Samfurin Ci gaban Software na Kyauta: Cathedral da Bazaar

Cathedral da Bazaar wata takarda ce irin ta bayyane wanda Eric S. Raymond ya kirkira a cikin shekarar 1.998 don ƙoƙarin yin bayani daga hangen nesansa da ƙwarewarsa (Fetchmail Development) abin da ya fahimta game da nasarar ci gaba da haɓakawar Linux da shirye-shiryenta masu alaƙa, musamman ta mahangar banbanci tsakanin Samfurori na Ci gaban Software, wanda shi da kansa ya kira: Misalin Cathedral da Bazaar Model.

Kuma a cikin wannan ɗab'in, za mu ba da bincike da taƙaitaccen bayanin abubuwan da aka ambata wanda ya shahara tsakanin masu haɓaka Free Software Movement. Wanne yana samuwa kyauta kuma ana samun sa a yawancin sassan yanar gizo, amma ana iya zazzage shi daga gidan yanar gizon mai zuwa don samun damar shi da sauri: Cathedral da Bazaar.

GABATARWA

Abun da aka ce «Cathedral da Bazaar» sun gabatar mana da hangen nesa cewa a cikin duniyar Injin Injiniya akwai “salon ci gaba biyu daban daban, Misalin babban coci, ana amfani da shi ga mafi yawan ci gaban da aka samu a duniya na software na kasuwanci, idan aka kwatanta da samfurin bazaar, wanda ya fi dacewa da duniyar Linux ”.

Jaddada cewa waɗannan samfuran 2 sun samo asali ne daga asalin farawa akan yanayin aikin lalata software, da kuma ka'idarsa ta musamman game da abin da ya kira Dokar Linus wanda ya bayyana mai zuwa: "An ba da adadin idanu, duk kurakurai ba su da wata ma'ana" ko kuma a wata ma'anar: "Tare da wadatattun idanu, duk kurakurai abubuwan banza ne ”.

Kuma yana jaddada kalmar Hacker, wanda a ganina marubucin ya bayyana a matsayin mai amfani da babban matakin Mai amfani da fahimta da kuma amfani da shiri yadda yakamata, da don ganowa, bayar da shawara ko aiwatar da gyare-gyare ko gyare-gyare na ingantaccen tsari da abu ga ɗaukacin al'ummar masu amfani.

A wasu rubuce-rubuce, wannan kalma ko ra'ayi da ake kira Hacker tana nufin:

«gwani, mai son wani yanki, musamman yankin fasaha, kuma wanda manufarsa ita ce amfani da wannan ilimin don dalilai marasa kyau. Wannan mutumin ne, galibi ƙwararren masani ne a fannin ilimi, wanda ke da sha'awar ilimi, ganowa da koyon sababbin abubuwa da fahimtar yadda suke aiki, har ya kai ga inganta shi tare da ingantattun shawarwari da shawarwari, kuma koyaushe tare da niyya na raba ilimi ko kaucewa gazawa ko matsalar aikin abin binciken.

Wanne ne mafi ma'anar duniya da ainihin ra'ayi, tunda akwai "Hackers" a cikin dukkan fannonin ilimin ɗan adam.

CIGABA

Daga cikin da yawa waɗanda suka karanta irin waɗannan abubuwan, tabbas za a sami adadi mai yawa waɗanda za su yarda cewa ra'ayin cewa "Linux yana ɓarna" an bayyana sarai a wurin. Amma me yasa?

Domin har zuwa wannan lokacin akwai yawaitar daidaitattun hanyoyin Softwareaddamar da Software ko samfura bisa ga “ƙarin tsari da tsari tun daga farko” saboda an ɗauki aikin ƙirƙirar Software azaman wani abu mai alaƙa da wani abu wanda zai haifar da "wani mawuyacin mawuyacin hali."

Kuma wannan duk da cewa duniyar Unix ta riga ta wanzu, ta ƙunshi ƙananan kayan aiki, saurin farashi da shirye-shiryen juyin halitta, Bayyanar da falsafar ci gaban Software ta Linuxarƙashin Linux ta ɗauki batun zuwa wani matakin ƙwarewa.

Duk da yake A cikin duniya na Ci gaban Software masu zaman kansu an yi ta ne "ta hanyar shiru da ladabi", kamar yadda aka gina Cathedral, a cikin Duniyar Bunƙasa Kayan Komputa na Kyauta (Linux) an yi shi ta hanyar "hayaniya kuma tare da maganganu da yawa (hanyoyi) da hanyoyin (shawarwari)", kamar yadda kuka kasance a cikin babban bazaar.

Wannan babban bayanin yana ba mu wurare da yawa don tattara ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a can, dangane da Samfurin Ci gaban Software na Kyauta, waɗanda suke:

PREMISE # 1

DUKKAN AYYUKAN DA SUKA KYAU A SOFTWARE SUN FARA KOKARIN FADAWA MATSALAR MUTUM NA MAI CIGABA DA KANSA.

