phuma ngemvume.

Amafayela nezinkomba

cd / ekhaya: faka umkhombandlela "wasekhaya".
cd ..: buyela emuva ezingeni elilodwa.
cd ../ ..: buyela emuva amazinga ama-2.
I-CD: iya kumkhombandlela wezimpande.
cd ~ umsebenzisi1: iya enkombeni yomsebenzisi1.
cd -: go (buyela) enkombeni eyedlule.
pwd: bonisa indlela yomkhombandlela osebenzayo.
ls: buka amafayela enkombeni.
ls -F: buka amafayela enkombeni.
ls-l: bonisa imininingwane yamafayela namafolda enkombeni.
ls -a: bonisa amafayela afihliwe.
ls * [0-9]*: bonisa amafayela namafolda aqukethe izinombolo.
isihlahla: bonisa amafayela namafolda njengomuthi oqala empandeni. (1)
lstree: bonisa amafayela namafolda njengomuthi oqala empandeni. (2)
mkdir1: dala ifolda noma umkhombandlela obizwa ngokuthi 'dir1'.
mkdir dir1 dir2: dala amafolda amabili noma izinkomba ngasikhathi sinye (Dala izinkomba ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye).
mkdir -p / tmp / dir1 / dir2: dala isihlahla somqondisi.
rm -f ifayela1: susa ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1'.
rmdir1: susa ifolda ebizwa ngokuthi 'dir1'.
rm-rf dir1: susa ifolda enegama elithi 'dir1' nokuqukethwe kwayo okuphindwayo. (Uma ngiyisusa ngokuziphindaphinda ngithi inokuqukethwe kwayo).
rm -rf dir1 dir2: susa amafolda amabili (izinkomba) ngokuqukethwe kwawo eziphindayo.
mv dir1 okusha_dir: qamba kabusha noma uhambise ifayela noma ifolda (umkhombandlela).
cp ifayela1: kopisha ifayela.
cp ifayela1 file2: kopisha amafayela amabili ngazwilinye.
cp dir / *.: kopisha wonke amafayela kusuka enkombeni ungene enkombeni yokusebenza yamanje.
cp -a / tmp / dir1.: kopisha umkhombandlela ngaphakathi kwesiqondisi esisebenzayo manje.
cp -a i-dir1: kopisha umkhombandlela.
cp -a dir1 dir2: kopisha izinkomba ezimbili ngazwilinye.
ln -s ifayela1 lnk1: dala isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso kufayela noma enkombeni.
ln ifayela1 lnk1: dala isixhumanisi somzimba sefayela noma umkhombandlela.
thinta -t 0712250000 file1: shintsha isikhathi sangempela (isikhathi sokudala) sefayela noma umkhombandlela.
ifayela lefayela1: okukhiphayo (ukulahla esikrinini) kohlobo lwe-mime lefayela lombhalo.
isithonjanav -l: uhlu lwama-cipher aziwayo.
iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile> outputFile: dala ifomu elisha lefayela lokufaka ucabanga ukuthi lifakwe ikhodi kusuka ku -Encoding bese uyiguqula ibe yi-ToEncoding.
thola. -maxdepth 1 -name * .jpg -print -exec guqula ”{}” -khulisa usayizi 80 × 60 “izithupha / {}” \;: iqembu lishintshe usayizi wamafayela kumkhombandlela wamanje bese liwathumela kwizikhombisi ekubukeni kwezithonjana (kudinga ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-ImagemagicK)

Thola amafayela

thola / -name file1: cinga ifayela nomkhombandlela oqala empandeni yohlelo.
thola / -user user1: cinga amafayela nezikhombisi zomsebenzisi 'umsebenzisi1'.
thola / home / user1 -name \. bin: sesha amafayela anwetshiwe '. bin 'ngaphakathi kwesikhombi' / home / user1 '.
thola / usr / bin -type f -atime +100: thola amafayela kanambambili angasetshenziswanga ezinsukwini eziyi-100 ezedlule.
thola / usr / bin -type f -mtime -10: cinga amafayela enziwe noma aguquliwe ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ezedlule.
thola / -name \ *. rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \;: sesha amafayela anokwandiswa kwe - '.rpm' futhi ushintshe izimvume.
thola / -xdev -name \ *. rpm: Sesha amafayela anokwandiswa kwe - '.rpm' unganaki amadivayisi akhishwayo njenge-cdrom, ipeni-drive, njll.
thola \ *. ps: thola amafayela ane-extension '.ps' aqale ukusebenza ngomyalo 'updatedb'.
ukuma: bonisa indawo kanambambili, usizo noma ifayili lomthombo. Kulokhu ibuza ukuthi ukuphi umyalo 'wokuma'.
okuma: bonisa indlela ephelele (yonke indlela) eya kunambambili / ephumelelayo.

