Menene ya sa rarraba GNU / Linux ta bambanta da sauran?

Duniyar GNU / Linux tana da faɗi sosai kuma duk da haka sananniya ce. Batun yanayin muhallin tebur, kunshin, da kuma tushen tushen tushen sananne ne ga yawancin masu amfani; abin al'ajabi, waɗannan abubuwan basu keɓance tsakanin rarrabawa da wani ba. Don haka duk lokacin da na karanta game da rarraba Linux wanda yayi alƙawarin zama "daban", Ina tambayar kaina:menene ya banbanta shi na sauran wadanda ake dasu? A karkashin haka sigogi podemos bambanta gaske daya GNU / Linux rarraba cikin dubunnan da wannan duniyar ke bamu?

Kunshin da manajojin su

Kodayake ana iya samun irin wannan shirin don dubunnan rarrabawa, kunshin da aka sanya shi a cikin kowane ɗayan su na iya zama daban. Lokacin da muke magana game da wani kunshin muna komawa zuwa tsari ko fadada fayil, wanda tsarin aiki ke amfani dashi don girka shirin. Don rabarwar ta sami damar amfani da wannan fayil ɗin, dole ne ta kasance tana da manajan kunshin, wanda ke da kayan aikin girka, gyara ko cire shirin. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, saboda duk da cewa shirye-shiryen basa canzawa tsakanin rarrabawa zuwa wani (ma'ana, Mozilla Firefox zata kasance Firefox a duk rarrabawa) akwai yiwuwar idan kunshin da aka yi amfani dashi don girka shi ya canza.

Wasu tsare-tsaren kunshin sune:

• deb: amfani da Debian da dangoginsa.
• RPM: (Red Hat Package Manager) wanda ya samo asali daga Red Hat kuma yawancin mutane sunyi amfani dashi kamar Fedora, OpenSUSE, Mandriva, Mageia da sauransu.
• PISI: daga Pardus.
• MO: daga Slax.
• PUP da PET: kwikwiyon Linux.
• .txz: Slackware

Kuma wasu shahararrun manajan kunshin:

• APT (terminal) da Synaptic (mai hoto): waɗanda Debian suka yi amfani da su da dangoginsu.
• Zypper (m) da YaST (mai zane): mai sarrafa OpenSUSE.
• YUM: Fedora da Yellow Dog Linux.
• Pac-man: Arch Linux.
• dpkg - Asalin Debian ne ya kirkireshi.
• Urpmi: Mandriva da Mageia.
• kwanan wata: Red Hat.
• slapt-get, slackpkg, da swaret - "Kayan aiki" daban-daban waɗanda Slackware ke amfani dasu don aiki tare da fakitin tgz.

Shin yana da mahimmanci in canza manajan kunshin tsakanin rarrabawa? Ee. Gaskiyar cewa kun yanke shawara akan manaja ɗaya don cutar da wasu yana nuna cewa kuna neman ingantaccen gudanarwa na fakitin da za'a girka. A taƙaice, manajan kunshin ya bayyana babban ɓangare na "mahimmancin" rarrabawa, kuma babban magana ne don la'akari da bambance shi da sauran. Ba zan tattauna wanne ya fi kyau ba, kodayake akwai misalai da yawa a kan intanet na abin da nake kira da "ƙwarewa - zypper - yum war" wanda SUSE magoya baya ke shelar cewa Zypper har yanzu shi ne mafi kyau.

Fadada: http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=package-management

Amfani

Wani batun da ake maimaitawa sau da yawa shine matakin ƙwarewar da muke buƙatar amfani da rarraba. Yana faruwa sau da yawa lokacin bada shawarar rarrabawa ga sababbin sababbin abubuwa, ko kuma kamar yadda zamuyi tare da rarrabawarmu ta farko, cewa koyaushe muna jin "kar ma kuyi mafarkin gwada Gentoo daga cikin akwatin" ko "Ubuntu shine kyakkyawan zaɓi don farawa" .

