Amathiphu: Ngaphezu kwemiyalo engama-400 ye-GNU / Linux okufanele uyazi: D

Ngizitholile ku GUTL Wiki lolu hlu oluphelele nge imiyalo engaphezu kuka-400 ukuze I-GNU / Linux ngencazelo yabo efanele, futhi ngifuna ukuwabelana nawe ukuze umphelelise le ndatshana enhle kakhulu ozakwethu akubhalele ukufunda ukuhlala ne-console.

Imininingwane Yesistimu

1. umdwebo: bonisa ukwakhiwa komshini (1).
2. uname-m: bonisa ukwakhiwa komshini (2).
3. uname -r: bonisa inguqulo ye-kernel esetshenzisiwe.
4. ikhodi yekhodi -q: bonisa izingxenye (i-hardware) zohlelo.
5. i-hdparm -i / dev / hda: bonisa izici ze-hard disk.
6. i-hdparm -tT / dev / sda: yenza isivivinyo sokufunda kudiski enzima.
7. ikati / proc / cpuinfo: bonisa imininingwane ye-CPU.
8. ikati / i-proc / iphazamisa: bonisa iziphazamiso.
9. ikati / proc / meminfo: hlola ukusetshenziswa kwememori.
10. ikati / proc / swaps: bonisa amafayela wokushintsha.
11. ikati / i-proc / inguqulo: bonisa uhlobo lwekernel.
12. ikati / proc / net / dev: bonisa ama-adaptha wenethiwekhi nezibalo.
13. ikati / proc / mounts: bonisa uhlelo lwefayela olufakiwe.
14. I-lspci -tv: bonisa amadivayisi we-PCI.
15. I-lsusb -tv: bonisa amadivayisi we-USB.
16. Usuku: bonisa usuku lwesistimu.
17. cal 2011: bonisa i-almanac ka-2011.
18. ikhala 07 2011: bonisa i-almanac yenyanga kaJulayi 2011.
19. usuku 041217002011.00: setha (memezela, setha) usuku nesikhathi.
20. iwashi -w: gcina izinguquko zosuku ku-BIOS.

Ukuvala (Qalisa kabusha Isistimu noma Phuma)

1. ukuvala -h manje: cisha uhlelo (1).
2. Init 0: cisha uhlelo (2).
3. Ucingo 0: cisha uhlelo (3).
4. ukumisa: cisha uhlelo (4).
5. shutdown -h amahora: imizuzu &- Ukuhlelwa kwesistimu okuhleliwe.
6. ukuvala shaqa -c- Khansela ukuvala shaqa okuhleliwe kohlelo.
7. ukuvala shaqa -r manje: qala kabusha (1).
8. qala kabusha: qala kabusha (2).
9. Phuma: Phuma ngemvume.

Amafayela nezinkomba

1. cd / ekhaya: faka umkhombandlela "wasekhaya".
2. cd ..: buyela emuva ezingeni elilodwa.
3. cd ../ ..: buyela emuva amazinga ama-2.
4. I-CD: iya kumkhombandlela wezimpande.
5. cd ~ umsebenzisi1: iya enkombeni yomsebenzisi1.
6. cd -: go (buyela) enkombeni eyedlule.
7. pwd: bonisa indlela yomkhombandlela osebenzayo.
8. ls: buka amafayela enkombeni.
9. ls -F: buka amafayela enkombeni.
10. ls -l: bonisa imininingwane yamafayela namafolda enkombeni.
11. ls -a: bonisa amafayela afihliwe.
12. ls * [0-9]*: bonisa amafayela namafolda aqukethe izinombolo.
13. isihlahla: bonisa amafayela namafolda njengomuthi oqala empandeni. (1)
14. lstree: bonisa amafayela namafolda njengomuthi oqala empandeni. (2)
15. mkdir1: dala ifolda noma umkhombandlela obizwa ngokuthi 'dir1'.
16. mkdir dir1 dir2: dala amafolda amabili noma izinkomba ngasikhathi sinye (Dala izinkomba ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye).
17. mkdir -p / tmp / dir1 / dir2: dala isihlahla somqondisi.
18. rm -f ifayela1: susa ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1'.
19. rmdir1: susa ifolda ebizwa ngokuthi 'dir1'.
20. rm-rf dir1: susa ifolda enegama elithi 'dir1' nokuqukethwe kwayo okuphindwayo. (Uma ngiyisusa ngokuziphindaphinda ngithi inokuqukethwe kwayo).
21. rm -rf dir1 dir2: susa amafolda amabili (izinkomba) ngokuqukethwe kwawo eziphindayo.
22. mv dir1 okusha_dir: qamba kabusha noma uhambise ifayela noma ifolda (umkhombandlela).
23. cp ifayela1: kopisha ifayela.
24. cp ifayela1 file2: kopisha amafayela amabili ngazwilinye.
25. cp dir / *.: kopisha wonke amafayela kusuka enkombeni ungene enkombeni yokusebenza yamanje.
26. cp -a / tmp / dir1.: kopisha umkhombandlela ngaphakathi kwesiqondisi esisebenzayo manje.
27. cp -a i-dir1: kopisha umkhombandlela.
28. cp -a dir1 dir2: kopisha izinkomba ezimbili ngazwilinye.
29. ln -s ifayela1 lnk1: dala isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso kufayela noma enkombeni.
30. ln ifayela1 lnk1: dala isixhumanisi somzimba sefayela noma umkhombandlela.
31. thinta -t 0712250000 file1: shintsha isikhathi sangempela (isikhathi sokudala) sefayela noma umkhombandlela.
32. ifayela lefayela1: okukhiphayo (ukulahla esikrinini) kohlobo lwe-mime lefayela lombhalo.
33. isithonjanav -l: uhlu lwama-cipher aziwayo.
34. iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile> outputFile: dala ifomu elisha lefayela lokufaka ucabanga ukuthi lifakwe ikhodi kusuka ku -Encoding bese uyiguqula ibe yi-ToEncoding.
35. thola. -maxdepth 1 -name * .jpg -print -exec guqula ”{}” -khulisa usayizi 80 × 60 “izithupha / {}” \;: iqembu lishintshe usayizi wamafayela kumkhombandlela wamanje bese liwathumela kwizikhombisi ekubukeni kwezithonjana (kudinga ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-ImagemagicK)

