Wasu ma'anoni masu alaƙa da software kyauta

Shin kun san banbanci tsakanin software ta kyauta da software ta bude? Menene bambanci tsakanin shirye-shiryen haƙƙin mallaka da waɗanda ba na kwafin rubutu ba? Ko menene bambanci tsakanin freeware, shareware, software na kasuwanci? Wannan ɗayan ɗayan waɗannan labaran ne masu tsayi, cike da ma'anoni da ra'ayoyi waɗanda tabbas zasu taimaka muku tsara ra'ayoyinku idan yazo da software kyauta.

free software

Free software kyauta ce ta lasisi don kowa ya yi amfani da shi, ya kwafa, kuma ya rarraba, ko dai tare da ko ba tare da gyare-gyare ba, kyauta ko kuma kyauta. Musamman, wannan yana nufin cewa lambar tushe dole ne ta kasance. "Idan ba tushe bane, to ba software bane." Wannan ma'anar da aka sauƙaƙa ce; duba kuma cikakken ma'anar.

Idan shirin kyauta ne, ana iya saka shi cikin tsarin aiki kyauta kamar GNU ko tsarin GNU / Linux kyauta.

Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na yin shirin kyauta: batutuwa da yawa da za'a yanke shawara cewa a yawancin lokuta nuances ne, kuma ana iya warware su ta hanyoyi da yawa ba tare da shirin ya daina zama kyauta ba. An bayyana wasu daga cikin bambancin da ke ƙasa. Don bayani game da takamaiman lasisin software na kyauta, zaka iya tuntuɓar jerin lasisi.

Maganar "kyauta" ta free software tana nufin 'yanci, ba kyauta ba. Koyaya, kamfanoni masu mallakar software a wasu lokuta suna amfani da kalmar "software kyauta" don komawa zuwa farashin [Bayanin Mai Fassara: A Ingilishi ana amfani da "software ta kyauta" "software kyauta", kalmar "kyauta" na iya nufin "kyauta" ko "kyauta"]. Wani lokaci yana amfani da wannan kalmar lokacin da yake magana game da kwafin binary wanda ake samu kyauta; da wasu lokuta ana amfani dasu don cancantar kwafin da aka haɗa a cikin sabuwar kwamfutar da aka samo. Wannan ba shi da alaƙa da abin da muke nufi da software kyauta a cikin aikin GNU.

Saboda wannan rudanin, lokacin da kamfanin software ya yi ikirarin cewa kayan aikinsa kyauta ne, yana da kyau koyaushe a duba sharuɗɗan wannan rarraba don ganin ko masu amfani suna da dukkan 'yanci da software kyauta ke nunawa. Wani lokaci gaskiya ne software kyauta; kuma wasu lokuta ba haka bane.

Harsuna da yawa suna da kalmomi daban-daban biyu don '' kyauta '' a matsayin 'yanci da' 'kyauta' 'a matsayin farashin sifili. Misali, Faransanci yana da kalmomin "libre" da "gratuit" [a cikin Sifaniyanci daidai yake faruwa da kalmomin "libre" da "gratis"]. Wannan baya faruwa a Ingilishi, a Ingilishi akwai kalmar "kyauta", wanda ke nuni ba tare da shakka ba game da farashi, amma ba shi da wani karin magana na gama gari da ke nuni ba tare da shakka ba ga 'yanci. Saboda haka, idan kuna magana da wani harshe ban da Ingilishi, muna ba ku shawarar ku fassara kalmar "kyauta" daga "software ta kyauta" zuwa cikin yarenku don ya kara bayyana. Duba jerinmu na fassarar kalmar "software kyauta" zuwa cikin wasu yarukan.

Kyaututtukan software galibi sun fi aminci fiye da software marasa kyauta.

Bude tushen software

Mutane da yawa suna amfani da kalmar "buɗe tushen" software don komawa zuwa fiye ko theasa da nau'ikan nau'in software na kyauta. Koyaya, ba daidai suke da nau'in software ba: suna karɓar wasu lasisi waɗanda muke ɗauka masu ƙuntatawa, kuma akwai lasisin software kyauta waɗanda basu karɓa ba. Duk da haka, bambance-bambance tsakanin abin da bangarorin biyu suka rufe ba su da yawa: kusan duk kayan aikin kyauta kyauta ne a bude, kuma kusan dukkanin masarrafar bude kyauta ce.

