Mun fara jerin sakonni game da Yadda ake girka da saita Babbar Jagora DNS da Kache a kan Debian Matsi?, wanda muke niyyar bayarwa da Matsayin shigarwa zuwa ga duniya mai ban sha'awa na wannan muhimmiyar sabis don aikin Cibiyar Sadarwar Sadarwar Intanet.
Duk abubuwan ci gaba an haɓaka su yadda za'a iya amfani dasu a jere. Da Na 1 y 2da bangare na dauke da mafi karancin ilimin ka'idoji da ake bukata don Sabon ko Newbie iya fahimta da haɓaka shigarwa na DNS.
Muna ba da shawarar kada su firgita. Karanta kuma kayi amfani da abin da aka rubuta kuma tabbas zaka sami sakamako mai kyau. Kuma ga waɗanda ake zargi na yau da kullun na faɗuwa cikin Fuskantarwa, muna ba da shawarar kwanciyar hankali, nutsuwa sosai idan da gaske kuna son fahimtar yadda ake tsara wannan sabis ɗin mai mahimmanci.
Gãfarta mini amfani da kalmomin Ingilishi da Anglicism wani lokaci. An yi shi ne don samun cikakken fasaha a rubuce.
Abubuwan da zamu haɓaka a cikin wannan Sashe na Farko sune masu zuwa:
- Gabatarwar
- Ma'anoni masu amfani
- Saitunan DNS da yawa
- Yankuna da Rikodi
- Yankin pirationarshen Shiyya
- tips
Gabatarwar
Sun faɗi a ƙauyen WWW cewa DNS yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ke cikin duhu na ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa. Abin farin ciki, wannan ba batun bane - musamman ga LAN - kamar yadda za mu nuna ta hanyar labarai masu zuwa. Duk yadda mutum baya so, kusan ya zama tilas a karanta karamin sashi na ka'idoji.
Ma'anar bisa ga Wikipedia:
El DNS Rukunin bayanai ne wanda aka rarraba kuma aka tsara su wanda yake adana bayanan da suka danganci sunayen yanki akan hanyoyin sadarwa irin su Intanet. Kodayake a matsayin tushen bayanan DNS na iya haɗa nau'ikan bayanai daban-daban ga kowane suna, abubuwan da aka fi amfani dasu sune sanya sunayen yanki zuwa adiresoshin IP da kuma wurin da sabobin imel na kowane yanki yake.
Sanyawa ga adiresoshin IP tabbas shine sanannen fasalin ladabi na DNS. Misali, idan adireshin IP na rukunin FTP na prox.mx shine 200.64.128.4, yawancin mutane suna isa ga wannan kwamfutar ta hanyar tantance ftp.prox.mx ba adireshin IP ba. Baya ga zama mai sauƙin tunawa, sunan ya fi aminci. Adireshin adadi zai iya canzawa saboda dalilai da yawa, ba tare da kun canza sunan ba.
Da farko, an haife DNS ne daga buƙatar sauƙaƙa tuna sunayen duk sabobin da aka haɗa da Intanet. Da farko, SRI (yanzu SRI International) ya ɗauki nauyin fayil ɗin da ake kira HOSTS wanda ya ƙunshi duk sanannun sunayen yanki (a zahiri, wannan fayil ɗin yana nan, kuma yawancin tsarin aiki na yanzu ana iya daidaita su don bincika fayil ɗin masu masaukinsa). Girman fashewar cibiyar sadarwar ya sanya tsarin sanya sunaye a cikin rundunonin ba shi da amfani kuma a cikin 1983, Paul Mockapetris ya buga RFCs 882 da 883 yana bayyana abin da yau ya canza zuwa DNS na zamani. (Waɗannan RFCs an daina amfani da su ta hanyar bugawa na RFCs na 1987 da 1034 na 1035).
Ana kiran kwamfutocin da wannan sabis ɗin ke gudana "Sunayen Sabbobi". Debian yana kawo rumbun adana shirye-shirye da yawa don samun DNS mai aiki kuma daga cikinsu shine wanda akafi amfani dashi akan Intanet: BIND o "Yankin Suna na Intanet na Berkley".
INulla shi ne de facto misali a matsayin sabar DNS. Kyauta ne Software kuma ana rarraba shi tare da yawancin dandamali na UNIX da Linux. Sun kuma koma zuwa ɗaure a matsayin “mai suna”(Mai suna daemon). Kuna iya samun nan (Wikipedia cikin Turanci) kwatanta nau'ikan sabobin DNS.