Thola amafayela

1. thola / -name file1: cinga ifayela nomkhombandlela oqala empandeni yohlelo.
2. thola / -user user1: cinga amafayela nezikhombisi zomsebenzisi 'umsebenzisi1'.
3. thola / home / user1 -name \. bin: sesha amafayela anwetshiwe '. bin 'ngaphakathi kwesikhombi' / home / user1 '.
4. thola / usr / bin -type f -atime +100: thola amafayela kanambambili angasetshenziswanga ezinsukwini eziyi-100 ezedlule.
5. thola / usr / bin -type f -mtime -10: cinga amafayela enziwe noma aguquliwe ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ezedlule.
6. thola / -name \ *. rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \;: sesha amafayela anokwandiswa kwe - '.rpm' futhi ushintshe izimvume.
7. thola / -xdev -name \ *. rpm: Sesha amafayela anokwandiswa kwe - '.rpm' unganaki amadivayisi akhishwayo njenge-cdrom, ipeni-drive, njll.
8. thola \ *. ps: thola amafayela ane-extension '.ps' aqale ukusebenza ngomyalo 'updatedb'.
9. ukuma: bonisa indawo kanambambili, usizo noma ifayili lomthombo. Kulokhu ibuza ukuthi ukuphi umyalo 'wokuma'.
10. okuma: bonisa indlela ephelele (yonke indlela) eya kunambambili / ephumelelayo.

Ukufaka isistimu yefayela

1. ukukhweza / dev / hda2 / mnt / hda2: faka i-disk egama lingu-hda2. Okokuqala hlola ubukhona besikhombi '/ mnt / hda2'; uma kungenjalo, kufanele uyidale.
2. umount / dev / hda2: yehlisa idiski ebizwa nge-hda2. Ukuphuma kokuqala kusuka kuphoyinti '/ mnt / hda2.
3. fuser -km / mnt / hda2- Phoqa ukwehla lapho idivayisi imatasa.
4. umount -n / mnt / hda2: sebenzisa ukwehla ngaphandle kokufunda i- / etc / mtab. Isebenziseka lapho ifayili lifundwa kuphela noma i-hard drive igcwele.
5. ukukhweza / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy: faka idiski yediski.
6. ukukhweza / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom: faka i-cdrom / dvdrom.
7. ukukhweza / dev / hdc / mnt / cdrecorder: faka i-cd noma i-dvdrom ebhalwe kabusha.
8. ukukhweza / dev / hdb / mnt / cdrecorder: faka i-cd / dvdrom ebhalwe kabusha (i-dvd).
9. i-mount -o loop file.iso / mnt / cdrom: faka isithombe noma isithombe se-iso.
10. ukukhweza -t vfat / dev / hda5 / mnt / hda5: faka uhlelo lwefayela le-FAT32.
11. ukukhweza / dev / sda1 / mnt / usbdisk: faka i-usb pen-drive noma imemori (ngaphandle kokucacisa uhlobo lwefayela).

I-athikili ehlobene:

Imiyalo engu-4 yokwazi idatha evela kwi-HDD yethu noma ukwahlukanisa

Isikhala sediski

1. df -h: bonisa uhlu lwezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe.
2. ls -lSr | okuningi: bonisa usayizi wamafayela nezinkomba ezi-odwe ngosayizi.
3. i-du -sh dir1: Linganisa isikhala esisetshenziswe umkhombandlela 'dir1'.
4. i-du -sk * | hlunga -rn: bonisa usayizi wamafayela nezinkomba ezi-odwe ngosayizi.
5. i-rpm -q -a –qf '% 10 {SIZE} t% {NAME} n' | hlunga -k1,1n: bonisa isikhala esisetshenziswe ngamaphakeji we-rpm afakiwe ahlelwe ngosayizi (Fedora, Redhat nabanye).
6. dpkg-query -W -f = '$ {Kufakiwe-Usayizi; 10} t $ {Iphakheji} n' | hlunga -k1,1n: bonisa isikhala esisetshenziswe ngamaphakeji afakiwe, ahlelwe ngosayizi (Ubuntu, Debian nabanye).