Ukufaka isistimu yefayela

ukukhweza / dev / hda2 / mnt / hda2: faka i-disk egama lingu-hda2. Okokuqala hlola ubukhona besikhombi '/ mnt / hda2'; uma kungenjalo, kufanele uyidale.
umount / dev / hda2: yehlisa idiski ebizwa nge-hda2. Ukuphuma kokuqala kusuka kuphoyinti '/ mnt / hda2.
fuser -km / mnt / hda2- Phoqa ukwehla lapho idivayisi imatasa.
umount -n / mnt / hda2: sebenzisa ukwehla ngaphandle kokufunda i- / etc / mtab. Isebenziseka lapho ifayili lifundwa kuphela noma i-hard drive igcwele.
ukukhweza / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy: faka idiski yediski.
ukukhweza / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom: faka i-cdrom / dvdrom.
ukukhweza / dev / hdc / mnt / cdrecorder: faka i-cd noma i-dvdrom ebhalwe kabusha.
ukukhweza / dev / hdb / mnt / cdrecorder: faka i-cd / dvdrom ebhalwe kabusha (i-dvd).
i-mount -o loop file.iso / mnt / cdrom: faka isithombe noma isithombe se-iso.
ukukhweza -t vfat / dev / hda5 / mnt / hda5: faka uhlelo lwefayela le-FAT32.
ukukhweza / dev / sda1 / mnt / usbdisk: faka i-usb pen-drive noma imemori (ngaphandle kokucacisa uhlobo lwefayela).

I-athikili ehlobene:

Imiyalo engu-4 yokwazi idatha evela kwi-HDD yethu noma ukwahlukanisa

Isikhala sediski

df -h: bonisa uhlu lwezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe.
ls -lSr | okuningi: bonisa usayizi wamafayela nezinkomba ezi-odwe ngosayizi.
i-du -sh dir1: Linganisa isikhala esisetshenziswe umkhombandlela 'dir1'.
i-du -sk * | hlunga -rn: bonisa usayizi wamafayela nezinkomba ezi-odwe ngosayizi.
i-rpm -q -a –qf '% 10 {SIZE} t% {NAME} n' | hlunga -k1,1n: bonisa isikhala esisetshenziswe ngamaphakeji we-rpm afakiwe ahlelwe ngosayizi (Fedora, Redhat nabanye).
dpkg-query -W -f = '$ {Kufakiwe-Usayizi; 10} t $ {Iphakheji} n' | hlunga -k1,1n: bonisa isikhala esisetshenziswe ngamaphakeji afakiwe, ahlelwe ngosayizi (Ubuntu, Debian nabanye).

Abasebenzisi namaqembu

igama leqembu: dala iqembu elisha.
iqembu leqembu_igama: susa iqembu.
groupmod -igama_ elisha_igama_igama_igama: qamba kabusha iqembu.
i-useradd -c "Igama lesibongo" -g admin -d / home / user1 -s / bin / bash user1: Dala umsebenzisi omusha weqembu "umlawuli".
umsebenzisi yomsebenzisi1: dala umsebenzisi omusha.
umsebenzisi -r umsebenzisi1: susa umsebenzisi ('-r' isusa umkhombandlela wasekhaya).
usermod -c "Umsebenzisi FTP”-G uhlelo -d / ftp / umsebenzisi1 -s / bin / nologin user1: shintsha izimfanelo zomsebenzisi.
i-passwd: SHINTSHA iphasiwedi.
passwd umsebenzisi1: shintsha iphasiwedi yomsebenzisi (izimpande kuphela).
chage -E 2011-12-31 umsebenzisi1: setha isikhathi sephasiwedi yomsebenzisi. Kulokhu ithi ukhiye uphelelwa yisikhathi ngoDisemba 31, 2011.
pwck: hlola i-syntax efanele ifomethi yefayela le - '/ etc / passwd' nobukhona babasebenzisi.
grpck: hlola i-syntax elungile nefomethi yefayela '/ etc / group' nobukhona bamaqembu.
igama leqembu le-newgrp: Bhalisa iqembu elisha ukushintsha iqembu elizenzakalelayo lamafayela asanda kudalwa.

