Imiyalelo eluncedo yeLinux

Oku ayenzelwanga ukuba ibe luluhlu olupheleleyo, kodwa ndiyakuqinisekisa ukuba uyakufumana indawo elungileyo kweyona miyalelo iqhelekileyo kwaye iluncedo lweLinux command command. 🙂

Ii-Commandos ngokubanzi

dmesg
Phrinta imiyalezo eboniswe yikernel ekuqaleni.

idemod -a
Ivelisa ifayile equlathe ukuxhomekeka kwiimodyuli ezilayishwe "Kernel", oko kukuthi, iyakwazi ukubona ukuba zeziphi iimodyuli ekufuneka zilayishwe kwiqela lesithathu ukuba lisetyenziswe kwinkqubo.

khulula
Amanani okusetyenziswa kwememori.

Init q
Umyalelo ofunda iiparameter ezifumaneka kwi-inittab.

insmod
Inika amandla ("imithwalo") yemodyuli echaziweyo emgceni, ukuze i "kernel" ikwazi ukuyisebenzisa. (Umzekelo: insmod ip_alias.o)

ldconfig
Ihlaziya iilayibrari ezisetyenziswa yinkqubo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uyiqhube ngalo lonke ixesha kufakwa inkqubo.

lsmod
Ibonisa ulwazi malunga neemodyuli ezinikwe amandla yikernel.

Ukunyuka
Ivumela izahlulelo zenkqubo, iiCD-ROM, iifloppy eziza kufundwa kwinkqubo. Ifomathi yayo: mount -t. Jonga kwakhona / etc / fstab .ón>
smbmountkwi>
Kuyafana nomyalelo wentaba, ngaphandle kokuba lo myalelo usetyenziselwa ukufaka izahlulelo eSamba .ón>
smbumountkwi>
Isetyenziselwe ukukhubaza izahlulelo ezenziwa nge-smbmoon>
Miselakwi>
Yenza imenyu yokuqwalasela iiparameter ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo (Isandi, iXwindow, Imouse ..)
hambisakwi>
Hlaziya isiseko sedatha esisetyenziselwa ukufumana iifayile ngomyalelo wokufumana
yomthethokwi>
Ibonisa ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nefayile echaziweyo enje: ukuguqulwa kunye nemihla yokutshintsha, umnini wefayile ... njl njl
unyukakwi>
Cima isahlulelo esibonisiweyo, iiparameter ezenziwa ngulo myalelo ziyafana nezentaba
dibanisa -akwi>
Gcwalisa ulwazi malunga ne «Host» .ón>
ixesha lokunyukakwi>
Ixesha langoku, ixesha elisebenza ngalo ukusukela "ukuqala kwakhona" kokugqibela, abasebenzisi abaxhume kwiseva, ukulayishwa kwenkqubo kwimizuzu eyi-1,5 neye-15 yokugqibela.
igama lomkhosikwi>
Igama le «Host» .ón>
chkconfigkwi>
Lo myalelo ubonakalisa ulwazi malunga namanqanaba okuphumeza "okubhaliweyo" akwisikhombisi /etc/rc.d/init.dón>
kwi>
Ikhowudi:

chkconfig-uluhlu httpd Lo myalelo ubonisa: httpd 0 ff 1 ff 2 ff 3 n 4 n 5 n 6 ff

Oku kungasentla kubonisa ukuba xa inqanaba lesi-3 lisetyenzisiwe, i-httpd "iskripthi" kwi /etc/rc.d/init.d ulawulo luza kufumana impikiswano "yokuqalisa", xa usebenzisa inqanaba lesi-6, i-httpd iya kufumana impikiswano "yeka", njl.

Ukutshintsha ukuya kwinto yokuqala "ukuqala":

Ikhowudi:

chkconfig -add -level

Ukuguqula ukuya kwingxoxo "yokumisa":

Ikhowudi:

chkconfig -del -level

* Ngokuchanekileyo ivela kwi /etc/rc.d/rc [0-6] kwimikhombandlela apho ulwazi olubonisayo luvela khona chkconfig.

ntsosv
Sisixhobo esinegrafikhi esisebenza ngokufanayo chkconfigUmahluko kukuba esi sixhobo sibonisa zonke "iincwadi zeempendulo" ngenqanaba, oko kukuthi, ukuba umyalelo ntsysv -level 3 uyasetyenziswa, igrafu iya kubonisa ubume be "stop" okanye "start" yazo zonke "iincwadi zeempendulo" zenqanaba ukuqalelisa 3. Oku kulandelayo kusetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo: ntsysv -level 5, ntsysv -level 0, njl.