Mun fi son kalmar "software ta kyauta" saboda tana nufin 'yanci, wani abu da kalmar "bude tushen" ba.

Manhajar yankin jama'a

Manhajar yankin jama'a software ce wacce ba ta da kariya ta haƙƙin mallaka. Lamari ne na musamman na kayan aikin kyauta wanda bashi da kariya daga haƙƙin mallaka, wanda ke nufin cewa wasu kwafi ko juzu'in da aka gyara bazai zama cikakke ba kyauta.

A wasu lokuta, ana iya aiwatar da shirin aiwatarwa a cikin yankin jama'a ba tare da samun lambar asalin sa ba. Wannan software ba software bace kyauta, domin domin ta zama kyauta, lambar tushe dole ne ta zama mai sauki. A nata bangaren, galibin manhajojin kyauta ba kayan masarufi bane na jama'a; ana kiyaye shi ta haƙƙin mallaka, kuma masu haƙƙin mallaka sun ba da izinin doka ga kowa ya yi amfani da shi kyauta ta hanyar amfani da lasisin software kyauta.

Wani lokaci ana amfani da kalmar "yankin jama'a" a sauƙaƙe don ma'anar "kyauta" ko "wadatar da kowa." Koyaya, "yankin jama'a" kalma ce ta doka kuma daidai take nufin "ba tare da haƙƙin mallaka ba." Don zama mai haske kamar yadda zai yiwu, muna bada shawarar amfani da "yankin jama'a" don bayyana wannan ma'anar kawai, da kuma yin amfani da sauran maganganun don isar da ma'anarsu daidai.

A karkashin yarjejeniyar Berne, wacce akasarin kasashe suka sanya hannu, duk wani sabon rubutu an mallake shi kai tsaye. Wannan ya hada da shirye-shirye. Saboda haka, idan kuna son shirin da kuka rubuta ya kasance a cikin yankin jama'a, dole ne ku bi wasu hanyoyin doka don kauce wa hakan, kai tsaye, an ƙara haƙƙin mallaka a ciki.

Software mai kariya na haƙƙin mallaka

Kwafiftan mai kariya software kyauta ce wacce sharuɗɗan rarraba ke tabbatar da cewa duk kwafin kowane juzu'i software ce ta kyauta. Wannan yana nufin, alal misali, cewa lasisi na haƙƙin mallaka ba ya ƙyale wasu kamfanoni su ƙara wasu ƙarin buƙatu (banda iyakantattun buƙatu don haɓaka kariyar su) kuma suna buƙatar lambar tushe ta jama'a ce. Wasu lasisi na haƙƙin mallaka, kamar na uku na GPL, suna hana wasu hanyoyi don yin mallakar software.

A GNU Project, muna kwafin kusan duk software da muke rubutawa, saboda manufarmu ita ce bawa kowane mai amfani da thatancin da kalmar "software kyauta" ke nunawa. Duba Copyan haƙƙin mallaka don ƙarin bayani game da yadda haƙƙin mallaka yake aiki da dalilin da yasa muke amfani da shi.

Kwafi ne ra'ayin gaba ɗaya; don ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin shirye-shiryen, kuna buƙatar amfani da takamaiman saitin sharuɗɗan rarraba. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da za'a iya amfani da su don rubuta sharuɗɗan rarraba haƙƙin mallaka, don haka lasisin lasisin kayan aikin kyauta da dama na iya kasancewa bisa ƙa'ida. Koyaya, a aikace kusan duk software masu kwafin halitta suna amfani da GNU General Public License. Gabaɗaya, lasisi biyu na haƙƙin mallaka '' basu dace ba '', wanda ke nufin cewa haramun ne a haɗa lambar da aka kiyaye ta waɗancan lasisin; saboda haka, zai yi kyau ga al'umma idan duk sun yi amfani da lasisi guda na haƙƙin mallaka.

Free software ba haƙƙin mallaka na haƙƙin mallaka ba

Manhaja ta kyauta wacce ba ta haƙƙin mallaka ba ta haɗa da izinin marubuci don sake rarrabawa da gyaggyara software, tare da izini don ƙara ƙarin ƙuntatawa.

Gaskiyar cewa shirin kyauta ne amma ba a kiyaye shi tare da kwafin rubutu yana nuna cewa wasu kofe ko sigogin da aka gyara ba lallai ne su zama kyauta ba. Kamfanin software zai iya tattara shirin, tare da ko ba tare da gyare-gyare ba, kuma ya rarraba fayil ɗin da za'a aiwatar a matsayin kayan masarufin kayan masarufi.

