Umehluko phakathi kwe- "software yamahhala" kanye "nomthombo ovulekile"

Yize empeleni kusebenza isoftware yomthombo ovulekile kanye nesoftware yamahhala yabelana ngamalayisense abo amaningi, la FSF icabanga ukuthi ukunyakaza komthombo ovulekile kwehluke ngokwefilosofi nokunyakaza kwesoftware yamahhala. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi njengoba kuvame ukudideka futhi amagama athi "amahhala" kanye "nomthombo ovulekile" asetshenziswa ngokungafani.

Lokhu kwavela ngo-1998 lapho iqembu labantu, okubalwa kubo u-Eric S. Raymond noBruce Perens, lisungula i-Open Source Initiative (OSI). Inhloso yabo kwakuwukunikeza ukugqama okukhulu ezinzuzweni ezingokoqobo zokwabelana ngamakhodi womthombo, kanye nokuthakazelisa izindlu ezinkulu zesoftware nezinye izinkampani embonini yezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kulo mqondo. Ngenkathi i-FSF noRichard Stallman bekhetha ukufaka lolu daba ngendlela yokuziphatha besebenzisa igama elithi Free Software.

Laba bameli babona ukuthi igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile", emthonjeni ovulekile wesiNgisi, ligwema ukungaqondakali kwegama elithi "mahhala" ngesiNgisi, elisetshenziswa yi-FSF lapho kukhulunywa nge "software yamahhala" (isoftware yamahhala). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ilinika igama "lobuchwepheshe" kanye "nokungathathi hlangothi" elingazethusi izinkampani noma ohulumeni; ngokwehlukile, igama elithi "mahhala" liholele abaningi kwezamabhizinisi ukuthi balisuse kwi-radar yabo ngoba "alikho ibhizinisi elingenzeka lapho" nohulumeni abaningi nabantu ukulixhumanisa nobukhomanisi, njalonjalo.

Igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" laqanjwa nguChristine Peterson we-Foresight Institute think tank, futhi igama lesiNgisi lemikhiqizo yesoftware yamahhala labhaliswa ukuze lisebenze njengophawu lokuhweba.

Abantu abaningi bayayibona inzuzo yekhwalithi yenqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware lapho abathuthukisi bekwazi ukusebenzisa, ukuguqula, nokusabalalisa kabusha ikhodi yomthombo yohlelo, konke okwakhuliswe ekuqaleni nguRichard Stallman kanye ne-FSF. Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezinzuzo zale nkululeko ezikhona lapho kuthuthukiswa isoftware, ngincoma ukufunda i- "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" ebhalwe ngu-Eric S. Raymond.

Kodwa-ke, ukunyakaza kwamahhala kwesoftware kugcizelela ngokukhethekile izici zokuziphatha noma zokuziphatha zesoftware, ukubona ubuhle bezobuchwepheshe njengomkhiqizo ofiselekayo, kodwa osuselwa ezingeni lokuziphatha kwawo. Ukunyakaza komthombo ovulekile kubheka ubuhle bezobuchwepheshe njengenhloso eyinhloko, nokwabelana ngekhodi yomthombo kuyindlela yokufeza lokho.. Ngalesi sizathu, i-FSF iyaziqhelelanisa nayo yomibili iminyakazo yomthombo ovulekile negama elithi "Umthombo Ovulekile".

Njengoba i-OSI ivuma kuphela amalayisense ahambisana ne-OSD (Open Source Definition), abantu abaningi bayihumusha njengohlelo lokusabalalisa, futhi bashintshana ngokukhululekile "umthombo ovulekile" nge "software yamahhala". Noma kukhona umehluko wefilosofi obalulekile phakathi kwalawa magama womabili, ikakhulukazi maqondana nezizathu zokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwesoftware enjalo. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kwehluka akuvamile ukuba nomthelela kwinqubo yokubambisana.

Ukunyakaza "komthombo ovulekile", nge-Open Source Initiative, kwehlukile kunhlangano yamahhala, okuyisizinda sayo okuyiFree Software Foundation. Kodwa-ke, yize zingahambelani ngombono wefilosofi, zicishe zilingane ngombono osebenzayo; empeleni, zombili lezi zinhlangano zisebenza ngokubambisana ekwakhiweni kwamaphrojekthi amaningi.

Izidingo zesithambile. umthombo ovulekile ".