Ma'anoni masu amfani
NetBIOS: Tsarin Tsarin Shigarwa / Fitarwa na Yanar Gizo (NetBIOS): Tsarin shigarwar cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci da tsarin fitarwa (NetBIOS). Tsarin aikace-aikacen shirye-shiryen aikace-aikace (API) wanda za a iya amfani da shi ta hanyar shirye-shirye a kan hanyar sadarwar yanki (LAN).
NetBIOS na ba da shirye-shirye tare da tsari iri ɗaya don neman ƙananan sabis da ake buƙata don gudanar da sunaye, zaman kai tsaye, da aikawa "datagrams”Tsakanin nodes a cikin hanyar sadarwa.
Sunan NetBIOS: 16-bit sunan tsari wanda ke amfani da tsarin shigar da hanyar sadarwa da tsarin fitarwa (NetBIOS). Sunan da sabis ɗin WINS na Microsoft (Windows Internet System System) na Microsoft ya gane, wanda ke haɗa ko "taswira" kwamfuta ko sunan mai karɓar sunan wani adireshin IP.
FQDN: "Cikakken cancantar Sunan Yanki" o Cikakken Domainwarewar Sunan yanki. Kamar yadda fassarar sunaye da aka kirkira cikin Ingilishi na fasaha galibi ke da girma, Ina ba da shawarar koyan sunan a cikin Ingilishi kuma don dalilai masu amfani a koma ga shi azaman FQDN. Ba wani abu bane face DNS Domain Name wanda aka saita don nuna cikakken wurinsa a cikin bishiyar yankin suna.
Sabanin sunayen dangi, a FQDN wani lokaci ne yake zuwa kafin ya nuna matsayinta a asalin filin suna. Misali: freake.amigos.cu. shi ne FQDN daga rundunar wanda sunan NetBIOS yake freake kuma yana cikin yankin amigos.cu.
abokai.cu. freake.amigos.cu. otrefreake.amigos.cu. mail.amigos.cu.
Saitunan DNS da yawa
Zamu iya saita DNS ko Server na Sunan Yanar Gizo ta hanyoyi daban-daban don samar da ayyuka daban-daban. Mafi yawan amfani dasu sune:
Ma'ajin Cache ("Kama sunan mai suna"): Bukatun ko buƙatun da aka yi wa uwar garken za a warware su ta Masu Gabatarwa da muke sanarwa a cikin tsarinku. Za a adana bayanan kuma a “tuna” da su don lokacin da aka sake bincika Cache Server, wanda ke ƙaruwa saurin mayar da martani.
Malamin Firamare ("Babbar Jagora"): Bukatun ko buƙatun da aka yi wa uwar garken za a warware su ta hanyar karanta bayanan da aka adana a cikin fayilolin gida na Yankunan da aka kirkira. Kamar yadda sunan sa ya nuna, zai zama Uwar Garken Suna ne na Yankin da aka nemi shawarar.
Malamin Secondary ("Babbar Jagora"): Za a warware buƙatun ko buƙatun da aka gabatar wa uwar garken ta hanyar tuntuɓar kai tsaye zuwa sabar Jagorar Primary Master don yankin da aka nemi shawara. Yana rike da kwafi na yau da kullun na Yankunan Babbar Jagora.
Hakanan zamu iya saita shi don suyi ayyuka da yawa a lokaci guda, kamar kasancewa Babban Primary da Caché a lokaci guda, wanda yake sananne a cikin hanyoyin kasuwancin mu.
Yankuna da Rikodi
da Yankuna sune fayilolin rubutu masu kyau waɗanda ke ba mu damar tsara Bayanan DNS. Kowane sunan yanki ya dace da sunan yanki, ko kewayon adiresoshin IP kamar ɗaya ko sama da ƙananan subnets. Ya ƙunshi, ban da sauran bayanai, iri-iri Rikodin na nau'uka daban-daban ko nau'uka, waɗanda kawai zamu ambata waɗannan masu zuwa:
Soa: "Fara Mulki". Farkon Hukuma. Rikodi ne na tilas a kowane Yanki, kuma yakamata a sami guda ɗaya a cikin kowane fayil. Shine preamble din duk fayilolin shiyya. Bayyana yankin kanta; wanne inji ko mai masaukin shi ya fito; wanda ke da alhakin abin da ya ƙunsa; wanda shine sigar fayil ɗin yanki, da sauran fannoni game da ingantaccen aikin sabar DNS. Shin da muhimmanci cewa a cikin kowane fayil ɗin fayil akwai nau'in rikodi A wannan yana gano inji ko masauki a inda uwar garken DNS yake.
