Dokoki masu amfani ga Linux

Wannan ba ana nufin ya zama cikakken jeri ba amma ina tabbatar muku cewa zaku sami yanki mai kyau na umarni na gama gari da amfani ga na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta Linux. 🙂

Janar Commandos

dmesg
Buga saƙonnin da kernel ya nuna lokacin farawa.

damun - a
Yana samar da fayil wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan dogaro da ƙananan abubuwan da aka ɗora don "Kernel", ma'ana, tana iya fahimtar waɗanne kayayyaki dole ne a ɗora su don ɓangare na uku da za a yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin.

free
Usageididdigar amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

ina q
Umurnin da ke karanta sigogin da aka samo a cikin inittab.

rashin kyau
Yana ba da damar ("lodi") sigar da aka ƙayyade a cikin layin, don haka "kwaya" ta iya amfani da shi. (Misali: insmod ip_alias.o)

ldconfig
Sabunta dakunan karatu da tsarin yayi amfani da su, ana ba da shawarar gudanar da shi duk lokacin da aka girka wani shiri.

ssamara
Yana nuna bayanin game da kayayyaki waɗanda kwaya ke kunna su.

Dutsen
Yana ba da damar sassan bangare, CD-ROMs, floppies da za a karanta akan tsarin. Tsarin sa: Mount -t. Duba kuma / sauransu / fstab .ón>
smbmounta kan>
Mai kama da umarnin dutsen, sai dai ana amfani da wannan umarnin don ɗora bangare a Samba .ón>
smbumounta kan>
An yi amfani da shi don kashe sassan da aka kunna tare da smbmoon>
saitina kan>
Ana gabatar da menu don daidaita sifofin sigogi daban-daban (Sauti, Xwindow, Mouse ..) .on>
tsagaa kan>
Theaukaka bayanan da aka yi amfani da shi don nemo fayiloli tare da umarnin gano wuri .ón>
jihara kan>
Yana nuna cikakken bayani game da takamaiman fayil kamar: gyare-gyare da canjin kwanan wata, mai fayil ... da dai sauransu akan>
cikaa kan>
Kashe ɓangaren da aka nuna, sigogin da wannan umarnin yake ɗauka suna kama da waɗanda suke na dutsen .ón>
uname -aa kan>
Cikakken bayani game da «Mai watsa shiri» .ón>
uptimea kan>
Lokaci na yanzu, lokacin da tsarin ke gudana tun daga "sake yi" na ƙarshe, masu amfani da aka haɗa zuwa sabar, tsarin tsarin a cikin mintuna 1,5 da 15 na ƙarshe.
sunan mai masaukia kan>
Sunan «Mai watsa shiri» .ón>
syedaa kan>
Wannan umarnin yana nuna bayanai game da matakan aiwatar da "rubutun" wanda yake a cikin adireshin /etc/rc.d/init.dón>
a kan>
Lambar:

chkconfig - jera httpd Wannan umarnin yana nuna: httpd 0 ff 1 ff 2 ff 3 n 4 n 5 n 6 ff

Abinda ke sama yana nuna cewa lokacin da akayi amfani da matakin taya 3, httpd "rubutun" a cikin kundin adireshin /etc/rc.d/init.d zai karɓi batun "farawa", lokacin da yake aiki a matakin taya 6, httpd zai karɓi gardama "tsayawa ", da dai sauransu ..

Don gyara zuwa ga batun "farawa":

Lambar:

chkconfig --add - labari

Don gyara zuwa ga batun "tsayawa":

Lambar:

chkconfig --del - labari

* Daidai ne daga kundin adireshin /etc/rc.d/rc=0-6] inda bayanan da yake nunawa suke zuwa syeda.

ntsysv
Kayan aiki ne mai zane wanda yake da ayyuka iri ɗaya kamar yadda yake syedaBambancin shine cewa wannan kayan aikin yana nuna dukkan "rubutun" ta hanyar matakin, ma'ana, idan anyi amfani da umarnin ntsysv -vel 3, zane zai nuna matsayin "dakatar" ko "farawa" na dukkan "rubutun" don matakin taya 3. Ana amfani da waɗannan ta hanya iri ɗaya: ntsysv –vel 5, ntsysv –vel 0, da sauransu.

