Microsoft, Igalia kunye neBloomberg Babhengeze kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo ukuba bathathe inyathelo lokuqala lokubandakanya isintaksi kwingcaciso yodidi olucacileyo kwingcaciso yeJavaScript, iyafana nesintaksi esetyenziswa kulwimi lweTypeScript.
Okwangoku, utshintsho lweprototype olucetywayo ukuba lufakwe kumgangatho we-ECMAScript luthunyelwe kwiingxoxo zokuqala (iNqanaba 0).
Namhlanje siyavuya ukwazisa ngenkxaso yethu kunye nentsebenziswano kwiSindululo esitsha seNqanaba lokuzisa i-syntax yohlobo olukhethiweyo, olucimekayo kwiJavaScript. Ngenxa yokuba le syntax entsha ayinakutshintsha indlela ikhowudi ejikelezileyo eyenziwa ngayo, iya kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo njengamagqabantshintshi. Sikholelwa ukuba oku kunamandla okwenza i-TypeScript ibe lula kwaye ikhawuleze ukuyisebenzisela uphuhliso kuzo zonke izikali. Singathanda ukuthetha malunga nokuba kutheni silandela oku kunye nendlela esi siphakamiso sisebenza ngayo kwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Kukhankanyiwe ukuba kwi-tUkuba nolwazi olucacileyo kuya kuthintela iimpazamo ezininzi kwinkqubo yophuhliso, iya kunika ithuba lokusebenzisa iindlela zokwandisa ezongezelelweyo, ukwenza lula ukulungisa iimpazamo, kunye nokwenza ikhowudi ifundeke ngakumbi kwaye kulula ukuyiguqula nokugcina ngabaphuhlisi bomntu wesithathu.
ngaphandle koko Kucetywa ukuphumeza uhlobo lwenkxaso njengophawu olukhethiweyo: Iinjini zeJavaScript kunye namaxesha okusebenza angaxhasi ukukhangela uhlobo aziyi kuzihoya izichasiselo ngolwazi lohlobo kwaye ziqhubekisele phambili ikhowudi njengangaphambili, ukubona uhlobo lwedatha njengamagqabantshintshi. Kodwa chwetheza izixhobo zokujonga ziya kuba nakho, ngokusekelwe kulwazi olukhoyo, ukufumanisa iimpazamo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa okungalunganga kweentlobo.
Imvelaphi
Umkhwa wamva nje obonwe liqela lethu kwihlabathi leJavaScript sisidingo sexesha elikhawulezayo lokuphindaphinda kunye nokunciphisa amanyathelo okwakha. Ngamanye amazwi, "yenza ikhawuleze kwaye ibe lula."Ngandlel’ ithile, oku sele kusenzeka. Enkosi kwimpumelelo yezikhangeli ezihlala ziluhlaza, abaphuhlisi bahlala bekuphepha ukuhlanganisa iinguqulelo ezintsha zeJavaScript ukuze ziqhube kumaxesha akudala. Ukuya kumlinganiselo othile, kuyafana nokudibanisa: uninzi lwezikhangeli zinenkxaso eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi yokusebenzisa iimodyuli, ke ukudibanisa kunokubonwa ngakumbi njengenyathelo lokuphucula kunesidingo. Oku kuye kwanda imeko, ke i-TypeScript iqhubeka njani?
Kwangelo xesha ngokungafaniyo nolwazi lohlobo oluchaziweyo usebenzisa amanqakwana e-JSDoc achazwe ngendlela yamagqabaza, iinkcukacha ezithe ngqo yeentlobo ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkcazo eziguquguqukayo ezakhayo iyakwenza ikhowudi ibonakale ngakumbi, iqondakale kwaye kulula ukuyihlela.
Umzekelo, ii-IDE ezine-TypeScript ziya kukwazi ukuqaqambisa ngokukhawuleza iimpazamo kwikhowudi ebhaliweyo yeJavaScript ngaphandle kweenguqu ezongezelelweyo. Ukongeza, inkxaso yohlobo olwakhelwe ngaphakathi iya kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuqhuba iinkqubo ezibhalwe kwiilwimi zeJavaScript ezibhalwe njenge-TypeScript kunye ne-Flow ngaphandle kokuhambisa ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye.
Kwiintlobo, kucetywayo ukongeza "umtya", "inombolo" kunye ne "boolean", enokusetyenziswa xa kuchazwa iinguqu, iiparamitha zokusebenza, izinto zento, imimandla yeklasi, uluhlu oluchwetheziweyo ("inombolo []"). Kukwacetywa ukubonelela ngenkxaso kumxube ("umtya | inombolo") kunye neentlobo zegeneric.
Xa sijonga konke oku, siceba ukunikezela ngesi sindululo seNqanaba loku-1 kwintlanganiso ezayo kaMatshi ka-2022 ye-TC39. Siya kukwenza oko ngenkxaso kunye nesikhokelo soogxa bethu kwesi siphakamiso, uRob Palmer eBloomberg kunye noRomulo Cintra e-Igalia.
Ukufikelela kwiNqanaba loku-1 kuya kuthetha ukuba ikomiti yemigangatho ikholelwa ukuba uhlobo lwe-syntax oluhambelanayo lwe-ECMAScript lufanelekile ukuqwalaselwa. Le asiyonto iqinisekileyo: zininzi iimbono ezixabisekileyo ngaphakathi kwekomiti, kwaye silindele umlinganiselo othile wokuthandabuza. Isindululo esinje siya kufumana izimvo ezininzi kunye nokuphononongwa ngokufanelekileyo. Inokubandakanya utshintsho oluninzi loyilo endleleni kwaye inokuthatha iminyaka ukufumana iziphumo.
Kwintlanganiso elandelayo kaMatshi yekomiti ye-TC39, kucwangciswe ukuhambela kwinqanaba lokuqala ukuqwalaselwa kwesindululo ngokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu lweengcali zeECMA.
Gqibela Ukuba unomdla wokwazi okungakumbi ngayo, ungajonga iinkcukacha kwi ukulandela ikhonkco.