Izimvume kumafayela (Sebenzisa u - "+" ukubeka izimvume kanye no - - - "ukususa)

ls-lh: Khombisa izimvume.
ls / tmp | pr -T5 -W $ AMAKHOLAMU: hlukanisa ukuphela kube amakholomu ama-5.
chmod ugo + rwx isiqondisi1: faka funda ®, bhala (w) bese usebenzisa (x) izimvume zomnikazi (u), iqembu (g) nabanye (o) kuhla lwemibhalo 'lwemibhalo1'.
isiqondisi se-chmod go-rwx1: susa imvume yokufunda ®, bhala (w) no (x) ukhiphe eqenjini (g) nabanye (o) kuhla lwemibhalo 'lwemibhalo1'.
chown umsebenzisi1 file1: shintsha umnikazi wefayela.
chown -R umsebenzisi1 isiqondisi1: Shintsha umnikazi wesikhombi nawo wonke amafayela nezinkomba eziqukethwe ngaphakathi.
chgrp group1 ifayela1: Shintsha iqembu lamafayela.
okhethiwe umsebenzisi1: iqembu1 file1: shintsha umsebenzisi neqembu eliphethe ifayela.
thola / -perm -u + s: buka wonke amafayela ohlelweni elungiselelwe i-SUID.
chmod u + s / bin / file1: faka i-SUID bit efayeleni kanambambili. Umsebenzisi osebenzisa lelo fayela uthola amalungelo afanayo nomnikazi.
chmod us / bin / ifayela1: khubaza i-SUID bit efayeleni kanambambili.
chmod g + s / ikhaya / umphakathi: faka i-SGID bit enkombeni - efana ne-SUID kepha isiqondisi ngasinye.
chmod gs / ikhaya / umphakathi: khubaza i-SGID bit enkombeni.
chmod o + t / ikhaya / umphakathi: faka i-STIKY kancane enkombeni. Ivumela ukususwa kwefayela kuphela kubanikazi abasemthethweni.
chmod ot / home / public: khubaza i-STIKY bit enkombeni.

Izimfanelo ezikhethekile kumafayela (Sebenzisa u - "+" ukusetha izimvume kanye no "-" ukususa)

chattr + kufayela1: ivumela ukubhala ngokuvula imodi yokufaka yefayela kuphela.
chattr + c ifayela1: ivumela ifayela ukuthi licindezelwe / licindezelwe ngokuzenzekelayo.
chattr d ifayela1: kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo luziba ukususa amafayela ngesikhathi sokulondoloza.
chattr + ngifaka i-file1: lenza ifayili lingenzeki, ngakho-ke alikwazi ukususwa, ukuguqulwa, ukuqanjwa kabusha, noma ukuxhumeka.
chattr + s ifayela1: ivumela ifayela ukuthi lisuswe ngokuphepha.
chattr + S ifayela1: kuqinisekisa ukuthi ifayili liguquliwe, izinguquko zibhalwa ngemodi yokuvumelanisa njengokuvumelanisa.
chattr + u ifayela1: ikuvumela ukuthi uphinde uthole okuqukethwe kwefayela noma ngabe likhanseliwe.
Lsattr: bonisa izimfanelo ezikhethekile.

I-athikili ehlobene:

NgeTheminali: Usayizi kanye Nemiyalo Yesikhala

Izinqolobane namafayela acindezelwe

bunzip2 ifayela1.bz2: unzip ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1.bz2'.
bzip2 ifayela1: cindezela ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1'.
i-gunzip file1.gz: unzip ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1.gz'.
ifayela le-gzip1: cindezela ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1'.
gzip -9 ifayela1: icindezela ngokucindezela okukhulu.
rar to file1.rar test_file: dala ifayela le-rar elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1.rar'.
rar to file1.rar file1 file2 dir1: compress 'file1', 'file2' kanye 'dir1' ngasikhathi sinye.
rar x ifayela1.rar: khipha ifayela le-rar.
unrar x ifayela1.rar: khipha ifayela le-rar.
i-tar -cvf archive.tar ifayela1: dala i-tarball engafakwanga uziphu.
i-tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1: dala ifayela eliqukethe 'file1', 'file2 ′ and'dir1'.
i-tar -tf ingobo yomlando.tar: bonisa okuqukethwe kwefayela.
i-tar -xvf archive.tar: khipha i-tarball.
i-tar -xvf archive.tar -C / tmp: khipha i-tarball ku / tmp.
i-tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1: dala i-tarball ecindezelwe ngaphakathi kwe-bzip2.
i-tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2: decompress ingobo yomlando yetiyela ecindezelwe ku-bzip2
i-tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1: dala i-tarball eqinisiwe.
i-tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz- Vula ingobo yomlando yetiyela le-gzipped.
ifayela le-zip1: dala ifayela le-zip elicindezelwe.
zip -r file1.zip file1 ifayela2 dir1: cindezela, ku-zip, amafayela amaningi nezinkomba ngasikhathi sinye.
vula ifayela1.zip: khipha ifayela le-zip.