Kamar syeda, ntsysv yana gyaggyarawa kuma yana ɗaukar bayanan da aka samo a cikin kundin adireshin /etc/rc.d/rc=0-6]

Umurnin Muhalli na hanyar sadarwa

A cikin Muhalli na hanyar sadarwa 

rundunar
Ayyade adireshin IP na "Mai watsa shiri", mai watsa shiri -a nuna duk bayanan DNS.

idanconfig
Yana baka damar saita hanyar sadarwa tare da ganin matsayinta hakan yana a cikin sifa ifconfig, misali: ifconfig eth0

ifup
Thearfafa ƙayyadadden ƙirar, misali: ifup eth0.

idan kasa
Kashe aikin da aka ƙayyade, misali: ifdown eth0.

netstat -ba
Duk hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo sun samo asali ne kuma sun sami karɓa daga «Mai watsa shiri»

netstat -r
Nuni da tsarin ta kwatance tebur

netstat-i
Statisticsididdigar cibiyar sadarwa na kowane haɗin kai

nslookup
Nemi bayani a cikin sabobin DNS, misali: nslookup -query = mx osomosis.com, idan ba a ayyana sigogi ba to ya shiga yanayin ma'amala

ping-s 1016
Yana aika fakitin ping na bytes 1024 (taken 8 bytes), yayin da "tsoho" yake 512.

hanyar ƙara
Yana bada damar ƙara teburin zirga-zirga zuwa da daga «Mai watsa shiri». Misali: Don jagorantar duk bayanan cibiyar sadarwar 206.171.55.16 netmask 255.255.255.240 ta hanyar yanar gizo na eth0:

Lambar:

hanyar ƙara -net 206.171.55.16 255.255.255.240 eth0

Don tafiya da duk zirga-zirga ta hanyar keɓaɓɓiyar hanyar sadarwa ("faultofar Tsoho"):


Lambar:

hanya ƙara tsoho gw 206.171.55.51 eth0

Wannan zai aika duk bayanan ta adireshin 206.171.55.51

hanya -n:
Yana nuna teburin kwatance na «Mai watsa shiri». SAURARA: "Aiwatar da IP" dole ne ya zama ON in / etc / sysconfig / network, kuma dole ne a saita "kwaya" don "IP Mikawa".

smbclient
Yana aiki kamar abokin ciniki na FTP, wanda ke daidaita haɗin da za'a yi ta Samba.

tppdump
Yana ba da damar yin amfani da kayan aiki a kan mai masaukin.

testparm
Bincika ingancin fayil ɗin smb.conf da Samba yayi amfani da shi.

Umarni don Sarrafa Aiki

Tsarin sarrafawa:

ps -aux
Yana nuna duk tsarin tsarin, tare da suna da lokacin farawa.

kashe
Ana amfani dashi don aika sigina zuwa matakan Unix.
* kashe-HUP: Yi sigina don ƙididdigar tsari don sake karanta fayilolin sanyi.
* kashe-GABA: Yi alama aikin tare da lamba, wanda za'a katse shi.
* kashe-lokaci: Nuna aikin tare da lamba, wanda dole ne ya gama, sabanin -KILL, wannan zaɓin yana ba da damar aiwatarwar gamawa.
* kashe -STOP: Yi alama kan aikin tare da lamba, tsaya na ɗan lokaci.
* kashe-KYAUTA: Yana nuna tsari tare da lamba, wanda na ci gaba, ana amfani da wannan umarnin don ci gaba da aiwatar da aka aiwatar -STOP.
* kashe -KASHE: Nuna aikin tare da lamba, don gamawa nan da nan, aikin ya ƙare farat ɗaya.

killall Ba kamar kisa ba, killall yana baka damar siginar aiwatarwa da suna. Aika siginar -TERM zuwa aiki tare da sunan da aka ƙayyade. SAURARA: Ta tsohuwa siginar da aka kashe da killall shine -TERM.