Abasebenzisi namaqembu

1. igama leqembu: dala iqembu elisha.
2. iqembu leqembu_igama: susa iqembu.
3. groupmod -igama_ elisha_igama_igama_igama: qamba kabusha iqembu.
4. i-useradd -c "Igama lesibongo" -g admin -d / home / user1 -s / bin / bash user1: Dala umsebenzisi omusha weqembu "umlawuli".
5. umsebenzisi yomsebenzisi1: dala umsebenzisi omusha.
6. umsebenzisi -r umsebenzisi1: susa umsebenzisi ('-r' isusa umkhombandlela wasekhaya).
7. usermod -c "Umsebenzisi FTP”-G uhlelo -d / ftp / umsebenzisi1 -s / bin / nologin user1: shintsha izimfanelo zomsebenzisi.
8. i-passwd: SHINTSHA iphasiwedi.
9. passwd umsebenzisi1: shintsha iphasiwedi yomsebenzisi (izimpande kuphela).
10. chage -E 2011-12-31 umsebenzisi1: setha isikhathi sephasiwedi yomsebenzisi. Kulokhu ithi ukhiye uphelelwa yisikhathi ngoDisemba 31, 2011.
11. pwck: hlola i-syntax efanele ifomethi yefayela le - '/ etc / passwd' nobukhona babasebenzisi.
12. grpck: hlola i-syntax elungile nefomethi yefayela '/ etc / group' nobukhona bamaqembu.
13. igama leqembu le-newgrp: Bhalisa iqembu elisha ukushintsha iqembu elizenzakalelayo lamafayela asanda kudalwa.

Izimvume kumafayela (Sebenzisa u - "+" ukubeka izimvume kanye no - - - "ukususa)

1. ls-lh: Khombisa izimvume.
2. ls / tmp | pr -T5 -W $ AMAKHOLAMU: hlukanisa ukuphela kube amakholomu ama-5.
3. chmod ugo + rwx isiqondisi1: faka funda ®, bhala (w) bese usebenzisa (x) izimvume zomnikazi (u), iqembu (g) ​​nabanye (o) kuhla lwemibhalo 'lwemibhalo1'.
4. isiqondisi se-chmod go-rwx1: susa imvume yokufunda ®, bhala (w) no (x) ukhiphe eqenjini (g) nabanye (o) kuhla lwemibhalo 'lwemibhalo1'.
5. chown umsebenzisi1 file1: shintsha umnikazi wefayela.
6. chown -R umsebenzisi1 isiqondisi1: Shintsha umnikazi wesikhombi nawo wonke amafayela nezinkomba eziqukethwe ngaphakathi.
7. chgrp group1 ifayela1: Shintsha iqembu lamafayela.
8. okhethiwe umsebenzisi1: iqembu1 file1: shintsha umsebenzisi neqembu eliphethe ifayela.
9. thola / -perm -u + s: buka wonke amafayela ohlelweni elungiselelwe i-SUID.
10. chmod u + s / bin / file1: faka i-SUID bit efayeleni kanambambili. Umsebenzisi osebenzisa lelo fayela uthola amalungelo afanayo nomnikazi.
11. chmod us / bin / ifayela1: khubaza i-SUID bit efayeleni kanambambili.
12. chmod g + s / ikhaya / umphakathi: faka i-SGID bit enkombeni - efana ne-SUID kepha isiqondisi ngasinye.
13. chmod gs / ikhaya / umphakathi: khubaza i-SGID bit enkombeni.
14. chmod o + t / ikhaya / umphakathi: faka i-STIKY kancane enkombeni. Ivumela ukususwa kwefayela kuphela kubanikazi abasemthethweni.
15. chmod ot / home / public: khubaza i-STIKY bit enkombeni.

Izimfanelo ezikhethekile kumafayela (Sebenzisa u - "+" ukusetha izimvume kanye no "-" ukususa)

1. chattr + kufayela1: ivumela ukubhala ngokuvula imodi yokufaka yefayela kuphela.
2. chattr + c ifayela1: ivumela ifayela ukuthi licindezelwe / licindezelwe ngokuzenzekelayo.
3. chattr d ifayela1: kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo luziba ukususa amafayela ngesikhathi sokulondoloza.
4. chattr + ngifaka i-file1: lenza ifayili lingenzeki, ngakho-ke alikwazi ukususwa, ukuguqulwa, ukuqanjwa kabusha, noma ukuxhumeka.
5. chattr + s ifayela1: ivumela ifayela ukuthi lisuswe ngokuphepha.
6. chattr + S ifayela1: kuqinisekisa ukuthi ifayili liguquliwe, izinguquko zibhalwa ngemodi yokuvumelanisa njengokuvumelanisa.
7. chattr + u ifayela1: ikuvumela ukuthi uphinde uthole okuqukethwe kwefayela noma ngabe likhanseliwe.
8. Lsattr: bonisa izimfanelo ezikhethekile.