Amaphakeji we-RPM (iRed Hat, iFedora, nokunye okunjalo)

rpm -ivh iphakethe.rpm: faka iphakethe le-rpm.
i-rpm -ivh -nodeeps package.rpm: faka iphakethe le-rpm ungazinaki izicelo zokuncika.
rpm -U iphakethe.rpm: buyekeza iphakethe le-rpm ngaphandle kokushintsha ukucushwa kwamafayela.
rpm -F iphakethe.rpm: buyekeza iphakethe le-rpm kuphela uma lifakiwe.
i-rpm -e package_name.rpm: susa iphakethe le-rpm.
rpm -qa: bonisa wonke amaphakheji we-rpm afakwe kusistimu.
rpm -qa | grep httpd: bonisa wonke amaphakheji we-rpm anegama "httpd".
i-rpm -qi package_name- Thola ulwazi kwiphakheji ethile efakiwe.
rpm -qg "Imvelo Yesistimu / AmaDemoni": bonisa amaphakheji we-rpm weqembu lesoftware.
i-rpm -ql package_name: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela anikezwe iphakheji efakiwe ye-rpm.
i-rpm -qc package_name: bonisa uhlu lokumiswa kwamafayela anikezwe iphakethe le-rpm elifakiwe.
i-rpm -q package_name –izinto ezidingekayo: bonisa uhlu oluceliwe lokuncika kwephakeji le-rpm.
i-rpm -q package_name - lokho okuhlinzekayo: bonisa amandla anikezwe yiphakethe le-rpm.
rpm -q package_name –imibhalo: bonisa imibhalo eqale ngesikhathi sokufakwa / ukususwa.
i-rpm -q package_name –changelog: bonisa umlando wokubuyekeza wephakheji ye-rpm.
i-rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf: hlola ukuthi iyiphi iphakethe le-rpm elingefayela elinikeziwe.
rpm -qp iphakethe.rpm -l: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela anikezwe iphakethe le-rpm elingakafakwa.
rpm –import / media / cdrom / RPM-GPG-KEY: ngenisa isiginesha edijithali yokhiye womphakathi.
rpm -checksig package.rpm: qinisekisa ubuqotho bephakethe le-rpm.
rpm -qa gpg-pubkey- Bheka ubuqotho bawo wonke amaphakheji we-rpm afakiwe.
i-rpm -V iphakethe_name: hlola usayizi wefayela, amalayisense, izinhlobo, umnikazi, iqembu, isifinyezo se-MD5 nokuguqulwa kokugcina
i-rpm -Va: hlola wonke amaphakheji we-rpm afakwe kusistimu. Sebenzisa ngokunakekela.
rpm -Vp iphakethe.rpm: hlola iphakethe le-rpm elingakafakwa okwamanje.
rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio –extract –kwenza-izinkomba * bin*: khipha ifayela elisebenzisekayo kusuka ku-rpm package.
i-rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch >/package.rpm: faka iphakheji eyakhiwe kusuka kumthombo we-rpm.
rpmbuild -yakha iphakethe_name.src.rpm: yakha iphakethe le-rpm kusuka kumthombo we-rpm.

Isibuyekezi sephakheji ye-YUM (Isigqoko Esibomvu, iFedora nokunye okunjalo)

yum ukufaka iphakethe_name: landa bese ufaka iphakethe le-rpm.
yum ukufakwa kwephakheji_name.rpm: lokhu kuzofaka i-RPM bese kuzama ukukuxazululela konke ukuncika kwakho, usebenzisa izinqolobane zakho.
yum buyekeza iphakethe_name.rpm: buyekeza wonke amaphakheji we-rpm afakwe kusistimu.
yum buyekeza iphakethe_name: ukuvuselela / ukuvuselela iphakethe le-rpm.
yum khipha iphakethe_name: susa iphakethe le-rpm.
uhlu lwe-yum: uhlu wonke amaphakheji afakwe kusistimu.
yum search package_name: Thola iphakethe endaweni eyi-rpm.
yum amaphakheji ahlanzekile: sula i-rpm cache ngokususa amaphakheji alandiwe.
izihloko ezihlanzekile ze-yum: susa wonke amafayela kanhlokweni asetshenziswa uhlelo ukuxazulula ukuncika.
yum hlanza konke: susa kumaphakethe we-cache namafayela weheda.