ps -l ku Wannan umarnin yana nuna sigogi biyu PRI da NI. Siffar PRI tana nuna fifikon aiki na yanzu, wanda aka ƙididdige shi ta tsarin aiki, ana la'akari da ƙimar NI lokacin tantance PRI. * Menene NI? : NI ana kiranta da "lambar mai kyau", wannan lambar ta `` superuser '' ("tushen") ko kuma mai tsarin aikin ya fayyace ta kuma ta shafi tsarin karshe na PRI, yana ba da fifiko ga masu karamin hali. -20 (mai taushi = mafi fifiko) da 20 (mafi tawali'u = ƙasa da fifiko)

nice Wannan umarnin yana ƙayyade lambar NI na kowane tsari.

* nice -10 mai suna: Wannan zai rage fifiko mai suna raka'a 10 (idan ya kasance -10, zai tafi zuwa -20).
* mai kyau + 10 mai suna: Wannan zai haɓaka fifiko mai suna raka'a 10 (idan ya kasance 0, zai tafi zuwa + 10).

maciji da renice Haka aiki yake kamar mai kyau, sai dai kawai yana amfani da lambar aikin:
* maciji -10

& & & Ana amfani dasu don nuna cewa aikin zai gudana a bango.

top Wannan kayan aikin yana kula da albarkatun tsarin daban-daban kuma yana da halayyar kirkira, yana nuna amfanin CPU ta kowane tsari, adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, lokaci tun farkonsa, da dai sauransu. vmstat Ya yi kama da babba tunda yana da ƙarancin tsarin tsarin, don haka wannan kayan aikin ya zama mai ƙarfi, dole ne a bayyana takaddama: vmstat -n

atWannan umarnin yana ba ka damar tsara wasu ayyuka a wani lokaci, misali: da ƙarfe 22:00, umarnin da ya gabata ya buɗe «hanzari» na fom a>, a kan wannan “hanzarin nan” za ka saka duk umarnin da kake son aiwatarwa, a wannan yanayin a 22:00, da zarar an ayyana, ana amfani da Ctlrl -d don fita.

Da zarar an gama, za a tsara umarnin don gudana a lokacin da aka nuna, da / var / spool / a kundin adireshin ya ƙunshi aikin.

Umurnin atq yana nuna ayyukan da suke jiran su, da kuma umarnin atrm

share aikin da aka tsara tare da a. Duba kuma /etc/at.deny da /etc/at.allow

crontabKamar a ƙayyade lokacin da za a aiwatar da shirin rubutun, crontab yana da tsari mai zuwa: hoursan mintuna na 'yan kwanaki a ƙarshen mako_of_week bayani game da sunan mai amfani
Misali mai zuwa zai gudanar da oracle.pl shirin kowane rabin sa'a kowace rana:

Lambar:

30 * * * * tushen / usr/oracle.pl

Idan kanaso kayi shi duk wata:

Lambar:

01 3 1 * * tushen / usr/oracle.pl

Abinda ke sama zai aiwatar karafarini.pl ranar farko ta kowane wata, da karfe 3:01 na safe.

Don tantance ayyukan cron, kowane mai amfani yana adana fayil a cikin / var / spool / cron / directory, kowane mai amfani yana samun damar wannan kundin adireshin tare da umarnin crontab -e

Ana aiwatar da aiwatar da crontab saboda fayil / da sauransu / crontab wanda ke ƙayyade ayyukan crontab a kowace awa, rana, mako da wata, ta wannan hanyar kawai yana buƙatar mai amfani ya sanya fayil a cikin kundayen adireshi masu dacewa: /etc/cron.hourly | /etc/cron.daily | /etc/cron.weekly | /etc/cron.monthly

Umarni don Rikodi da Tsarin aiki

Sarrafa rajista «rajistan ayyukan» 

wutsiya
Ba ka damar ganin ƙarshen fayil, wannan umarnin yana da amfani tunda fayilolin log ɗin «rajistan ayyukan» koyaushe suna girma wutsiya -f / var / log / saƙonni

Hakanan zaka iya tantance adadin layukan da dole ne a kiyaye su:

Lambar:

wutsiya --f - layi 15 / var / log / saƙonni

Wannan umarnin na sama yana nuna layuka 15 na ƙarshe na fayil ɗin ("tsoho" = 10). The –f yana bude file din domin ka kalleshi yayin da ake kara abubuwa.