Tsarin X X misali ne na wannan. Consortium X ya sake X11 tare da sharuɗɗan rarraba wanda ya sanya shi ba software ba kyauta ba. Idan kuna so, zaku iya samun kwafin da ke da waɗannan sharuɗɗan rarraba kuma kyauta ne. Koyaya, akwai kuma nau'ikan da ba'a kyauta ba, kuma akwai shahararrun wuraren aiki da katunan zane na PC wanda kawai nau'ikan marasa kyauta ke aiki. Idan kuna amfani da wannan kayan aikin, X11 ba software ce ta kyauta a gare ku ba. Ko da masu haɓaka X11 da kansu sun yi X11 software mara kyauta kyauta na ɗan lokaci.
GPL-rufe software
GNU General Public License (GPL) takamaiman takamaiman sharuɗɗan rarraba ne waɗanda aka yi amfani dasu don kare shirin haƙƙin mallaka. GNU Project yana amfani da wannan lasisin don rarraba yawancin software na GNU.

Tsarin GNU

Tsarin GNU shine tsarin aiki irin na Unix, wanda aka kirkireshi kyauta da kayan aikin kyauta, wanda muka kirkira a cikin GNU Project tun shekarar 1984.

Tsarin aiki kamar Unix yana da shirye-shirye da yawa. Tsarin GNU ya hada da duk wata manhaja ta GNU, hade da wasu kunshe-kunshe da yawa, kamar su X Window System da TeX, wadanda ba kayan GNU bane.

Sigar gwaji na farko na cikakken tsarin GNU ya kasance a cikin 1996. Ya haɗa da GNU Hurd, kwaya ta, wanda aka haɓaka tun 1990. A 2001 tsarin GNU (gami da GNU Hurd) ya fara aiki sosai abin dogaro, amma Hurd Har yanzu bai samu ba wasu mahimman fasali, don haka ba a amfani da shi ko'ina. A halin yanzu, tsarin GNU / Linux, wanda aka samu daga tsarin GNU wanda ke amfani da Linux azaman kwaya maimakon GNU Hurd, ya sami nasara sosai tun daga 1990s.

Tunda dalilin GNU shine ya zama tsarin kyauta, kowane ɓangaren ɓangarorinsa dole ne ya zama software kyauta. Koyaya, ba dukkansu bane za'a kiyaye su ta hanyar haƙƙin mallaka; bisa doka, ana iya haɗa kowane irin software kyauta idan ya taimaka don cimma burin fasaha da aka gabatar. Kuma ba lallai ba ne ga kowane ɓangare ya zama software ta GNU daban-daban. Tsarin GNU zai iya kuma ya hada da kayan aikin kyauta wanda bashi da kariya daga kwafin rubutu, kamar su X Window System, wanda aka kirkireshi a wasu ayyukan.

Shirye-shiryen GNU

Maganar "Shirye-shiryen GNU" daidai yake da software na GNU. A Y shiri ne na GNU idan GNU software ne (GNU Project software). Wani lokacin mukan ce shi "GNU package" ne.

GNU Software

Manhajar GNU ita ce software da aka fitar a karkashin inuwar GNU Project. Muna kuma kiran wani shiri wanda shine GNU software ko kunshin GNU. Fayil README ko kundin kunshin GNU yakamata ya nuna cewa shine; haka nan, Littafin Software na Kyauta yana gano duk fakitin GNU.

Mafi yawa daga cikin software na GNU ana da kariyar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka, amma ba duka ba; duk da haka, duk software na GNU dole ne software ta kyauta.

Wasu daga cikin software na GNU ma'aikata ne na Gidauniyar Free Software Foundation suka rubuta su, amma yawancin software ana bayar dasu ne ta hanyar yan agaji. Daga cikin masarrafan da masu sa kai suka bayar, wani lokacin ma'abocin haƙƙin mallaka shine Free Software Foundation wani lokacin kuma masu bayar da gudummawar ne suka rubuta shi.

Software ba kyauta ba

Software mara kyauta shine duk wata software wacce bata kyauta ba. Wannan ya hada da kayan aikin kyauta da software na mallaka.