Wanne ne gaskiyar da ba za a iya musantawa ba saboda Yawancin waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Ci gaban Software na Kyauta galibi suna farawa ne saboda buƙatar magance matsala ta sirri ko ta ƙungiya ko ƙungiya, ko don inganta aikin da aka riga aka aiwatar a hankali da / ko maimaitawa, wanda sau da yawa yakan zama mai gajiya da / ko gundura ga waɗanda suka shiga ciki, ƙoƙarin ƙara lokaci da ƙoƙarin waɗanda ke cikin lamarin.

PREMISE # 2

MASU KIRKIRAN SHIRI SUN SAN ABIN DA ZASU RUBUTA. MAFI GIRMA SANI ABINDA ZAKA SAKA MAGANA SAI KA KARANTA.

Duk wani mai gabatar da shirye-shirye ya san cewa farawa daga farko babu wani abu mara kyau ko mara amfani idan yazo da haɓaka shiri ko aikace-aikace. Koyaya, ga yawancin waɗanda suke farawa da kuma wasu waɗanda tuni sunada masaniya akan lamarin, sanannen abu ne cewa wani lokacin "Kirkirar ƙafafun" ba shi da inganci sosai, amma yana da kyau kawai a inganta shi kuma a daidaita shi da buƙatunku. Wato ma'ana, yana da kyau a sake rubutawa tare da hado duk wasu lambobin da zasu yiwu daga wasu kwararru a fannin da ya shafe mu don warware namu software na ci gaba.

PREMISE # 3

"KA YI TUNANI GAME DA JUFE A Kalla KOYA - ZAKU KARSHE KANA YI A KOWANE."

Kyakkyawan Mai haɓaka Software dole ne ya san yadda za a saurara dalla-dalla ga abin da masu amfani da ci gaban su ke faɗi ko ba da shawara ko ba da shawara, tun da shirin da ya riga ya fara aiki, har yanzu yana iya zama babban abu, duk da kasancewar aiki, wani abu da ya rasa arewa, a dodo mai aiki wanda yake yiwa kowa komai, sannan kuma wani abu mara dadi sosai. Don haka sauraren komawa ga asalin, sake dawo da masu amfani da aka ɓata, ƙara sabbin fasali, cire waɗanda ba dole ba, sanya shirin ƙarami, ƙayyadadden abu da janar, koyaushe kyakkyawan aiki ne.

PREMISE # 4

IDAN KANA DA HALI MAI KYAU, MATSALOLI MASU SHA'AWA ZASU SAMU.

Kyakkyawan canjin halaye da lokaci na iya nufin canjin canji ga kowane mai shirye-shirye ko mai haɓaka software a cikin abubuwan da suke faruwa a yanzu ko sababbin abubuwan da ke haifar da sabbin fa'idodi na lokaci, kuɗi ko ta'aziya ga masu amfani da samfuran su. Kasance cikin sa ido don sabbin hanyoyin kirkirar matsalolin da ke gabatar da kansu cikin kyakkyawar alama ta hanyar da ta dace.

PREMISE # 5

LOKACIN DA SHIRI BAYA BAYA SHA'AWARKA, LADAN KA KARSHE SHINE KA SHIGE SHUGABAN MAGAJI.

Ga yawancin masu shirye-shirye ko masu haɓaka software, da sauran masu fasaha, baƙon abu ne a so a sadaukar da sabon lokaci ga sabbin ayyuka. Amma a cikin Duniyar Kyauta Software abin da aka tsara shine wuce sandar, akwai wasu kuma da suke son ci gaba da haɓaka kayayyakin da aka riga aka watsar dasu, wanda dole ne su bar kowa yayi ɓarna (inganta) shirin don kansa ko don amfanin masu amfani da shirin.

PREMISE # 6

MAGANAR DA MASU AMFANI DA KU A MATSAYIN MASU TATTAUNAWA SHI NE K’ASSAN HANYAR CIGABA DA KYAUTA INGANTA DA INGANTA KASHE SHIRI.

Kamar yadda "kyauta" galibi ake fassara shi a matsayin "kyauta" a cikin haɓaka Software na Kyauta, yawancin masu shirye-shirye sukan haɗa kai don kauce wa lalacewar da ba a biya ba ta hanyar haɗa kai da wasu masu haɓakawa ko kuma masu ci gaban abubuwan ci gaban su, don ci gaba da su ko kuma wasu su ci gaba su, a musayar karɓar "ƙididdigar" a cikin ci gaban ƙirƙirar sababbin lambobi na gaba da kuma tabbatar da cewa abubuwan ci gaba na gaba bisa ƙa'ida sun haɗa da wasu lasisi, don kauce wa amfani da shi.

PREMISE # 7

SAKI BAYA. Kaddamar DA shi sau da yawa. DA SAURARA GA AMFANINKA.