Njengo chkconfig, ntsosv iguqula kwaye ithathe ulwazi olufunyenwe kwi /etc/rc.d/rc [0-6 izikhombisi

Imiyalelo yeNethiwekhi yokusiNgqongileyo

KwiNdawo yokuSingqongileyo 

umkhosi
Chonga idilesi ye-IP yo "Mamkeli", umphathi -a obonisa lonke ulwazi lwe-DNS.

ifconfig
Ikuvumela ukuba uqwalasele ujongano lwenethiwekhi kwaye ubone ubume bayo, ikwimo leyo ifconfig, umzekelo: ifconfig eth0

ukuba
Yenza ujongano olucacisiweyo, umzekelo: ifup eth0.

ukuba phantsi
Khubaza ujongano oluchaziweyo, umzekelo: ifdown eth0.

netstat -a
Lonke unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi luvela kwaye lwamkelwa yi «Host»

netstat -r
Ibonisa itafile yendlela yokuhamba

netstat -i
Iinkcukacha manani zomnatha wonxibelelwano ngalunye

nsokuokup
Jonga ulwazi kwiiseva ze-DNS, umzekelo: nslookup -query = mx osomosis.com, ukuba akukho paramitha zichaziweyo, ingena kwimowudi yokusebenzisana

i-ping -s 1016
Ithumela iipakethi ze-ping zee-1024 byte (i-header 8 byte), ngelixa "okungagqibekanga" kungama-512.

yongeza indlela
Ivumela ukongeza iitafile zendlela ukuya nokubuya kwi «Host». Umzekelo: Ukukhokela lonke ulwazi lwenethiwekhi 206.171.55.16 netmask 255.255.255.240 ngokusebenzisa interface eth0:

Ikhowudi:

yongeza indlela -net 206.171.55.16 255.255.255.240 eth0

Ukuhambisa zonke izithuthi ngokusebenzisa ujongano oluthile ("Isango eliNgagqibekanga"):


Ikhowudi:

yongeza i-default gw 206.171.55.51 eth0

Oku kuya kuthumela lonke ulwazi kwidilesi 206.171.55.51

indlela -n:
Ibonisa itafile yendlela ye- «Host». QAPHELA: "Ukudlulisa i-IP" kufuneka KUVULIWE kwi / etc / sysconfig / network, nayo i "kernel" kufuneka iqulunqwe "IP Forwarding".

smbclient
Isebenza njengomthengi we-FTP, olinganisa unxibelelwano oluya kwenziwa ngeSamba.

wcpdump
Ivumela ukulungiswa kwe-interface kwi-host.

uvavanyo
Jonga ubunyani be smb.conf fayile esetyenziswa yi Samba.

Imiyalelo yoLawulo lweNkqubo

Inkqubo yolawulo:

ps -aux
Ibonisa zonke iinkqubo zenkqubo, enegama kunye nexesha lokuqala.

ukubulala
Isetyenziselwa ukuthumela imiqondiso kwiinkqubo ze-Unix.
* bulala -HUP: Sayina inkqubo ebalwayo yokufunda iifayile zoqwalaselo kwakhona.
* bulala -INT: Phawula inkqubo ngenani, eliya kuphazamiseka.
* bulala -TERM: Ibonisa inkqubo ngenombolo, ekufuneka igqibe, ngokungafaniyo -KILL, olu khetho lunika ithuba kwinkqubo yokugqiba.
* bulala -STOP: Phawula inkqubo ngenombolo, yima okomzuzwana.
* bulala -CONT: Ibonisa inkqubo ngenani, endiqhubile ngalo, lo myalelo usetyenziselwa ukuphinda uqalise inkqubo esetyenzisiweyo -STOP.
* bulala -Bulala: Ibonisa inkqubo ngenani, ukugqiba kwangoko, inkqubo iphela ngequbuliso.

killall Ngokungafaniyo nokubulala, i-killall ikuvumela ukuba usayine inkqubo ngegama. Thumela umqondiso -TERM kwinkqubo kunye negama elichaziweyo. QAPHELA: Ngokuzenzekelayo umqondiso othathwe ngokubulala kunye nokubulala ngu -TERM.

ps -l Lo myalelo ubonisa iiparameter ezimbini ze-PRI kunye ne-NI. Ipharamitha ye-PRI ibonisa eyona nto iphambili kwinkqubo, ebalwa yinkqubo yokusebenza, ixabiso le-NI liyaqwalaselwa xa kumiselwa i-PRI. * Yintoni i-NI? : I-NI ibizwa ngokuba "linani elilungileyo", eli nani lichazwe ngu "superuser" ("ingcambu") okanye umnini wenkqubo kwaye ichaphazela i-odolo yokugqibela ye-PRI, inika kuqala ukuthoba kancinci. -20 (Ubulali obuncinci = eyona nto iphambili) kunye nama-20

intle Lo myalelo ucacisa inombolo ye-NI yenkqubo nganye.