An kiyasta wahalar amfani da rarraba dangane da:

• adadin abubuwan zane da yake bayarwa.
• yawan aikin da dole ne a yi ta kowane na'ura mai kwakwalwa (inda babu wasu hanyoyin zane don wannan aikin).
• wahalar girkawa.
• ƙarar sanyi wanda dole ne a yi shi bayan shigarwar rarrabawa.
• idan yayin shigarwa ya zama dole a saita ɓangaren diski ko ana iya yin hakan ta atomatik.

Abin da ya sa ke nan gama gari a rarraba wasu rarrabuwa kamar matakin ƙwararru (Gentoo, Linux Daga Scratch, Slackware, Arch), waɗanda ba a ba da shawarar ga mai amfani da "matsakaiciyar-novice". Ba da daɗewa ba, akwai wani abin mamakin da ke haifar da haɓakar rarraba Linux don juyawa don samar da ingantaccen Tsarin Gudanar da Ayyuka ga kowane mai amfani. Duk da haka, wasu rarrabawa don masu farawa (Linux Mint, Ubuntu, Elementary OS, da sauransu) ya kasance abin ban mamaki.

Kayan aiki

Ba shine ɗayan abubuwan farko da aka ambata lokacin magana game da rarrabawa ba, amma har yanzu abu ne mai mahimmanci. A cikin duniyar da ke ƙoƙarin cirewa daga "tsarin da ke ƙara neman ƙarin albarkatu" (Windows) kuma har yanzu suna ci gaba da sababbin kayan aiki, akwai wadataccen kayan rarrabawa wanda zai ba da damar sake amfani da kayan aiki (Puppy Linux, Slitaz, Tiny Core Linux) , AUSTRUMI, Slax, Lubuntu, Xubuntu, Alcolix, Damn Small Linux, Molinux, etc.). Duk da yake ana iya sanya wasu nau'ikan distros, kamar su Linux Mint ko Arch a wajan tsofaffin kwamfutoci, akwai iyakantuwa wanda ragowar tsarin ke ɓacewa, saboda haka akwai rarrabawa na musamman don irin wannan kayan aikin. Ya fi dacewa, sabili da haka, wasu daga cikin waɗannan rarrabawar suna ba da tallafi ga nau'ikan rago 32 da ragowa 16; mafi mashahuri tayin 32 da 64 bit goyon baya.

A rarraba kamar Linux Puppy ya yi fice a lokacin ta yadda ba lallai ba ne a kasance tare da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi a kan kasuwar yanzu, amma yana aiki sosai a kan kwamfutoci da ke da albarkatu masu sauƙi, muddin ba mu girka shirye-shiryen da ke buƙatar kayan aiki masu yawa ba.

Kaddamar da tsari

Abu ne mai sauƙi: rarrabawa yawanci yakan zo cikin jerin tsararru wanda ya ƙare ma'anar ainihin sa. Kodayake Live CD / DVD yawanci gama gari ne tsakanin mashahuran mashahurai, akwai wasu da yawa waɗanda ba sa amfani da wannan tsarin, suna ƙin sakin wasu nau'ikan da za a iya saka su.

Yiwuwar samun CD, DVD, Live CD / DVD, muhallin tebur daban-daban ta hanyar tsoho ko ikon girkawa daga Intanet, wani abu ne wanda yake tasiri ga shawarar da yawancin masu amfani suka yi don gwada rarraba ko amfani da shi har abada. Har ila yau, mun ga cewa akwai wasu fitowar da ke ba wa al’umma damar gwada rabon kafin a kammala.