I-athikili ehlobene:

NgeTheminali: Usayizi kanye Nemiyalo Yesikhala

Izinqolobane namafayela acindezelwe

1. bunzip2 ifayela1.bz2: unzip ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1.bz2'.
2. bzip2 ifayela1: cindezela ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1'.
3. i-gunzip file1.gz: unzip ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1.gz'.
4. ifayela le-gzip1: cindezela ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1'.
5. gzip -9 ifayela1: icindezela ngokucindezela okukhulu.
6. rar to file1.rar test_file: dala ifayela le-rar elibizwa ngokuthi 'file1.rar'.
7. rar to file1.rar file1 file2 dir1: compress 'file1', 'file2' kanye 'dir1' ngasikhathi sinye.
8. rar x ifayela1.rar: khipha ifayela le-rar.
9. unrar x ifayela1.rar: khipha ifayela le-rar.
10. i-tar -cvf archive.tar ifayela1: dala i-tarball engafakwanga uziphu.
11. i-tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1: dala ifayela eliqukethe 'file1', 'file2 ′ and'dir1'.
12. i-tar -tf ingobo yomlando.tar: bonisa okuqukethwe kwefayela.
13. i-tar -xvf archive.tar: khipha i-tarball.
14. i-tar -xvf archive.tar -C / tmp: khipha i-tarball ku / tmp.
15. i-tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1: dala i-tarball ecindezelwe ngaphakathi kwe-bzip2.
16. i-tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2: decompress ingobo yomlando yetiyela ecindezelwe ku-bzip2
17. i-tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1: dala i-tarball eqinisiwe.
18. i-tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz- Vula ingobo yomlando yetiyela le-gzipped.
19. ifayela le-zip1: dala ifayela le-zip elicindezelwe.
20. zip -r file1.zip file1 ifayela2 dir1: cindezela, ku-zip, amafayela amaningi nezinkomba ngasikhathi sinye.
21. vula ifayela1.zip: khipha ifayela le-zip.

Amaphakeji we-RPM (iRed Hat, iFedora, nokunye okunjalo)

1. rpm -ivh iphakethe.rpm: faka iphakethe le-rpm.
2. i-rpm -ivh -nodeeps package.rpm: faka iphakethe le-rpm ungazinaki izicelo zokuncika.
3. rpm -U iphakethe.rpm: buyekeza iphakethe le-rpm ngaphandle kokushintsha ukucushwa kwamafayela.
4. rpm -F iphakethe.rpm: buyekeza iphakethe le-rpm kuphela uma lifakiwe.
5. i-rpm -e package_name.rpm: susa iphakethe le-rpm.
6. rpm -qa: bonisa wonke amaphakheji we-rpm afakwe kusistimu.
7. rpm -qa | grep httpd: bonisa wonke amaphakheji we-rpm anegama "httpd".
8. i-rpm -qi package_name- Thola ulwazi kwiphakheji ethile efakiwe.
9. rpm -qg "Imvelo Yesistimu / AmaDemoni": bonisa amaphakheji we-rpm weqembu lesoftware.
10. i-rpm -ql package_name: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela anikezwe iphakheji efakiwe ye-rpm.
11. i-rpm -qc package_name: bonisa uhlu lokumiswa kwamafayela anikezwe iphakethe le-rpm elifakiwe.
12. i-rpm -q package_name –izinto ezidingekayo: bonisa uhlu oluceliwe lokuncika kwephakeji le-rpm.
13. i-rpm -q package_name - lokho okuhlinzekayo: bonisa amandla anikezwe yiphakethe le-rpm.
14. rpm -q package_name –imibhalo: bonisa imibhalo eqale ngesikhathi sokufakwa / ukususwa.
15. i-rpm -q package_name –changelog: bonisa umlando wokubuyekeza wephakheji ye-rpm.
16. i-rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf: hlola ukuthi iyiphi iphakethe le-rpm elingefayela elinikeziwe.
17. rpm -qp iphakethe.rpm -l: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela anikezwe iphakethe le-rpm elingakafakwa.
18. rpm –import / media / cdrom / RPM-GPG-KEY: ngenisa isiginesha edijithali yokhiye womphakathi.
19. rpm -checksig package.rpm: qinisekisa ubuqotho bephakethe le-rpm.
20. rpm -qa gpg-pubkey- Bheka ubuqotho bawo wonke amaphakheji we-rpm afakiwe.
21. i-rpm -V iphakethe_name: hlola usayizi wefayela, amalayisense, izinhlobo, umnikazi, iqembu, isifinyezo se-MD5 nokuguqulwa kokugcina
22. i-rpm -Va: hlola wonke amaphakheji we-rpm afakwe kusistimu. Sebenzisa ngokunakekela.
23. rpm -Vp iphakethe.rpm: hlola iphakethe le-rpm elingakafakwa okwamanje.
24. rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio –extract –kwenza-izinkomba * bin*: khipha ifayela elisebenzisekayo kusuka ku-rpm package.
25. i-rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch >/package.rpm: faka iphakheji eyakhiwe kusuka kumthombo we-rpm.
26. rpmbuild -yakha iphakethe_name.src.rpm: yakha iphakethe le-rpm kusuka kumthombo we-rpm.

