I-athikili ethakazelisa kakhulu engiyitholile namhlanje ekuseni ifunda Ukuvukela. Kuyinto ukuhunyushwa kwendatshana eyashicilelwa ekuqaleni ngesiNgisi ngo I-LWN.net.
Ngokuyisisekelo, likhuluma ngokufana okukhulu okukhona phakathi kwe- i-biotechnology kanye nokwakhiwa kwesoftware, okungavumela ukusetshenziswa kwefilosofi "yesoftware yamahhala" nasekwakhiweni kwanoma yiluphi uhlelo lobuchwepheshe olusebenzisa izinhlelo zebhayoloji nezinto eziphilayo noma okuphuma kukho ekwakheni noma ukuguqulwa kwemikhiqizo noma izinqubo. ukusetshenziswa okuthile.
Umphakathi wesoftware wamahhala, kanye nohlelo lwebhizinisi oluyizungezile, kubhekwa kabanzi njengolukhombe indlela eya empumelelweni yokuthuthuka kokubambisana kwama-commons. Sibone uchungechunge lwemizamo yokudlulisela imodeli yesoftware yamahhala kuzinhlelo ezikwezinye izindawo. Imibuso yokuqukethwe yamahhala, inhloko yomkhonto wayo amasayithi afana ne- Wikipedia, bamukele leyo modeli ngempumelelo enkulu. Ezinye izindawo, njengehardware, zisalinde ukuthola indlela yazo. Umhleli walesi senzo usanda kufunda incwadi ethokozisayo ( I-Biology ubuchwepheshe, nguRob Carlson) ophakamisa umbuzo onelukuluku: ingabe ikhona indawo ye-ecosystem esekwe "software" yamahhala, kepha efakwe kuma-processor we-biological?
Ithisisi emaphakathi yale ncwadi ukuthi ukudunwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokuthuthuka ngesivinini esisheshayo ukuze kube esinye isiyalo sobunjiniyela. "Okwenziwe ngokomzimba" kwenziwa ngezinto ezijwayelekile, amathuluzi okuthuthuka aya ngokuya eba yinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezinga lolwazi oludingekayo ukwenza okuthile okunciphisayo. Umncintiswano waminyaka yonke Umshini Wobunjiniyela Wamazwe Omhlaba, okuhlose, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukukhulisa inani 'lezinto eziphilayo' ezitholakalayo, ukuthola izethulo ezilinganiswe kakhulu ezikhiqizwe abafundi bezikole zamabanga aphakeme. Inani le-bio-substrate piracy landa ngokushesha… futhi lizoqhubeka nokwenza njalo.
Ukulinganiswa kobuciko esizokuthokozela kule ndawo kudala ukuzethemba futhi kubonise ukwethuka ngasikhathi sinye. IBiopiracy inamandla okuguqula ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukubhekana nezinkinga zamandla, ukunciphisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokunye okuningi. Kepha futhi kungahlwanyela ukubhujiswa kwemvelo futhi kuvume ukuhlaselwa okwesabekayo, kokubili ngabantu nohulumeni. UCarlson ukhuthaza ngamandla ukuvuleka njengenqubomgomo engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nalobu buchwepheshe. Iqinisekisa ukuthi ngokuvuleleka kuphela lapho singakha khona uhlobo lomnotho esiludingayo ukuze sibusebenzise kahle kakhulu lobu buchwepheshe, ngesikhathi esifanayo siqonde ukuthi abanye bazokwenzani futhi sizivikele emaphutheni nasekuhlukunyezweni. Ukuzama ukugcina ubuchwepheshe buyimfihlo akusebenzi. Umshicileli walesi sitolo angaqhathanisa imizamo yokukhawulela i-biotechnology nemizamo esemthethweni eyenziwe isizukulwane esedlule ukukhawulela ubuchwepheshe bokubethela.
Kodwa-ke, ukuvuleleka akusho nje ukukhululeka ekuphazanyisweni okulawula; UCarlson uchitha isikhathi esiningi ebheka ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kwakheke uhlelo lwebhizinisi oluphumelelayo olususelwa kwimodeli yomthombo ovulekile. Kusuka ezingeni elingaqondakali, umqondo uyaphoqelela: akunzima ukuqonda ukuthi izinhlelo ze-nucleotide empeleni zingumsebenzi ofanayo nokuhlelwa kancane. I-nucleotide iyakwazi ukufaka amakhodi amabili esikhundleni sowodwa; futhi iprosesa eyisisekelo incane futhi imanzi futhi inephunga, kepha kuseluhlelo. Njengoba amathuluzi okusebenza ne-DNA ethatha ukuqondiswa okufana nekhompiyutha - iba ncanyana ngokushesha, ishibhile futhi ibe namandla - kuningi okungashiwo ngokwakha imitapo yolwazi engenamalayisense ngokuya ngezinhlelo zofuzo ezakhiwe ezindlini ezingaphansi. namagaraji azimele.
Kunemisebenzi ethile yokwenza lokho nje. I- Isisekelo seBioBricks isebenza ukudala isethi etholakala ngokukhululekile yezinto eziphilayo. Esinye isinyathelo sithi Umthombo Ovulekile Wendalo, efushaniswe ngokufanele njenge-BiOS. Le mizamo ibukeka ithembisa, kepha inkinga enameva isondela, lapho abafundi be-LWN bezobe sebejwayelene nayo.