Sauran mahimman bayanai kuma sun haɗa da waɗancan sigar don na'urori masu motsi da sauransu waɗanda ke rarraba "Spin-Offs", inda mafi tabbataccen misali shine na Fedora, wanda ke da sigar Wasanni, Laboratory da Design, kodayake wannan, a ganina, yana da batun shigar da fakitin data kasance a cikin wuraren ajiya daban-daban. A ƙarshe, ban manta da rarraba-jujjuyawar juzu'i ba, waɗanda mafi mahimman bayanai suke Debian, Arch y OpenSUSE, ba da damar sabunta software da sifofin tsarin ba tare da aiwatar da sabon shigarwa ba ko tsoron rasa bayanan sirri.

Babban manufar

Kowane rarrabuwa yana da maƙasudin makasudin abin da yake nufin kaiwa ga masu amfani da shi na yanzu ko masu amfani. Daga can ne zamu iya bambance wadanda suke takamaimai na kwamfyutocin cinya (kamar su JoliCloud wanda shima yake kan amfani da shi a girgije) da wadanda suke sabobin (Kamfanin Red Hat Linux Yana ɗayan mafi ƙarfi kuma a halin yanzu ana tallafawa).

Sauran rarraba kayan suna nufin kula da tebur da kamanceceniya da sauran tsarin (don haka sauƙaƙa sauyin yanayi tare da waɗannan), kamar yadda lamarin yake Pear OS (tare da kayan ado na Mac), ZorinOS (wanda GNOME ya dace don bayar da irin wannan yanayin zuwa nau'ikan Windows daban-daban) kuma OSananan yaraOS (tare da saitin ginanniyar gumaka da shigar aiki ta tsohuwa); Waɗannan na iya da'awar cewa sun bambanta da yanayin yau da kullun, amma har yanzu ana iya shigar da waɗannan a cikin waɗannan rarrabawar.

Waɗannan rarrabuwa da nufin "keɓaɓɓun masu sauraro", kamar su Kimiyyar Linux, kiɗa, otakux wasu kuma kawai suna ƙara takamaiman aikace-aikace, wanda da alama kansa bai isa ya haskaka shi daga sauran rukunin ba, kasancewar ana iya sanya aikace-aikace akan kowane tsarin idan akwai lambar tushe.

Don karin haske, akwai wasu '' munanan abubuwa '', kamar yadda muke gani a cikin Globo Linux, rarrabaccen kayan aiki wanda ke tsara shirye-shiryen da aka sanya ta wata hanya daban da sauran abubuwan rarrabawa, don a sami fayilolin shirin iri ɗaya tare. Tsoffin kundayen adireshi sun wanzu, amma suna ɓoye, don haka a cikin tushen asalin tsoho muna ganin kundin adireshi masu zuwa: Shirye-shirye, Masu amfani, Tsarin aiki, Fayiloli, Dutsen, Depot.

Wani misali mai kyau shi ne igel, wanda aka gina daga karce don tallafawa mafi yawan adadin na'urorin da ake dasu. Rarrabawar yana da yanayin yanayi wanda ake kira Esther wanda aka rubuta a cikin GTK + kuma tare da Webkit a matsayin injin fassara.

A rufe wannan bayanin, Ina so in haskaka wani yanki wanda a ganina kuma wani abu ne wanda ya fi dacewa wanda ya bambance rarraba: jama'ar da ke kewaye da kowane rarraba suna da mahimmanci don aikin wannan. Akwai 'yan misalai da yawa inda yanke shawara na al'umma ko rashin su suka sanya hanya (don cin nasara ko rashin nasara) na ci gaban rarraba, kuma a nan ne dole ne masu ci gaba su kara kulawa da kulawa. Hakanan akwai lokuta inda mai amfani ya bar distro don rashin samun matsaloli ko shakku inda al'umma ba su san yadda za su amsa ko ba da taimako ba; wannan shine dalilin da yasa hoton al'umma, kodayake yana da mahimmancin tsarin aiki kamar haka, yana ci gaba da taka rawar gani wajen haskaka rarraba ɗaya akan wasu.

A ƙarshe, kar a manta da karanta sashin “Rarrabawa”Na wannan shafin, wanda ya kunshi bayanai masu matukar amfani ga sabbin shiga.