Isibuyekezi sephakheji ye-YUM (Isigqoko Esibomvu, iFedora nokunye okunjalo)

1. yum ukufaka iphakethe_name: landa bese ufaka iphakethe le-rpm.
2. yum ukufakwa kwephakheji_name.rpm: lokhu kuzofaka i-RPM bese kuzama ukukuxazululela konke ukuncika kwakho, usebenzisa izinqolobane zakho.
3. yum buyekeza iphakethe_name.rpm: buyekeza wonke amaphakheji we-rpm afakwe kusistimu.
4. yum buyekeza iphakethe_name: ukuvuselela / ukuvuselela iphakethe le-rpm.
5. yum khipha iphakethe_name: susa iphakethe le-rpm.
6. uhlu lwe-yum: uhlu wonke amaphakheji afakwe kusistimu.
7. yum search package_name: Thola iphakethe endaweni eyi-rpm.
8. yum amaphakheji ahlanzekile: sula i-rpm cache ngokususa amaphakheji alandiwe.
9. izihloko ezihlanzekile ze-yum: susa wonke amafayela kanhlokweni asetshenziswa uhlelo ukuxazulula ukuncika.
10. yum hlanza konke: susa kumaphakethe we-cache namafayela weheda.

Amaphakheji weDeb (i-Debian, Ubuntu kanye nokuphuma)

1. dpkg -i iphakheji.deb: faka / uvuselele iphakethe lesikweletu.
2. dpkg -r iphakethe_name: susa iphakethe lesikweletu ohlelweni.
3. dpkg -l: bonisa wonke amaphakheji wesikweletu afakwe ohlelweni.
4. dpkg -l | grep httpd: bonisa wonke amaphakheji we-deb anegama "httpd"
5. dpkg -s iphakethe_name- Thola ulwazi kwiphakheji ethile efakwe ohlelweni.
6. dpkg -L iphakethe_name: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela anikezwe yiphakheji efakwe ohlelweni.
7. dpkg –okuqukethwe iphakethe.deb: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela anikezwe yiphakheji engakafakwa okwamanje.
8. dpkg -S / bin / ping: hlola ukuthi iyiphi iphakheji engeyefayela elinikeziwe.

Isibuyekezo sePhakheji le-APT (i-Debian, Ubuntu kanye nokuphuma kokunye)

1. thola ukufaka iphakethe_name: faka / uvuselele iphakethe lesikweletu.
2. i-apt-cdrom ukufaka iphakethe_name: faka / uvuselele iphakethe lesikweletu kusuka ku-cdrom.
3. Thola ukubuyekeza: buyekeza uhlu lwephakeji.
4. phuthukisa kahle: buyekeza wonke amaphakheji afakiwe.
5. thola ukususa i-package_name: susa iphakethe lesikweletu ohlelweni.
6. isheke-thola isheke: qinisekisa ukulungiswa okulungile kokuncika.
7. thola kahle: sula i-cache kusuka kumaphakeji alandiwe.
8. search-cache search search-package: ibuyisa uhlu lwamaphakeji ahambelana nochungechunge "amaphakheji aseshwe".

Buka okuqukethwe kwefayela

1. ikati ifayela1: buka okuqukethwe kwefayela kusuka kumugqa wokuqala.
2. ifayela le-tac1: buka okuqukethwe kwefayela kusuka kulayini wokugcina.
3. ifayili eliningi1: buka okuqukethwe kulo lonke ifayela.
4. ifayili elingaphansi1: ifana nomyalo 'ongaphezulu' kepha ivumela ukulondolozwa kokuhamba kufayela kanye nokunyakaza emuva.
5. ikhanda -2 ifayela1: bheka imigqa emibili yokuqala yefayela.
6. umsila -2 file1: bheka imigqa emibili yokugcina yefayela.
7. umsila -f / var / log / imiyalezo: bona ngesikhathi sangempela okungeziwe kufayela.

Ukukhohlisa kombhalo

1. ikati file1 file2 .. | umyalo <> file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt: syntax ejwayelekile yokukhohlisa umbhalo usebenzisa IPIPE, STDIN ne STDOUT.
2. ikati file1 | umyalo (sed, grep, awk, grep, njll ...)> umphumela.txt: syntax ejwayelekile yokukhohlisa umbhalo kufayela bese ubhala umphumela kufayela elisha.
3. ikati file1 | umyalo (sed, grep, awk, grep, njll ...) »result.txt: syntax ejwayelekile yokukhohlisa umbhalo kufayela bese ungeze imiphumela kufayela elikhona.
4. grep Aug / var / log / messages: sesha amagama "Aug" kufayela '/ var / log / messages'.
5. grep ^ Aug / var / log / messages: thola amagama aqala ngo- “Aug” kufayela '/ var / log / messages'
6. grep [0-9] / var / log / messages: khetha yonke imigqa efayeleni '/ var / log / messages' equkethe izinombolo.
7. grep Aug -R / var / log /*: funa umucu othi “Aug” enkombeni '/ var / log' nangaphansi.
8. sed 's / stringa1 / stringa2 / g' example.txt: thutha "string1" nge "string2" ku-example.txt
9. sed '/ ^ $ / d' example.txt: susa yonke imigqa engenalutho kusuka ku-example.txt
10. sed '/ * # / d; / ^ $ / d 'example.txt: susa imibono nolayini abangenalutho kusuka ku-example.txt
11. nanela 'esempio' | tr '[: lower:]' '[: engenhla:]': guqula amagama amancane abe ngunobumba omkhulu.
12. imiphumela ye-sed -e '1d': susa umugqa wokuqala wesibonelo sefayela.txt
13. sed -n '/ stringa1 / p': bonisa kuphela imigqa equkethe igama elithi "string1".