Leyo nkinga, yiqiniso, yilelo lobunikazi. Njengamanje, e-United States nakwamanye amazwe, ukulandelana kofuzo kungaba nelungelo lobunikazi, ngakho-ke izinkampani ezisemkhakheni ziqongelela eziningi zazo ngangokunokwenzeka. Izinto zisondela ngokushesha lapho kunzima ukusebenza kwi-biotechnology kusuka kwezentengiselwano ngaphandle kokubheka amalungelo obunikazi bomunye umuntu; amalungelo obunikazi avame ukumboza izinto eziyisisekelo zemvelo. UCarlson uxoxa indaba ethokozisayo: kubonakala sengathi izimboni zezimoto nezindiza sezivele zihlangabezane nale nkinga futhi, kuzona zombili lezi zimo, kwavela ukuthi izinkampani azinakwenza lutho ngoba behlala bekhokhisa amalungelo obunikazi. Uhulumeni wangenelela e-United States kuzo zombili lezi zindawo futhi waphoqelela ukwakhiwa kwamachibi obunikazi ukuze izinkampani ziyeke ukumangalelana bese ziqala ukwenza izinto ezithokozisayo ngobuchwepheshe futhi.
Amachibi obunikazi (njengamalungelo obunikazi ngokujwayelekile) athanda izinkampani ezinkulu, ezisunguliwe kunezincane. Kepha yizo ezincane lapho iningi lemisha emisha kunoma iyiphi inkambu ivela. UCarlson ukhathazeka ngokuthi i-United States iphokophele esimweni lapho izinkampani ezinesizotha kakhulu zingakwazi ukubakhona futhi izinto ezintsha ziklinyiwe. Indlela evulekile yomthombo we-biotechnology inganikeza ngokunembile indlela yokuphuma kulesi simo.
Kepha ngaphandle kokufana kwayo nesoftware, ukusebenza kulo mkhakha onomthombo ovulekile kuzoba nzima. Isoftware ivikelwe yimithetho yempahla enomqondo emhlabeni jikelele; Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokugunyazwa kwamalungelo ukusungula umbuso wezomthetho abantu (nezinkampani) abazizwa benesifiso sokufaka isandla kuwo. Ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo akuluthokozeli lolu hlobo lokuvikelwa, ngakho-ke amalungelo obunikazi ayindlela kuphela yanoma ngubani ozwa isidingo sokuthola isilinganiso esithile solawulo lokuthi ukutholwa kusetshenziswa kanjani. Kungasungulwa indlela yokugunyazwa kwelungelo lobunikazi lobunikazi besitayela se-copyleft, kepha akusebenzi kangako futhi, noma kunjalo, izindleko eziphakeme zokuthola ilungelo lobunikazi ziphakamisa isithiyo ekufinyeleleni okungekho endaweni yokugunyazwa okususelwa kumalungelo obunikazi bokusungula . Ama-biohackers ama-Lone asebenza emagaraji awazukusebenzisana nomphakathi osuselwe ohlelweni lobunikazi.
Njengomphumela womehluko phakathi kwezindawo ezisemthethweni, imizamo yokusungula amasistimu afana nomthombo ovulekile emkhakheni we-biotechnology kumele imise izivumelwano zawo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile kulezo ezisetshenziswa umphakathi wesoftware. AmaBioBricks kumele abe kusizinda somphakathi; yena okusalungiswa kweSivumelwano Somphakathi seBioBrick (isivumelwano sokubambisana, hhayi inqubo yokuphathwa kokugunyazwa) sidinga ozakwethu abasebenzisanayo ukwenza "isithembiso esingenakuguqulwa sokungasebenzisi noma yimaphi amalungelo empahla yengqondo njengomuntu obambisene nabasebenzisi bezinto ezinikelwe." Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-BiOS ihlelwe ngokwengeziwe njengechibi lobunikazi lapho, ukungena, kufanele ukhokhe imali. UCarlson akabheki noma iyiphi yalezi zindlela njengefanele, kepha futhi uyavuma ukuthi akakwazi ukuza nombono ongcono.
Ekugcineni, okungadingeka ukuthi kube ngumbuso wezomthetho omusha futhi oqondile wokutholwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba uCarlson esho, amalungelo obunikazi noma amalungelo obunikazi bezinto ezisetshenzisiwe akhulunywa ngokusobala kuMthethosisekelo wase-United States; yizidalwa zomthetho. Mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku igumbi elikhanyiswe kakhulu lezomthetho kunaleli elisilawulayo namuhla lizothola indlela yokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-biotechnology evulekile esebenza kuwo wonke amazinga. Kuzoba mnandi ukubona ukuthi ngabe isinqumo sakamuva se-Federal Court of First Instance (i-US District Court) ukwenqaba igunya lobunikazi kuphakamisa umcabango obalulekile kulowo mkhombandlela.
Akudingeki ukuthi ube ngumbhali wenoveli ocatshangelwayo ukuze ucabange umhlaba lapho inkululeko yokusebenzisa, ukuguqula nokusabalalisa amakhodi ebhayoloji (okungenani) ibaluleke njengale nkululeko esebenza ku-software ebanjelwe i-silicon. Kunoma ikuphi, akubonakali ngathi sakha umhlaba ocabanga ngalezi zinhlobo zenkululeko; asitholi ngisho nombono omuhle wokuthi umhlaba uzoba njani. Ngokusobala, embonini ye-biotech kunokushoda kobuntu babo ukudlala indima kaRichard Stallmans, uLinus Torvald, nabanye abaningi abasize ekwenzeni isoftware yamahhala isebenze.
Umthombo: https://lwn.net/Articles/381091/, ukuhumusha kukaRicardo García Perez kweRebelión