Ukulungiswa Kwesistimu: Ungayenza kanjani i-chroot

Izikhathi eziningi, ikakhulukazi lapho siphithizela, sizithole sisenkingeni yokungakwazi ukufinyelela ohlelweni ukuyilungisa, kepha isixazululo silula: sebenzisa umyalo impumu kusuka kunoma iyiphi i-LiveCD / RepairCD.

Ezindaweni eziningi (izinkundla, amabhulogi ...) lo myalo kuyashiwo ngawo futhi kunikezwa "ikhophi / unamathisela" ikhodi, kepha inhloso yami ngalokhu okuthunyelwe ukuchaza lezo zinyathelo kancane, ukuze ulisebenzise kahle leli thuluzi, ngolwazi kwesizathu.

Isingeniso

Umyalo impumu Kwaziwa njenge-CHangeROOT, okungukuthi, umyalo okuvumela ukuthi ushintshe impande yohlelo osebenza kulo. Ngamanye amagama: uma uvela ku-LiveCD futhi ufuna konke okusebenzayo kukhonsoli ukuthi kube nomthelela ohlelweni olufakiwe, kufanele uqale usebenzise impumu.

Inkinga ukuthi akwanele ukusebenzisa impumu Kanjalo, ngaphambi kokuthi kufanele sikhuphule kahle ukwahlukana okuthile.

INDLELA

Okokuqala sidinga ukuqala ukuphela, kusuka kolunye uhlelo olufakiwe (kolunye ukwahlukanisa / idiski) noma kusuka ku-LiveCD. OKUBALULEKILE: ukwakhiwa kwe-LiveCD kufanele kufane nokwesistimu ezolungiswa (ama-32 noma ama-64 bits).
Uma sesisesigungwini sizoqala ngokukhomba ukwahlukana kwethu:
fdisk -l

• Ngalo myalo sizobhala wonke ama-partitions / amadiski ethu. Kumele sikhombe ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye eqondiwe, lapho uhlelo lwethu lokulungisa lufakwe khona, kusukela manje kuqhubeke sizoyibiza uhlelo oluphukile.

Ngalesi sibonelo sizobheka ukuthi uhlelo lwethu oluphukile luku- / dev / sda1 .

Siyaqhubeka nokuhlanganisa uhlelo. Okokuqala sizokwakha ifolda lapho sizosebenza khona futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sifaka ukwahlukanisa lapho uhlelo lwethu oluphukile lutholakala kuleyo folda
mkdir /mnt/my_linux
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/my_linux
Uma unayo ifolda / ekhaya o / var noma enye into kwenye ukwahlukanisa, kufanele ukuyifaka / s ngale ndlela elandelayo:
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/my_linux/var

• QAPHELA: Ngithathe njengesibonelo ukwahlukanisa kwe / / dev / sda2 kufolda ye / var, ake ngamunye alungise ikhodi ezinhlakeni zayo.

Ngokuvamile lokhu kuzokwanela uma umane nje udinga ukuhlela amafayela ngesandla, kepha uma sifuna ukwenza imiyalo ethile elungisa isistimu, sidinga ukufaka amafolda athile wesistimu: / dev, / pro y  / sys.
mount -t proc proc /mnt/my_linux/proc
mount -t sysfs sys /mnt/my_linux/sys
mount -o bind /dev /mnt/my_linux/dev

• Ngokukhethwa kukho -t siyasho khuphuka uhlobo lwe- "systemystem" esifuna ukulifaka. Kuyadingeka ukuyicacisa ngenxa yemvelo ekhethekile yamafolda / pro y / sys.

• Ngokukhethwa kukho -o sicacisa izinketho ze khuphuka. Inketho bopha isebenza "ukuxhumanisa". Ku-UNIX wonke amadivayisi wehadiwe ayatholakala ngefolda / dev, yingakho kufanele sikhuphule owethu wamanje / dev kufolda lapho uhlelo lwethu oluphukile lukhona manje. Njengoba le folda isivele ifakiwe, kuyadingeka kuphela ukutshela khuphuka lapho ibekwe khona ekuqaleni.

Kwenziwa ngale ndlela ukuze impumu bakwazi ukufinyelela kulawa mafolda njengokungathi uhlelo olwephukile, yize kumele ukuthi luvela ohlelweni lwamanje (isb: iseshini ye-LiveCD) ngoba ahlobene nesimo sohlelo, izinqubo kanye nehadiwe.

Manje yisikhathi sokusebenzisa impumu:
chroot /mnt/my_linux/ /bin/bash

• Umyalo udluliswa njengezimpikiswano indlela yempande entsha «/» (okuyiyona yethu / mnt / my_linux) kanye nekhonsoli ofuna ukuyisebenzisa (kulokhu sikhethe i-bash eyaziwayo, etholakala ku- / bin / bash). Uma singacacisi ikhonsoli, sizozitholela ngaphambi kotolika womyalo othile wasendulo (ayigcwalisi lapho ucindezela ithebhu, njll).

Manje sesingasebenzisa ikhonsoli ngokungathi siqale iseshini yezimpande kusistimu yethu ephukile (hlela amafayela, hlola imibhalo, faka / khipha amaphakheji ... ISEXWAYISO! Ukuze ushintsho olwenziwe luqale ukusebenza, kufanele wehlise isistimu yefayela ngemuva kokuphuma impumuBheka isibonelo esingezansi.

Imininingwane eminingi ku https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Change_Root (ngaphezu kokufunda okunconyiwe).

Isibonelo sokusetshenziswa: buyisela i-GRUB2

Enye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze- impumu Kunjengethuluzi lokulungisa i-GRUB. Njengoba uma i-grub iphuka, akunakwenzeka ukuqala uhlelo lwethu ukuyilungisa.

ISAZISO: lesi sifundo esifushane siyisibonelo nje, sisebenza ekusatshalalisweni okuhlukahlukene okususelwe ku-Debian, Ubuntu naku-OpenSUSE phakathi kwabanye. Noma kunjalo, hlola amadokhumenti wokusabalalisa kwakho, ngoba kokuningi umyalo awutholakali buyekeza-grub.
# QAPHELA: le miyalo isebenza kanye ngaphakathi kwe-chroot.update-grub
grub-install /dev/sda

• cunt buyekeza-grub Sibuyekeza imenyu yokufaka ye-GRUB2, ngaleyo ndlela sengeze noma yikuphi okokufaka okungekho. Kamuva sifaka kabusha i-GRUB kudiski yethu, ngoba yonakele.

Kulokhu ngithathile / dev / sda Njenge-albhamu lapho sinohlelo lwethu, lokhu kufanele kujwayele icala lakho.

I-GRUB yethu kufanele isivele isilungisiwe, ngakho-ke kufanele siphume impumuyehlisa isistimu yefayela (OKUBALULEKILE) bese uqala kabusha ukuze izinguquko zisebenze. Uma sikhohlwa ukwehlisa uhlelo lwefayela, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuqala kabusha amafayela ngeke kwehle kahle ngakho-ke ezinye izinguquko ngeke zisebenze.
# sishiye impandeexit
# yehlisa uhlelo lwefayela bese uqala kabushaumount /mnt/my_linux/dev
umount /mnt/my_linux/sys
umount /mnt/my_linux/proc
umount /mnt/my_linux
reboot
Futhi yilokho kuphela. Ngiyethemba uyayijabulela nokuthi iyakusiza. Ukubingelela!