Umqondo ovulekile womthombo ugxile ekuboneni ukuthi ngokwabelana ngekhodi, uhlelo oluvelayo luvame ukuba sezingeni eliphakeme kunqubo yesoftware, kungumbono wezobuchwepheshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isoftware yamahhala inokuthambekela kwefilosofi ngisho nokuziphatha: isoftware yobunikazi, njengoba ingenakwabelwana ngayo, "ayilandeli" ngoba ukuvimbela ukuhlanganyela phakathi kwabantu kuphikisana nokuqonda.

Njengesoftware yamahhala, umthombo ovulekile noma umthombo ovulekile unochungechunge lwezidingo ezidingekayo ukuze uhlelo lubhekwe kulo mnyakazo, lezi izi:

• Ukwabiwa kabusha kwamahhala: isoftware kufanele inikezwe ngokukhululekile noma ithengiswe.
• Ikhodi yomthombo- Ikhodi yomthombo kufanele ifakwe noma itholakale ngokukhululeka.
• Imisebenzi etholakele: ukwabiwa kabusha kokuguqulwa kufanele kuvunyelwe.
• Ubuqotho bekhodi yomthombo yombhali: Amalayisense angadinga ukulungiswa ukuthi kusatshalaliswe kuphela njengamamaki.
• Ngaphandle kokubandlululwa labantu noma amaqembu: akekho ongasala ngaphandle.
• Akukho ukucwaswa kwezindawo ezisetshenziswayo: abasebenzisi bezohwebo abakwazi ukukhishwa.
• Ukusatshalaliswa kwelayisense- Amalungelo afanayo kufanele asebenze kuwo wonke umuntu othola lolu hlelo
• Ilayisensi akumele icaciswe ngomkhiqizo othile- Uhlelo alunakuba nelayisense lodwa njengengxenye yokusabalalisa okukhulu.
• Ilayisensi akufanele ikhawulele enye isoftware: ilayisense alinakuphoqa ukuthi noma iyiphi enye isoftware esatshalaliswa nge-software evulekile nayo kufanele ibe ngumthombo ovulekile.
• Ilayisensi kumele ingathathi hlangothi kwezobuchwepheshe- Ukwamukelwa kwelayisense ngokufinyelela kokuchofoza ngegundane noma okuhlukile okuqondene nesoftware akufanele kudingeke.

Le decalogue iyahambisana ne- inkululeko ezine zesoftware yamahhala.

IZIMFULELO NEZIMBALI

Yize igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" lisusa ukungaqondakali kwegama elithi "okhululekile", kudida izincazelo zalo ezimbili elithi "mahhala" vs. "Mahhala", faka okusha: phakathi kwezinhlelo ezihambisana nencazelo yoMthombo Ovulekile, ezinikeza abasebenzisi inkululeko yokuzithuthukisa, nezinhlelo ezinamakhodi womthombo atholakalayo, mhlawumbe kunemikhawulo eqinile ekusetshenzisweni kwekhodi yomthombo enjalo.

Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi noma iyiphi isoftware enekhodi yomthombo etholakalayo ingumthombo ovulekile, ngoba bangakwazi ukuyikhohlisa (isibonelo salolu hlobo lwesoftware kungaba iphakethe lesoftware elidumile i-Graphviz, ekuqaleni hhayi mahhala kepha ebifaka ikhodi yomthombo, yize i-AT & T yashintsha ilayisense kamuva). Kodwa-ke, iningi lale software alinikezi abasebenzisi bayo inkululeko yokusabalalisa ukuguqulwa kwabo, likhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiso, noma livimbe amalungelo wabasebenzisi.

Lokhu kwenza igama elithi "umthombo ovulekile" lihlala lingaqondakali, ngoba ezinye izinkampani ezinonya noma ezingenalwazi zisebenzisa umqondo ukuchaza imikhiqizo yazo kanti empeleni aziyona isoftware yamahhala kepha zimane zinikeze ikhodi yomthombo yezinhlelo ukuze zisetshenziswe, zibuyekezwe noma ziguqulwe ngaphambili.

Njengoba kunikezwe ukungaqondani okungenhla, ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi isoftware yamahhala kukhethwa ukubhekisa ezinhlelweni ezinikezwa ngenkululeko ephelele yokuguqulwa, ukusetshenziswa nokusatshalaliswa ngaphansi komthetho obekiwe wokungalungisi inkululeko eshiwo ngokuzayo.

Igama elizama ukuxazulula ukungaqondakali okungaba khona noma ukudideka okuvezwa yimigomo yomibili ngu Ama-FOSS (isoftware yamahhala nevulekile). Leli gama liyasetshenziswa futhi IZIMFULELO (isoftware yamahhala / ekhululekile futhi evulekile).