Setha ukuguqulwa kwezinhlamvu nefayela

1. dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt: guqula ifomethi yefayili yombhalo isuke ku-MSDOS iye ku-UNIX.
2. unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt: guqula ifomethi yefayili yombhalo isuka ku-UNIX iye kwi-MSDOS.
3. khumbula ..i-HTML <ikhasi.txt> ikhasi.html: Guqula ifayela lombhalo libe yi-html.
4. bhala kabusha -l | Okuningi- Khombisa konke ukuguqulwa kwefomethi etholakalayo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesistimu yefayela

1. ama-badblocks -v / dev / hda1: Bheka amabhlogo amabi kudiski hda1.
2. fsck / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / hlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-Linux kudiski hda1.
3. fsck.ext2 / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukuhlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-ext 2 kudiski hda1.
4. e2fsck / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukuhlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-ext 2 kudiski hda1.
5. e2fsck -j / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukuhlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-ext 3 kudiski hda1.
6. fsck.ext3 / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / ukuhlola ubuqotho befayela lesistimu ye-ext 3 kudiski hda1.
7. fsck.vfat / dev / hda1: ukulungisa / hlola ubuqotho befayela lohlelo lwamafutha kudiski hda1.
8. fsck.msdos / dev / hda1: lungisa / hlola ubuqotho befayela kusistimu yediski ku-disk hda1.
9. i-dosfsck / dev / hda1: lungisa / hlola ubuqotho befayela kusistimu yediski ku-disk hda1.

Fometha isistimu yefayela

1. mkfs / dev / hda1: dala ifayili lesistimu elifana neLinux ekuhlukaniseni i-hda1.
2. umfazi2fs / dev / hda1: dala ifayela lohlelo lweLinux ext 2 ku-hda1.
3. umfazi2fs -j / dev / hda1: dala ifayela lohlelo lweLinux ext3 (ngezikhathi ezithile) kuhlukaniso hda1.
4. mkfs -t vfat 32 -F / dev / hda1: dala ifayela lohlelo lwe-FAT32 ku-hda1.
5. fdformat -n / dev / fd0: fometha idiski ethambile.
6. mkswap / dev / hda3: dala ifayela lohlelo lokushintshana.

Ngisebenza nge-SWAP

1. mkswap / dev / hda3: dala ifayela lokushintsha uhlelo.
2. swapon / dev / hda3: kusebenze ukwahlukaniswa okusha kokushintshana.
3. swapon / dev / hda2 / dev / hdb3: yenza kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili.

I-Salvas (Isipele)

1. dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / home: yenza ukulondolozwa okugcwele kwesiqondisi se - '/ home'.
2. dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / home: yenza ukonga okwengeziwe komkhombandlela we '/ home'.
3. buyisela -if /tmp/home0.bak: ukubuyisela i-salvo ngokuhlanganyela.
4. rsync -rogpav –susa / ikhaya / tmp: ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwezinkomba.
5. rsync -rogpav -e ssh –delete / ikhaya ip_address: / tmp: rsync ngomhubhe ssh.
6. rsync -az -e ssh –delete ip_addr: / home / public / home / local: Vumelanisa umkhombandlela wendawo ngendawo ekude nge-ssh nangokucindezelwa.
7. rsync -az -e ssh –delete / home / local ip_addr: / home / public- Vumelanisa umkhombandlela wesilawuli kude nesiqondisi sendawo nge-ssh nangokucindezelwa.
8. dd bs = 1M uma = / dev / hda | gzip | ssh (i-imeyili evikelwe): gcina i-hard drive kusikhungo esikude nge-ssh.
9. dd uma = / dev / sda ye = / tmp / file1: gcina okuqukethwe kwe-hard disk kufayela. (Kulokhu i-hard disk ithi "sda" futhi ifayela lithi "file1").
10. i-tar -Puf backup.tar / home / user: yenza ukwanda okwengeziwe komkhombandlela '/ ikhaya / umsebenzisi'.
11. (cd / tmp / wendawo / && tar c.) | ssh -C umsebenzisi @ ip_addr 'cd / home / share / && tar x -p': kopisha okuqukethwe kwesikhombi kusiqondisi esikude nge-ssh.
12. (tar c / ikhaya) | ssh -C umsebenzisi @ ip_addr 'cd / home / backup-home && tar x -p': kopisha umkhombandlela wasendaweni kusiqondisi esikude nge-ssh.
13. tar cf -. | (cd / tmp / isipele; tar xf -): ikhophi lasendaweni eligcina amalayisense nezixhumanisi kusuka enkombeni eyodwa kuya kwesinye.
14. thola / ikhaya / igama lomsebenzisi-igama '* .txt' | xargs cp -av –target-directory = / ikhaya / isipele / –abazali: thola bese ukopisha wonke amafayela nge-extension '.txt' kusuka enkombeni eyodwa kuya kwesinye.
15. thola / var / log -name '* .log' | i-tar cv –amafayela-kusuka = ​​- | bzip2> log.tar.bz2: thola wonke amafayela ngesandiso '.log' bese wenza ingobo yomlando ye- bzip.
16. dd uma = / dev / hda ye = / dev / fd0 bs = 512 count = 1: yenza ikhophi le-MRB (Master Boot Record) kwi-floppy disk.
17. dd uma = / dev / fd0 ye = / dev / hda bs = 512 count = 1: buyisela ikhophi le-MBR (Master Boot Record) eligcinwe kufloppy.