Ba kamar a duniya ba na ƙirar kayan masarufi, a cikin software kyauta kyauta yawancin lokuta lamarin yafi yawa da sauri yafi. Tunda babban tushe na masu amfani da masu ci gaba waɗanda yawanci suke amfani da haɓaka shirin a cikin al'umma kuma bi da bi suna hulɗa da juna, don sadar da shakku, shawarwari, shawarwari, ƙorafi da / ko da'awar su, na iya zama mahimmin tushe na ilimi don saurin haɓaka shirin zuwa matakan girma na ci gaba.

PREMISE # 8

BASU GASKIYA MAI ISA TATTAFIN GABA DA GUDUN GWAGWAJO, KUSAN DUKKAN MATSALOLI ZASU GANE DA GAGGAWA KUMA MAGANARSU TA ZAMA WANI ABU.

Kayan sun ƙare har yasa mai karatu kammalawa, sau da yawa cewa Hanyar Ci gaban Software bisa Tsarin Bazaar, yana da tasiri sosai. Saboda ƙarin ƙarfi, 'yanci ko ilimi Mai Rarraba Software yana ba Masu amfani game da shirin su, ƙila za su iya ba da gudummawar ƙwararrun ra'ayoyi ko canje-canje masu amfani, don kawai fa'idodin gama gari.

Kuma wannan an bayyana shi da kyau a cikin abubuwan da aka samo daga kayan:

"Wannan, ina tsammanin, shine babban banbanci tsakanin tsarin babban coci da bazaar. Dangane da hanyar da babban coci yake kallon shirye-shirye, kurakurai da matsalolin ci gaba abubuwa ne na ban tsoro, zurfafa da karkatacciyar al'amuran. Takesaukan monthsan watanni kaɗan na ƙididdigar ƙananan mutane masu kwazo don su tabbata cewa an cire su. Saboda haka dogon lokacin da ake buƙata don sakin sabbin abubuwa, da kuma rashin jin daɗin abin da ya faru lokacin da waɗanda aka jira na tsawon lokaci ba cikakke ba ne.

Dangane da samfurin bazaar, ana ɗauka cewa kurakurai galibi ƙananan al'amura ne ko kuma, aƙalla, cewa za su zama cikin sauri da zarar sun bayyana ga idanun dubun dubatan masu haɗin gwiwa don saka dama da wata hanya a kusa da kowane sabon juzu'i. Don haka kuna ci gaba da sakin sigar akai-akai don samun ƙarin gyara, kuma a matsayin sakamako mai fa'ida kuna da rashi kaɗan idan kun rikice kowane lokaci.

GUDAWA

Da kaina, ƙaramin ƙwarewata a fagen Ci gaban Software na underari a ƙarƙashin Misalin Nau'in Bazaar ya bar min abubuwan da ke ƙarshe:

• Ya kamata a ɗauki masu amfani azaman kayan aiki masu ƙima, kuma a mafi kyawun yanayi azaman abokan haɗin gwiwa masu ƙima don haɗin kan su wajen haɓaka samfurin.
• Kowane ra'ayi yana da kyau ko ya cancanci bincika, tunda wani lokacin ƙarancin abin da ake zargi na iya zama babbar mafita ko ci gaba don ci gaba.
• Yana da kyau ko mai yuwuwa cewa asalin ra'ayi yana rarraba, yana faɗaɗa ko motsawa daga ainihin ra'ayi, amma abin da ke da mahimmanci shine yadda mutum zai mai da hankali dangane da nau'in kasuwar mai amfani da kuke son bauta, sabis ko taimako.
• Domin ya zama mai inganci kuma a guji asarar ƙoƙari saboda watsawa.
• Mafi kyau shine ƙarami, kai tsaye, mai sauƙi, amma ingantaccen lamba wanda ke kulawa don karɓar jama'a azaman daidai.
• Wani shiri ya riga ya balaga ga Communityungiyar masu amfani, lokacin da babu wani abin da za a kawar da shi, tunda ƙari koyaushe yana da kyau yiwuwar la'akari.
• Ana iya amfani da kowane shiri (a ɓangare ko gabaɗaya) don sake amfani dashi cikin ayyukan da ba asali aka samo asali ba.
• Duk Software dole ne ya ɗauki lasisin sa da matakan tsaro don amincin amfani da Data ɗin mai amfani.
• Ba lallai ba ne a fara daga farko, wani koyaushe yana haɓaka wani abu makamancin ra'ayinmu.
• Dole ne ku yi aiki a kan wani abu da kuke so, dole ne ku ji daɗin ci gaban da za ku sadaukar da kanku a cikin Free Software don samar da ma'anar haɗin kai tare da abin da aka bayyana, ba tare da kaiwa ga ƙarancin haɓaka ikon mallakar shi ba. .
• Dole ne ya zama akwai kyakkyawar hanyar sadarwa tsakanin Masu haɓakawa da Masu Amfani (Masu haɗin gwiwa), don haka aiki ya gudana da sauri kuma ya canza yadda ya kamata.

Ina fatan kun so kuma kun sami wannan bayanin da amfani, tunda Karatun "Katidral da Bazaar" ishara ce ta tilas ga duk waɗanda ke shirya duk wani Ci gaban Software na Kyauta, komai babba ko ƙarami.