Tsarin sanyi 
# / usr / sbin / sndconfig: Ana amfani da shi don daidaita sautin tsarin.
# / bin / netconf: Ana iya amfani da shi don daidaita Hanyoyin Sadarwa.

Dokokin Gudanarwa

sysctl
Bayani: Sanya sigogin kwaya a lokacin gudu.
Misalai: sysctl -a

iyaka
Bayani: yana nuna iyakokin tsarin (iyakar buɗe fayiloli, da sauransu ..)
Misalai: ulimit

adduser
Bayani: ƙara mai amfani da tsarin.
Misalan: adduser pepe, adduser -s / bin / pepe na ƙarya

Mai amfani
Bayani: = cire mai amfani daga tsarin
Misalan: mai amfani pepe

manzamana
Bayani: = gyara mai amfani da tsarin
Misalai: usermod -s / bin / bash pepe

df
Bayani: = faifai kyauta. akwai filin diski Yana da amfani sosai.
Misalai: df, df -h

uname
Bayani: = sunan unix. Bayani game da nau'in unix da muke ciki, kwaya, da dai sauransu.
Misalai: uname, uname -a

netstat
Bayani: bayani game da haɗin cibiyar sadarwa mai aiki.
Misalai: netstat, netstat -ln, netstat -l, netstat -a

ps
Bayani: = cin nasara duk bayani game da tafiyar da aiki.
Misalai: ps, ps -axf, ps -A, ps -auxf

free
Bayani: yana nuna matsayin RAM da SWAP.
Misalai: kyauta

ping
Bayani: kayan aikin hanyar sadarwa don bincika tsakanin sauran abubuwa idan mun isa ga mai masaukin nesa.
Misalai: ping www.rediris.es

traceroute
Bayani: kayan aikin hanyar sadarwa waɗanda ke nuna mana hanyar da ake buƙata don isa zuwa wani inji.
Misalai: traceroute www.rediris.es

du
Bayani: = amfani da faifai. amfani da faifai Nuna sararin da aka shagaltar da faifai.
Misalai: du *, du -sH / *, du -sH / sauransu

idanconfig
Bayani: = daidaitawa sanyi na hanyoyin sadarwa, modem, da dai sauransu.
Misalai: ifconfig, ifconfig eth0 ip netmask 255.255.255.0

hanya
Bayani: sarrafa hanyoyi zuwa wasu hanyoyin sadarwa.
Misalai: hanya, hanya -n

iratraf
Bayani: yana nuna DUK IP, UDP, ICMP zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa a cikin aikace-aikacen kayan wasan bidiyo.
Yana ba da izinin amfani da matattara, kuma yana da AMFANIN KYAUTA don ganowa da kuma cire wutar wuta
Misalai: iptraf

tppdump
Bayani: ya watsar da abubuwan zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa.
Misalan: tcpdump, tcpdump -u

mayanar
Bayani: yana nuna fayilolin (dakunan karatu, haɗi) waɗanda kowane tsari yayi amfani dasu
Misalai: lsof, lsof -i, lsof | grep fayil

ssamara
Bayani: Yana nuna ƙananan kernel waɗanda aka ɗora.
Misalai: lsmod

modprobe
Bayani: Yana kokarin girka modulu, idan ya same shi, girka shi amma na ɗan lokaci.
Misalai: modprobe ip_tables, modprobe eepro100

rmmod
Bayani: Cire kayayyaki na kwaya waɗanda aka ɗora
Misalai: rmmod

shakar hanci
Bayani: ifan kwalliya ko kwatankwacin duk zirga-zirgar hanyoyin sadarwa. Ba kasafai ake girka shi ta tsohuwa ba.
Misalai: santsi -i

wasu

ls
Bayani: = jerin. Jerin abinda ke ciki
Misalai: ls, ls -l, ls -fl, ls –color

cp
Bayani: = kwafa. kwafe fayiloli / kundayen adireshi.
Misalai: cp -rfp / tmp directory, fayil cp new_file