I-CD-ROM

1. cdrecord -v isikhathi sesikhathi = 2 dev = / dev / cdrom -eject blank = fast -force: hlanza noma usule i-cd engabhalwa kabusha.
2. mkisofs / dev / cdrom> cd.iso: dala isithombe se-cdrom kudiski.
3. mkisofs / dev / cdrom | gzip> cd_iso.gz: dala isithombe se-iso esicindezelwe se-cdrom kudiski.
4. ama-mkisofs -J -vumela amachashazi aholayo -R -V "Ilebuli CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd: dala isithombe se-iso senkomba.
5. cdrecord -v dev = / dev / cdrom cd.iso: shisa isithombe se-iso.
6. gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev = / dev / cdrom -: shisa isithombe se-iso esicindezelwe.
7. ukukhweza -o loop cd.iso / mnt / iso: faka isithombe se-iso.
8. cd-paranoia -B: thatha izingoma kusuka kumafayili we-cd kuye kuma-wav.
9. cd-paranoia - "-3": dlulisa izingoma zokuqala ezi-3 zisuka kumafayela we-cd ziye kuma-wav.
10. cdrecord –iskibhoni: scan ibhasi ukukhomba isiteshi se-scsi.
11. dd uma = / dev / hdc | md5sum: sebenzisa i-md5sum kudivayisi, njenge-CD.

Ngisebenza neNETWORK ( I-LAN ne-Wi-Fi)

1. ifconfig eth0: khombisa ukumiswa kwekhadi lenethiwekhi le-Ethernet.
2. uma i-eth0: yenza kusebenze i-interface 'eth0'.
3. ifdown eth0khubaza i-interface 'eth0'.
4. ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0: lungiselela ikheli le-IP.
5. ifconfig eth0 promisc: lungiselela i-'eth0 'ngemodi ejwayelekile ukuthola amaphakethe (ukuhogela).
6. i-dhclient eth0: yenza kusebenze i-interface 'eth0' kumodi ye-dhcp.
7. umzila -n: bonisa itafula lokuvakasha.
8. engeza umzila -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway: setha okokufaka okuzenzakalelayo.
9. indlela engeza -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1: lungiselela indlela emile yokusesha inethiwekhi '192.168.0.0/16'.
10. umzila del 0/0 gw IP_gateway: susa umzila we-tuli.
11. i-echo "1"> / proc / sys / net / ipv4 / ip_forward: yenza kusebenze ip tour.
12. igama lomkhosi: bonisa igama lomethuleli lohlelo.
13. Bamba www.example.com: thola igama lomsingathi ukuxazulula igama kukheli le-ip (1).
14. nslookup www.example.com: thola igama lomgcini ukuxazulula igama kukheli le-ip futhi okuphambene nalokho (2).
15. show ip: bonisa isimo sesixhumanisi sazo zonke izixhumi.
16. i-mii-ithuluzi eth0: bonisa isimo sesixhumanisi se-'eth0 '.
17. i-ethtool eth0: bonisa izibalo zekhadi lenethiwekhi 'eth0'.
18. netstat -ukuphakama- Khombisa konke ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi okusebenzayo nama-PID awo.
19. netstat -tupl: bonisa bonke abalaleli benethiwekhi ohlelweni nama-PID abo.
20. i-tcpdump tcp port 80: bonisa wonke umgwaqo HTTP.
21. ukuskena i-iwlist: bonisa amanethiwekhi angenantambo.
22. iwconfig eth1: khombisa ukumiswa kwekhadi lenethiwekhi elingenantambo.
23. ubani www.example.com: sesha i-database ye-Whois.

I-Microsoft Windows Networks (SAMBA)

1. nbtscan ip_addrUkulungiswa kwegama lenethiwekhi ye-bios.
2. i-nmblookup -A ip_addrUkulungiswa kwegama lenethiwekhi ye-bios.
3. smbclient -L ip_addr / igama lomethuleli: bonisa izenzo ezikude zomgcini kumawindi.