NS: Maps suna zuwa ga Server Server. Kowane yanki dole ne ya sami aƙalla rikodin NS guda ɗaya. Wannan rikodin yana nunawa ga Server na DNS wanda zai iya amsa tambayoyin da suka shafi yankin. Kuna iya nunawa ga Malamin Firamare ko Malamin Secondary.
A: "Adireshin" - (Shugabanci). Ana amfani da wannan rikodin don fassara sunayen mai masauki zuwa adiresoshin IPv4.
AAAA: "Adireshin" - (Shugabanci). Ana amfani da wannan rikodin don fassara sunayen mai masauki zuwa adiresoshin IPv6.
CNAME: "Sunan Canonical" - (Sunan Canonical). Nau'in rikodin da zamu iya ba da sunaye da yawa ga mai masauka ɗaya ko ƙirƙira wanda aka ce masa na. Bari mu ce muna da mai masaukin yanar gizo.amigos.cu. a ciki wanda muka sanya sabar yanar gizo kuma muna son su koma zuwa gare shi kamar yadda www.amigos.cu. Sannan a cikin Yankin Friends.cu dole ne mu kasance a tsakanin sauran bayanan:
yanar gizo IN A 192.168.10.20 www IN CNAME web.amigos.cu.
MX: "Musayar wasika" o Sabis ɗin wasiku. Bayanin da wasu sabobin wasiku suke amfani dashi don sanin inda zasu aika imel da aka basu adireshin IP. Kowane rikodin MX yana da fifiko, tare da mafi girman kasancewa rikodin tare da mafi ƙarancin lamba. Misalai:
10 mail1.amigos.cu. 20 wasika2.amigos.cu.
PTR: Taswirar adireshin IP zuwa suna. Nau'in bayanan da aka adana a wuraren da ake kira "Yankin Baya". Misali, Yankin 10.168.192.in-addr.arpa shine wanda ya ƙunshi taswirar baya ga duk adiresoshin a cikin zangon adireshin 192.168.10.0/24 IP.
Tabbas jerin rikodin suna ci gaba ...
Yankin karewa ko lokacin karewa
Lokacin da muke ƙirƙirar fayilolin yankuna masu rikodin DNS, dole ne mu saita lokutan ƙarewa a cikin sakan. Koyaya, zamu iya tantance su a cikin gajeriyar hanya bisa ga tebur mai zuwa:
Segundos Unidades Descripción 60 1M A un minuto 1800 30M A 30 minutos 3600 1H Una Hora 10800 3H 3 horas 21600 6H 6 horas 43200 12H 12 horas 86400 1D Un día 259200 3D 3 días 604800 1W Una semana
tips
Dole ne mu yi hankali sosai lokacin rubuta zuwa fayilolin yanki. da FQDN yi ƙare a cikin "."(wato, punto), kuma ba za mu iya barin sarari a ƙarshen kowane layi ba. A dalilin haka muke ba da shawarar da a yi amfani da masu gyara kayan aiki kamar vi ko Nano. Za mu yi amfani da Nano, wanda a namu ra'ayin ya fi saukin amfani. Tabbas zamu iya amfani da editocin rubutu mai haske tare da zane ko yanayin GUI.
Ina fatan baku gundura ba domin har yanzu da sauran rina a kaba game da lamarin.
Labarin ya yi kyau kuma cikakke, Ina fatan karanta shi ba da daɗewa ba.
Amma kash Ina wurin aiki domin ina so in karanta shi a hankali ...
Kyakkyawan taimako.
Babban abin da kuka sanya waɗannan labaran nan ... na gode da taimakon ku Fico 😀
Madalla! Jiran sauran sassan, waɗannan sakonnin tare da "abu" sun cancanci daraja, godiya
Labari mai kyau babban abokina FICO
Na gode duka da ra'ayoyin ku .. 🙂
Barka dai, hey, kana tsammanin zaka iya bani wasu shawarwari don girka sabis ɗin DNs na Linux don cibiyar sadarwar ta, har yanzu ni sabo ne ga hakan kuma basa ba ni wasu ayyuka kamar yadda ake tsammani ga masu amfani da ni.
gaisuwa