Semi-free software

Semi-software ba software bane kyauta, amma ya haɗa da izini ga mutane suyi amfani da shi, kwafa, rarrabawa da canza shi (gami da rarraba sigar da aka gyara) don dalilai marasa riba. PGP misali ne na shirin rashin kyauta.

Semi-software ba shi da kyau fiye da ɗabi'a fiye da kayan masarufi, amma har yanzu yana haifar da matsalolin da zasu hana mu amfani da shi a kan tsarin aiki kyauta.

An tsara takunkumin haƙƙin mallaka don kare mahimmancin essentialancin duk masu amfani. A gare mu, iyakance takunkumin da aka tabbatar da amfani da shi shine wanda ya hana ƙarin wasu ƙuntatawa na wasu mutane. Shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen Semi suna da ƙarin ƙuntatawa waɗanda ke da ƙimar son kai kawai.

Ba shi yiwuwa a haɗa da software ta kyauta-kyauta a cikin tsarin aiki kyauta. Wannan saboda sharuddan rabarwa don tsarin aiki kyauta kyauta gabaɗaya haɗin mahaɗan rarraba duk shirye-shiryen da suka tsara shi. Dingara shirin ba da rabi-ɗari ga tsarin zai sa tsarin gaba ɗaya ya zama mara-kyauta. Akwai dalilai guda biyu da yasa bamu son wannan ya faru:

Mun yi imanin cewa software ta kyauta ya kamata ta kasance ga kowa, gami da kamfanoni, ba wai kawai ga makarantu ko ayyukan nishaɗi masu zaman kansu ba. Muna son gayyatar kamfanoni don amfani da cikakken tsarin GNU, sabili da haka bai kamata mu haɗa da shirin ba da rabi ba a ciki.
Rarraba kasuwancin tsarin aiki kyauta, gami da tsarin GNU / Linux, yana da mahimmanci ƙwarai, kuma masu amfani suna yaba da wadatar rarrabuwa ta kasuwanci akan CD-ROM. Ciki har da shirin ɗan-rabi-kyauta a cikin tsarin aiki zai hana rarraba kasuwancinsa akan CD-ROM.

Asusun Free Software da kansa ba mahaɗan kasuwanci bane, sabili da haka yana iya amfani da shirin mara-kyauta "cikin gida" bisa doka. Amma ba haka bane, saboda hakan yana iya shafar ƙoƙarinmu na samun shirye-shiryen da zamu iya haɗawa da tsarin GNU.

Matukar akwai wani aiki da ake buƙatar yi tare da software kuma baku da shirin aiwatar da shi, tsarin GNU zai sami rashi. Ya kamata mu ce ga masu sa kai, "Ba mu da wani shiri na yin wannan aikin a cikin GNU Project tukuna, don haka muna fata za ku rubuta shi." Idan muka yi amfani da wani shiri na rabin-daki don yin wannan aikin, za mu wulakanta abin da muke fada da kanmu; kuma ƙarfin (namu da na waɗanda za su iya raba ra'ayoyinmu) don rubuta madadin kyauta zai ɓace. Saboda haka, ba mu yi ba.

Software na mallaka

Software na mallaka shine software wanda ba kyauta kuma bashi da kyauta. Amfani da su, sake rarraba su ko yin kwaskwarima an hana su, yana buƙatar ku nemi izini, ko kuma an taƙaita shi kuma a zahiri ba za ku iya yin hakan da yardar kaina ba.

Gidauniyar Free Software Foundation tana bin ƙa'idar cewa kawai zamu iya shigar da tsarin mallakar kan kwamfutocinmu, idan muka yi hakan na ɗan lokaci kuma da manufar rubuta madadin kyauta ga wannan shirin. Baya ga wannan takamaiman shari'ar, mun yi imanin cewa babu wani uzuri mai yiwuwa don shigar da tsarin mallakar mallaka.

Misali, mun yi amannar cewa sanya Unix a kan kwamfutocinmu a cikin shekarun 1980 yayi daidai, saboda muna amfani da shi ne don rubuta wata hanyar kyauta ta Unix kanta. A halin yanzu, la'akari da cewa akwai samfuran aiki kyauta, wannan uzurin baya aiki; mun kawar da duk tsarin aikin da ba na kyauta ba; kuma a kowace sabuwar kwamfuta mun girka tsarin aiki kyauta kyauta.