Amatafula e-IP (FIREWALL)

1. iptables -t isihlungi -L: bonisa zonke izintambo kuthebula lokuhlunga.
2. iptables -t nat -L: bonisa zonke izintambo ezivela etafuleni le-nat.
3. iptables -t isihlungi -F: sula yonke imithetho etafuleni lokuhlunga.
4. iptables -t nat -F: sula yonke imithetho etafuleni le-nat.
5. iptables -t isihlungi -X: susa noma iyiphi intambo eyenziwe ngumsebenzisi.
6. iptables -t isihlungi -I-INPUT -p tcp –dport telnet -j ACCEPT: vumela ukuxhumana kwe-telnet ukungena.
7. iptables-isihlungi -I-OUTPUT -p tcp -dport http -j DROP: vimba ukuxhumana HTTP ukuphuma.
8. iptables -t isihlungi -A PHAMBILI -p tcp -dport pop3 -j YAMUKELA: vumela ukuxhumana I-POP kwiketanga langaphambili.
9. iptables -t isihlungi -I-INPUT -j LOG -log-prefix “DROP INPUT”: ukubhalisa intambo yokufaka.
10. iptables -t nat -A UKUDLULA -o-eth0 -j MASQUERADE: lungiselela i-PAT (Port Translation Port) ku-eth0, ifihla amaphakethe aphumayo.
11. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp -dport 22 -j DNAT -ukuya lapho uya khona 10.0.0.2:22: phinda uqondise amaphakethe aqondiswe komunye umphathi aye komunye.

Ukuqapha nokulungisa iphutha

1. top: bonisa imisebenzi ye-linux usebenzisa i-cpu eningi.
2. ps -efe: ikhombisa imisebenzi yeLinux.
3. ps -e -o pid, args - ihlathi- Ibonisa imisebenzi ye-Linux ngemodi yokulandelana.
4. i-pstree: bonisa umuthi wohlelo lwenqubo.
5. bulala -9 Inqubo_ID- Phoqelela ukuvala inqubo bese uyiqeda.
6. bulala -1 Inqubo_ID: phoqa inqubo ukuthi ilayishe kabusha ukumiswa.
7. lsof -p $$: bonisa uhlu lwamafayela avulwe yizinqubo.
8. lsof / ikhaya / umsebenzisi1: ikhombisa uhlu lwamafayela avulekile ngendlela enikezwe yohlelo.
9. intambo -c ls> / dev / null: bonisa izingcingo zohlelo ezenziwe futhi zamukelwa ngenqubo.
10. intambo -f -e evulekile ls> / dev / null: khombisa izingcingo kumtapo wezincwadi.
11. iwashi -n1 'ikati / i-proc / iphazamisa': bonisa ukuphazamiseka ngesikhathi sangempela.
12. ukuqalisa phansi kabusha: khombisa umlando wokuqalisa kabusha.
13. lsmod: bonisa i-kernel elayishiwe.
14. mahhala -m- Ibonisa isimo se-RAM ngamamegabhayithi.
15. smartctl -A / dev / hda- Bheka ukwethembeka kwe-hard drive nge-SMART.
16. smartctl -i / dev / hda: hlola ukuthi i-SMART inikwe amandla kwi-hard disk.
17. umsila / var / log / dmesg: bonisa imicimbi ehambisana nenqubo yokulayisha i-kernel.
18. umsila / var / log / imiyalezo: bonisa imicimbi yohlelo.

Eminye imiyalo ewusizo

1. i-apropos ... igama elingukhiye: bonisa uhlu lwemiyalo engegama elingukhiye lohlelo; Ziwusizo lapho wazi ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lwenzani, kepha awazi igama lomyalo.
2. indoda ping: bonisa amakhasi ezincwadi online; isibonelo, kumyalo we-ping, sebenzisa inketho ye-'k 'ukuthola noma yimuphi umyalo ohlobene.
3. yini ... igama elingukhiye: kukhombisa incazelo yalokho okwenziwa uhlelo.
4. mkbootdisk -cebo / dev / fd0 `uname -r`: dala i-floppy ephathekayo.
5. gpg -c ifayela1: faka ikhodi ngonogada we-GNU.
6. ifayela le-gpg1.gpg: nquma ifayela nge-GNU Security Guard.
7. wget -r www.example.com: landa iwebhusayithi ephelele.
8. wget -c www.example.com/file.iso: landa ifayela elinethuba lokumisa ukulanda bese uqala kabusha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
9. echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso'| ngo-09: 00: Qala ukulanda nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kulokhu bekuzoqala ngehora lesi-9.
10. I-ldd / usr / bin / ssh: bonisa imitapo yolwazi eyabiwe edingwa uhlelo lwe-ssh.
11. alias hh = 'umlando': beka alias ngomyalo –hh = Umlando.
12. chsh: shintsha umyalo weShell.
13. chsh –list-amagobolondo: ngumyalo ofanele wokwazi ukuthi kufanele wenze okukude kwesinye isiginali.
14. ubani -a: bonisa ukuthi ngubani obhalisiwe, nesikhathi sokuphrinta sohlelo lokugcina lokungenisa, izinqubo ezifile, izinqubo zokubhalisa zesistimu, izinqubo ezisebenzayo ezikhiqizwa yi-init, ukusebenza kwamanje nezinguquko zokugcina zewashi lohlelo.