Amaphakheji weDeb (i-Debian, Ubuntu kanye nokuphuma)

dpkg -i iphakheji.deb: faka / uvuselele iphakethe lesikweletu.
dpkg -r iphakethe_name: susa iphakethe lesikweletu ohlelweni.
dpkg -l: bonisa wonke amaphakheji wesikweletu afakwe ohlelweni.
dpkg -l | grep httpd: bonisa wonke amaphakheji we-deb anegama "httpd"
dpkg -s iphakethe_name- Thola ulwazi kwiphakheji ethile efakwe ohlelweni.
dpkg -L iphakethe_name: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela anikezwe yiphakheji efakwe ohlelweni.
dpkg –okuqukethwe iphakethe.deb: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela anikezwe yiphakheji engakafakwa okwamanje.
dpkg -S / bin / ping: hlola ukuthi iyiphi iphakheji engeyefayela elinikeziwe.

Isibuyekezo sePhakheji le-APT (i-Debian, Ubuntu kanye nokuphuma kokunye)

thola ukufaka iphakethe_name: faka / uvuselele iphakethe lesikweletu.
i-apt-cdrom ukufaka iphakethe_name: faka / uvuselele iphakethe lesikweletu kusuka ku-cdrom.
Thola ukubuyekeza: buyekeza uhlu lwephakeji.
phuthukisa kahle: buyekeza wonke amaphakheji afakiwe.
thola ukususa i-package_name: susa iphakethe lesikweletu ohlelweni.
isheke-thola isheke: qinisekisa ukulungiswa okulungile kokuncika.
thola kahle: sula i-cache kusuka kumaphakeji alandiwe.
search-cache search search-package: ibuyisa uhlu lwamaphakeji ahambelana nochungechunge "amaphakheji aseshwe".

Buka okuqukethwe kwefayela

ikati ifayela1: buka okuqukethwe kwefayela kusuka kumugqa wokuqala.
ifayela le-tac1: buka okuqukethwe kwefayela kusuka kulayini wokugcina.
ifayili eliningi1: buka okuqukethwe kulo lonke ifayela.
ifayili elingaphansi1: ifana nomyalo 'ongaphezulu' kepha ivumela ukulondolozwa kokuhamba kufayela kanye nokunyakaza emuva.
ikhanda -2 ifayela1: bheka imigqa emibili yokuqala yefayela.
umsila -2 file1: bheka imigqa emibili yokugcina yefayela.
umsila -f / var / log / imiyalezo: bona ngesikhathi sangempela okungeziwe kufayela.

Ukukhohlisa kombhalo

ikati file1 file2 .. | umyalo <> file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt: syntax ejwayelekile yokukhohlisa umbhalo usebenzisa IPIPE, STDIN ne STDOUT.
ikati file1 | umyalo (sed, grep, awk, grep, njll ...)> umphumela.txt: syntax ejwayelekile yokukhohlisa umbhalo kufayela bese ubhala umphumela kufayela elisha.
ikati file1 | umyalo (sed, grep, awk, grep, njll ...) »result.txt: syntax ejwayelekile yokukhohlisa umbhalo kufayela bese ungeze imiphumela kufayela elikhona.
grep Aug / var / log / messages: sesha amagama "Aug" kufayela '/ var / log / messages'.
grep ^ Aug / var / log / messages: thola amagama aqala ngo- “Aug” kufayela '/ var / log / messages'
grep [0-9] / var / log / messages: khetha yonke imigqa efayeleni '/ var / log / messages' equkethe izinombolo.
grep Aug -R / var / log /*: funa umucu othi “Aug” enkombeni '/ var / log' nangaphansi.
sed 's / stringa1 / stringa2 / g' example.txt: thutha "string1" nge "string2" ku-example.txt
sed '/ ^ $ / d' example.txt: susa yonke imigqa engenalutho kusuka ku-example.txt
sed '/ * # / d; / ^ $ / d 'example.txt: susa imibono nolayini abangenalutho kusuka ku-example.txt
nanela 'esempio' | tr '[: lower:]' '[: engenhla:]': guqula amagama amancane abe ngunobumba omkhulu.
imiphumela ye-sed -e '1d': susa umugqa wokuqala wesibonelo sefayela.txt
sed -n '/ stringa1 / p': bonisa kuphela imigqa equkethe igama elithi "string1".