Ba mu dage cewa masu amfani da GNU ko masu ba da gudummawa suna bin wannan mizanin ba. Mun kirkiro wannan matsayin ne don kanmu. Amma muna fatan suma su yanke shawarar bin ta.

Shareware

Kalmar "freeware" ba ta da cikakkiyar ma'anar da aka yarda da ita, amma ana amfani da ita sau da yawa don koma zuwa fakitin da za a iya rarrabawa amma ba a canza ba (kuma ba a samun lambar asalinsa). Waɗannan fakitin ba software ba ce ta kyauta. Saboda haka, don Allah kar a yi amfani da kalmar "freeware" don komawa zuwa software ta kyauta.

Shareware

Shareware software ce da aka ba da izinin sake rarraba kwafi, amma ga kowane kwafin da aka yi amfani da shi, mai amfani dole ne ya biya kuɗin lasisi.

Shareware ba software ba ce ta kyauta, ba ma ta kyauta ba. Wannan saboda dalilai biyu ne:

Ga mafi yawan kayan shareware, ba a samo lambar tushe; saboda haka, ba zaku iya gyaggyara shirin ta kowace hanya ba.
Ba za ku iya yin kwafin shareware ba ku girka ba tare da biyan kuɗin lasisi ba, har ma ga mutanen da suke amfani da shi don ayyukan ba na riba ba (a aikace, yawancin lokuta masu amfani suna watsi da sharuɗɗan rarraba kuma suna yin hakan ta wata hanya, amma waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba sa ba da izinin shi ).

Software na sirri

Keɓaɓɓu ko software na al'ada software ce da aka haɓaka don mai amfani (yawanci ƙungiya ko kamfani). Wannan mai amfani yana mallaki kuma yana amfani da shi, kuma baya sake shi ga jama'a azaman lambar tushe ko binary.

Wani shiri mai zaman kansa software ne na kyauta a wajan ma'ana idan mai amfani da shi kawai yana da cikakken haƙƙi akan sa. Koyaya, yayin la'akari da tambaya cikin zurfin tunani, tambayar ko irin wannan shirin kyauta ne ya rasa ma'anar sa.

Gabaɗaya ba mu yarda da cewa haɓaka shiri da rashin sakin shi kuskure ba ne. Akwai wasu lokuta lokacin da shiri ke da matukar amfani wanda tarashi da kanka yana cutar da bil'adama. Koyaya, yawancin shirye-shirye basu da ban mamaki, kuma sake sakin su baya cutarwa musamman. Saboda haka, babu rikici tsakanin keɓaɓɓu ko ci gaban software na yau da kullun da ƙa'idodin motsi na software kyauta.

Kusan dukkan masu ba da shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye don ci gaban software ne na al'ada; sabili da haka, yawancin aikin shirye-shirye shine, ko za a iya yi, ta hanyar da ta dace da harkar software kyauta.

Kasuwancin kasuwanci

Software na kasuwanci shine wanda kasuwancin da ke haɓaka don neman kuɗi daga amfanin sa. "Kasuwanci" da "mallakar" ba ɗaya bane! Yawancin software na kasuwanci suna mallakar su ne, amma akwai software ta kyauta, kuma akwai software wacce ba ta kasuwanci ba.

Misali, Ada na GNU a koda yaushe ana sakin ta a karkashin tsarin GNU GPL, kuma kowace kwafinta software ce ta kyauta; Koyaya, masu haɓakawa suna yin kwangilar kulawa. Abokan ciniki masu sha'awar wasu lokuta suna yin sharhi ga masu siyarwa: "Za mu sami kwanciyar hankali tare da mai tara kasuwancin." Ga wacce dillalai suke ba da amsa: “Ada daga GNU mai tattara komputa ne na kasuwanci; tare da keɓaɓɓen cewa shi ma software ne kyauta ».

Ga GNU Project, girmamawa yana kan wani matakin: muhimmin abu shine Ada na GNU kyauta ce ta kyauta; shin kasuwanci ne ba batun mahimmanci bane. Koyaya, ci gaban GNU Ada wanda ya haifar da kasuwancin sa tabbas yana da fa'ida.

Da fatan za a taimaka a yada cewa software ta kyauta ce mai yiwuwa. Kuna iya yin hakan ta ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari kada ku ce "kasuwanci" lokacin da abin da kuke nufi shi ne "mallakar."

Source: Gidauniyar Kyauta ta Kyauta (FSF)