rm
Bayani: = cire. share fayiloli / kundayen adireshi.
Misalai: rm -f fayil, rm -rf directory, rm -i fayil

mkdir
Bayani: = yi dir. ƙirƙiri kundayen adireshi
Misalai: kundin adireshin mkdir

da rm
Bayani: = cire dir. share kundin adireshi, dole ne su zama fanko.
Misalai: rmdir directory

mv
Bayani: = motsa. sake suna ko matsar da fayiloli / kundayen adireshi.
Misalai: mv directory, mv file new_name, mv file a_directory

date
Bayani: gudanar da kwanan wata, ana iya duba shi kuma saita shi.
Misalai: kwanan wata, kwanan wata 10091923

tarihin
Bayani: yana nuna tarihin umarnin da mai amfani ya shigar.
Misalai: tarihi | Kara

Kara
Bayani: yana nuna abun cikin fayil tare da dakatar da kowane layi 25.
Misalai: ƙarin fayil

grep
Bayani: tace abubuwan fayil.
Misalan: file cat | kirtani

cat
Bayani: yana nuna duk abubuwan cikin fayil ba tare da wani ɗan hutu ba.
Misalan: file cat

chmod
Bayani: canza izini don karatu / rubutu / aiwatar da fayiloli / kundin adireshi.
Misalan: chmod + r fayil, chmod + w directory, chmod + rw directory -R, chmod -r fayil

chown
Bayani: = mai canji. canza izinin mai amfani: rukunin fayiloli / kundin adireshi.
Misalan: chown root: root file, chown pello: masu amfani directory -R

kwalta
Bayanin Abubuwan: = Kundin ɗaukar hoto. ajiyar fayil
Misalai: tar cvf fayil.tar directory, tar xvf file.tar, tar zcvf file.tgz directory, tar zxvf file.tgz

gunzip
Bayani: ZIP mai aiki tare mai aiki.
Misalai: gunzip fayil

rpm
Bayani: Mai kula da kunshin Redhat. Don girka ko sabunta software na tsarin.
Misalai: rpm -i kunshin.rpm, rpm -qa program, rpm –force package.rpm, rpm -q –info program

Dutsen
Bayani: dutsen wuya tafiyarwa, floppy, cdrom.
Misalai: dutsen / dev / hda2 / mnt / lnx, dutse / dev / hdb1 / mnt -t vfat

cika
Bayani: kwakkwance raka'a.
Misalai: umount / dev / hda2, umount / mnt / lnx

wget
Bayani: shirin don saukar da fayiloli ta hanyar http ko ftp
Misalai: wget http://www.rediris.es/documento.pdf

Lynx
Bayani: burauzar gidan yanar gizo tare da zabin ftp, https.
Misalai: lynx www.ibercom.com, lynx –suwa http://www.ibercom.com/script.sh | sh

ftp
Bayani: abokin ciniki ftp.
Misalan: ftp ftp.ibercom.com

whois
Bayani: wanene yanki.
Misalai: waye ibercom.com

wanda
Bayani: Yana nuna masu amfani da tsarin waɗanda suka shiga ciki.
Misalai: wanene, w, wanene ni

email
Bayani: aikawa da karanta imel.
Misalai: wasiku pepe@ibercom.com <fayil, mail -v pepe@ibercom.com <fayil
raba
Bayani: ana tsara abubuwan fayil.
Misalai: kuli / sauransu / lambobi | rarrabe, ls | raba

ln
Bayani: = mahada. don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin haɗi, gajerun hanyoyi.
Misalai: ln -s / directory link

wutsiya
Bayani: yana nuna ƙarshen (layuka 10) na fayil.
Misalai: wutsiya -f / var / log / maillog, tail -100 / var / log / maillog | Kara

shugaban
Bayani: yana nuna taken (layuka 10) na fayil.
Misalai: fayil din kai, kai -100 / var / log / maillog | Kara

fayil
Bayani: yana gaya mana irin nau'in fayil.
Misalan: fayil ɗin fayil, fayil *

Source: Crystalb