Setha ukuguqulwa kwezinhlamvu nefayela

dos2unix filessos.txt fileunix.txt: guqula ifomethi yefayili yombhalo isuke ku-MSDOS iye ku-UNIX.
unix2dos fileunix.txt files.txt: guqula ifomethi yefayili yombhalo isuka ku-UNIX iye kwi-MSDOS.
khumbula ..i-HTML <ikhasi.txt> ikhasi.html: Guqula ifayela lombhalo libe yi-html.
bhala kabusha -l | Okuningi- Khombisa konke ukuguqulwa kwefomethi etholakalayo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesistimu yefayela

ama-badblocks -v / dev / hda1: Bheka amabhlogo amabi kudiski hda1.
fsck / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / hlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-Linux kudiski hda1.
fsck.ext2 / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukuhlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-ext 2 kudiski hda1.
e2fsck / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukuhlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-ext 2 kudiski hda1.
e2fsck -j / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukuhlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-ext 3 kudiski hda1.
fsck.ext3 / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukuhlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-ext 3 kudiski hda1.
fsck.vfat / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / hlola ubuqotho befayela lohlelo lwamafutha kudiski hda1.
fsck.msdos / dev / hda1: lungisa / hlola ubuqotho befayela kusistimu yediski ku-disk hda1.
i-dosfsck / dev / hda1: lungisa / hlola ubuqotho befayela kusistimu yediski ku-disk hda1.

Fometha isistimu yefayela

mkfs / dev / hda1: dala ifayili lesistimu elifana neLinux ekuhlukaniseni i-hda1.
umfazi2fs / dev / hda1: dala ifayela lohlelo lweLinux ext 2 ku-hda1.
umfazi2fs -j / dev / hda1: dala ifayela lohlelo lweLinux ext3 (ngezikhathi ezithile) kuhlukaniso hda1.
mkfs -t vfat 32 -F / dev / hda1: dala ifayela lohlelo lwe-FAT32 ku-hda1.
fdformat -n / dev / fd0: fometha idiski ethambile.
mkswap / dev / hda3: dala ifayela lohlelo lokushintshana.

Ngisebenza nge-SWAP

mkswap / dev / hda3: dala ifayela lokushintsha uhlelo.
swapon / dev / hda3: kusebenze ukwahlukaniswa okusha kokushintshana.
swapon / dev / hda2 / dev / hdb3: yenza kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili.

I-Salvas (Isipele)

dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / home: yenza ukulondolozwa okugcwele kwesiqondisi se - '/ home'.
dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / home: yenza ukonga okwengeziwe komkhombandlela we '/ home'.
buyisela -if /tmp/home0.bak: ukubuyisela i-salvo ngokuhlanganyela.
rsync -rogpav –susa / ikhaya / tmp: ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwezinkomba.
rsync -rogpav -e ssh –delete / ikhaya ip_address: / tmp: rsync ngomhubhe ssh.
rsync -az -e ssh –delete ip_addr: / home / public / home / local: Vumelanisa umkhombandlela wendawo ngendawo ekude nge-ssh nangokucindezelwa.
rsync -az -e ssh –delete / home / local ip_addr: / home / public- Vumelanisa umkhombandlela wesilawuli kude nesiqondisi sendawo nge-ssh nangokucindezelwa.
dd bs = 1M uma = / dev / hda | gzip | ssh (i-imeyili evikelwe): gcina i-hard drive kusikhungo esikude nge-ssh.
dd uma = / dev / sda ye = / tmp / file1: gcina okuqukethwe kwe-hard disk kufayela. (Kulokhu i-hard disk ithi "sda" futhi ifayela lithi "file1").
i-tar -Puf backup.tar / home / user: yenza ukwanda okwengeziwe komkhombandlela '/ ikhaya / umsebenzisi'.
(cd / tmp / wendawo / && tar c.) | ssh -C umsebenzisi @ ip_addr 'cd / home / share / && tar x -p': kopisha okuqukethwe kwesikhombi kusiqondisi esikude nge-ssh.
(tar c / ikhaya) | ssh -C umsebenzisi @ ip_addr 'cd / home / backup-home && tar x -p': kopisha umkhombandlela wasendaweni kusiqondisi esikude nge-ssh.
tar cf -. | (cd / tmp / isipele; tar xf -): ikhophi lasendaweni eligcina amalayisense nezixhumanisi kusuka enkombeni eyodwa kuya kwesinye.
thola / ikhaya / igama lomsebenzisi-igama '* .txt' | xargs cp -av –target-directory = / ikhaya / isipele / –abazali: thola bese ukopisha wonke amafayela nge-extension '.txt' kusuka enkombeni eyodwa kuya kwesinye.
thola / var / log -name '* .log' | i-tar cv –amafayela-kusuka = - | bzip2> log.tar.bz2: thola wonke amafayela ngesandiso '.log' bese wenza ingobo yomlando ye- bzip.
dd uma = / dev / hda ye = / dev / fd0 bs = 512 count = 1: yenza ikhophi le-MRB (Master Boot Record) kwi-floppy disk.
dd uma = / dev / fd0 ye = / dev / hda bs = 512 count = 1: buyisela ikhophi le-MBR (Master Boot Record) eligcinwe kufloppy.

I-CD-ROM

cdrecord -v isikhathi sesikhathi = 2 dev = / dev / cdrom -eject blank = fast -force: hlanza noma usule i-cd engabhalwa kabusha.
mkisofs / dev / cdrom> cd.iso: dala isithombe se-cdrom kudiski.
mkisofs / dev / cdrom | gzip> cd_iso.gz: dala isithombe se-iso esicindezelwe se-cdrom kudiski.
ama-mkisofs -J -vumela amachashazi aholayo -R -V "Ilebuli CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd: dala isithombe se-iso senkomba.
cdrecord -v dev = / dev / cdrom cd.iso: shisa isithombe se-iso.
gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev = / dev / cdrom -: shisa isithombe se-iso esicindezelwe.
ukukhweza -o loop cd.iso / mnt / iso: faka isithombe se-iso.
cd-paranoia -B: thatha izingoma kusuka kumafayili we-cd kuye kuma-wav.
cd-paranoia - "-3": dlulisa izingoma zokuqala ezi-3 zisuka kumafayela we-cd ziye kuma-wav.
cdrecord –iskibhoni: scan ibhasi ukukhomba isiteshi se-scsi.
dd uma = / dev / hdc | md5sum: sebenzisa i-md5sum kudivayisi, njenge-CD.

Ngisebenza neNETWORK ( I-LAN ne-Wi-Fi)

ifconfig eth0: khombisa ukumiswa kwekhadi lenethiwekhi le-Ethernet.
uma i-eth0: yenza kusebenze i-interface 'eth0'.
ifdown eth0khubaza i-interface 'eth0'.
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0: lungiselela ikheli le-IP.
ifconfig eth0 promisc: lungiselela i-'eth0 'ngemodi ejwayelekile ukuthola amaphakethe (ukuhogela).
i-dhclient eth0: yenza kusebenze i-interface 'eth0' kumodi ye-dhcp.
umzila -n: bonisa itafula lokuvakasha.
engeza umzila -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway: setha okokufaka okuzenzakalelayo.
indlela engeza -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1: lungiselela indlela emile yokusesha inethiwekhi '192.168.0.0/16'.
umzila del 0/0 gw IP_gateway: susa umzila we-tuli.
i-echo "1"> / proc / sys / net / ipv4 / ip_forward: yenza kusebenze ip tour.
igama lomkhosi: bonisa igama lomethuleli lohlelo.
Bamba www.example.com: thola igama lomsingathi ukuxazulula igama kukheli le-ip (1).
nslookup www.example.com: thola igama lomgcini ukuxazulula igama kukheli le-ip futhi okuphambene nalokho (2).
show ip: bonisa isimo sesixhumanisi sazo zonke izixhumi.
i-mii-ithuluzi eth0: bonisa isimo sesixhumanisi se-'eth0 '.
i-ethtool eth0: bonisa izibalo zekhadi lenethiwekhi 'eth0'.
netstat -ukuphakama- Khombisa konke ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi okusebenzayo nama-PID awo.
netstat -tupl: bonisa bonke abalaleli benethiwekhi ohlelweni nama-PID abo.
i-tcpdump tcp port 80: bonisa wonke umgwaqo HTTP.
ukuskena i-iwlist: bonisa amanethiwekhi angenantambo.
iwconfig eth1: khombisa ukumiswa kwekhadi lenethiwekhi elingenantambo.
ubani www.example.com: sesha i-database ye-Whois.

I-Microsoft Windows Networks (SAMBA)

nbtscan ip_addrUkulungiswa kwegama lenethiwekhi ye-bios.
i-nmblookup -A ip_addrUkulungiswa kwegama lenethiwekhi ye-bios.
smbclient -L ip_addr / igama lomethuleli: bonisa izenzo ezikude zomgcini kumawindi.

Amatafula e-IP (FIREWALL)

iptables -t isihlungi -L: bonisa zonke izintambo kuthebula lokuhlunga.
iptables -t nat -L: bonisa zonke izintambo ezivela etafuleni le-nat.
iptables -t isihlungi -F: sula yonke imithetho etafuleni lokuhlunga.
iptables -t nat -F: sula yonke imithetho etafuleni le-nat.
iptables -t isihlungi -X: susa noma iyiphi intambo eyenziwe ngumsebenzisi.
iptables -t isihlungi -I-INPUT -p tcp –dport telnet -j ACCEPT: vumela ukuxhumana kwe-telnet ukungena.
iptables-isihlungi -I-OUTPUT -p tcp -dport http -j DROP: vimba ukuxhumana HTTP ukuphuma.
iptables -t isihlungi -A PHAMBILI -p tcp -dport pop3 -j YAMUKELA: vumela ukuxhumana I-POP kwiketanga langaphambili.
iptables -t isihlungi -I-INPUT -j LOG -log-prefix “DROP INPUT”: ukubhalisa intambo yokufaka.
iptables -t nat -A UKUDLULA -o-eth0 -j MASQUERADE: lungiselela i-PAT (Port Translation Port) ku-eth0, ifihla amaphakethe aphumayo.
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp -dport 22 -j DNAT -ukuya lapho uya khona 10.0.0.2:22: phinda uqondise amaphakethe aqondiswe komunye umphathi aye komunye.

Ukuqapha nokulungisa iphutha

top: bonisa imisebenzi ye-linux usebenzisa i-cpu eningi.
ps -efe: ikhombisa imisebenzi yeLinux.
ps -e -o pid, args - ihlathi- Ibonisa imisebenzi ye-Linux ngemodi yokulandelana.
i-pstree: bonisa umuthi wohlelo lwenqubo.
bulala -9 Inqubo_ID- Phoqelela ukuvala inqubo bese uyiqeda.
bulala -1 Inqubo_ID: phoqa inqubo ukuthi ilayishe kabusha ukumiswa.
lsof -p $$: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela avulwe yizinqubo.
lsof / ikhaya / umsebenzisi1: ikhombisa uhlu lwamafayela avulekile ngendlela enikezwe yohlelo.
intambo -c ls> / dev / null: bonisa izingcingo zohlelo ezenziwe futhi zamukelwa ngenqubo.
intambo -f -e evulekile ls> / dev / null: khombisa izingcingo kumtapo wezincwadi.
iwashi -n1 'ikati / i-proc / iphazamisa': bonisa ukuphazamiseka ngesikhathi sangempela.
ukuqalisa phansi kabusha: khombisa umlando wokuqalisa kabusha.
lsmod: bonisa i-kernel elayishiwe.
mahhala -m- Ibonisa isimo se-RAM ngamamegabhayithi.
smartctl -A / dev / hda- Bheka ukwethembeka kwe-hard drive nge-SMART.
smartctl -i / dev / hda: hlola ukuthi i-SMART inikwe amandla kwi-hard disk.
umsila / var / log / dmesg: bonisa imicimbi ehambisana nenqubo yokulayisha i-kernel.
umsila / var / log / imiyalezo: bonisa imicimbi yohlelo.

Eminye imiyalo ewusizo

i-apropos ... igama elingukhiye: bonisa uhlu lwemiyalo engegama elingukhiye lohlelo; Ziwusizo lapho wazi ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lwenzani, kepha awazi igama lomyalo.
indoda ping: bonisa amakhasi ezincwadi online; isibonelo, kumyalo we-ping, sebenzisa inketho ye-'k 'ukuthola noma yimuphi umyalo ohlobene.
yini ... igama elingukhiye: kukhombisa incazelo yalokho okwenziwa uhlelo.
mkbootdisk -cebo / dev / fd0 `uname -r`: dala i-floppy ephathekayo.
gpg -c ifayela1: faka ikhodi ngonogada we-GNU.
ifayela le-gpg1.gpg: nquma ifayela nge-GNU Security Guard.
wget -r www.example.com: landa iwebhusayithi ephelele.
wget -c www.example.com/file.iso: landa ifayela elinethuba lokumisa ukulanda bese uqala kabusha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso'| ngo-09: 00: Qala ukulanda nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kulokhu bekuzoqala ngehora lesi-9.
I-ldd / usr / bin / ssh: bonisa imitapo yolwazi eyabiwe edingwa uhlelo lwe-ssh.
alias hh = 'umlando': beka alias ngomyalo –hh = Umlando.
chsh: shintsha umyalo weShell.
chsh –list-amagobolondo: ngumyalo ofanele wokwazi ukuthi kufanele wenze okukude kwesinye isiginali.
ubani -a: bonisa ukuthi ngubani obhalisiwe, nesikhathi sokuphrinta sohlelo lokugcina lokungenisa, izinqubo ezifile, izinqubo zokubhalisa zesistimu, izinqubo ezisebenzayo ezikhiqizwa yi-init, ukusebenza kwamanje nezinguquko zokugcina zewashi lohlelo.