* okuhle -10 igama: Oku kungathoba ukubekwa phambili kwegama ngeeyunithi ezili-10 (ukuba ibingu -10, izakuya -20).
* nice +10 igama: Oku kuyonyusa ukubekwa phambili okuchazwe ngamagama ngeeyunithi ezili-10 (ukuba ibingu-0, izakuya ku +10)

isnice kunye no-renice Umsebenzi ofanayo nolungileyo, ngaphandle kokuba usebenzisa inombolo yenkqubo:
* isirinji -10

& I & isetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba inkqubo kufuneka iqhubeke ngasemva.

umphezulu Esi sixhobo sibeka iliso kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo kwaye sinomlinganiswa onamandla, sibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-CPU ngenkqubo nganye, inani lememori, ixesha ukusukela oko laqalayo, njl. vmstat Iyafana kakhulu ephezulu kuba kukunyanzelwa kweenkqubo zenkqubo, ukuze esi sixhobo sibe namandla, iimpikiswano kufuneka zichazwe: vmstat -n

atLo myalelo ukuvumela ukuba ucwangcise imisebenzi ethile ngexesha elithile, umzekelo: ngo-22: 00, umyalelo wangaphambili uvula «isikhawulezisi» sefom kwi>, kule «prompt» yonke imiyalelo ofuna ukuyenza icacisiwe, kule meko ngo-22: 00, kwakube kuchaziwe, iCtlrl -d isetyenziselwa ukuphuma.

Nje ukuba igqityiwe, imiyalelo iya kucwangciswa ukuba isebenze ngexesha elibonisiweyo, i / var / spool / kulawulo oluqulathe umsebenzi.

Umyalelo we-atq ubonisa imisebenzi elindelekileyo, kunye nomyalelo we-atrm

cima umsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo nge. Jonga kwakhona /etc/at.deny kunye /etc/at.allow

icrontabNjengokucacisa ixesha apho inkqubo "yeskripthi" iza kusebenza, i-crontab inale fomu ilandelayo: imizuzu iiyure iintsuku iinyanga end_of_week umsebenzisi_name ingxelo yeengxoxo
Lo mzekelo ulandelayo uza kuqhuba inkqubo ye-oracle.pl rhoqo kwisiqingatha seyure yonke imihla:

Ikhowudi:

30 * * * * ingcambu / usr/oracle.pl

Ukuba ufuna ukuyenza inyanga nenyanga:

Ikhowudi:

01 3 1 * * ingcambu / usr/oracle.pl

Oku kungasentla kuya kwenza Oracle.pl Usuku lokuqala lwenyanga nganye, ngo-3: 01 AM.

Ukucacisa imisebenzi yekron, umsebenzisi ngamnye ugcina ifayile kwi / var / spool / cron / ulawulo, olu lawulo lufikeleleka kumsebenzisi ngamnye ngomyalelo we-crontab -e

Ukuphunyezwa kwe-crontab kuququzelelwa ngenxa / njl / ifayile ye-crontab ecacisa imisebenzi ye-crontab ngeyure, usuku, iveki kunye nenyanga, ngale ndlela ifuna kuphela umsebenzisi ukuba abeke ifayile kulawulo oluhambelanayo: /etc/cron.yure | /etc/cron.ngomhla | /etc/cron.weekly | /etc/cron.ngenyanga

Imiyalelo yeeRekhodi kunye neNkqubo

Ukulawulwa kweeRejista «iiLogs» 

umsila
Ikuvumela ukuba ubone isiphelo sefayile, lo myalelo uluncedo ukusukela ukuba iifayile zelog «izingodo» zihlala zikhula umsila -f / var / log / imiyalezo

Ungakhankanya inani lemigca ekufuneka iqatshelwe:

Ikhowudi:

umsila-umgca we-15 / var / log / imiyalezo

Lo myalelo ungasentla ubonakalisa imigca eli-15 yokugqibela kwifayile ("default" = 10). I - f igcina ifayile ivulekile ukuze ubukele njengoko kusongezwa imisitho.

Ukucwangciswa kwenkqubo 
# / usr / sbin / sndconfig: Ukuphunyezwa kusetyenziselwa ukuqwalasela isandi senkqubo.
# / bin / netconf: Ukuphunyezwa kusetyenziselwa ukumisela ujongano lwenethiwekhi.

Imiyalelo yoLawulo

sysctl
Inkcazo: Qwalasela iiparameter zekernel ngexesha lokubaleka.
Imizekelo: sysctl -a

ulwimi
Inkcazo: ibonisa imida yenkqubo (ubuninzi beefayile ezivulekileyo, njl.
Imizekelo: ulimit

adduser
Inkcazo: yongeza umsebenzisi wenkqubo.
Imizekelo: i-aduser pepe, i-adduser -s / bin / imeyile yeposi

yomsebenzisi
Inkcazo: = susa umsebenzisi kwinkqubo
Imizekelo: userdel pepe

iisermod
Inkcazo: = guqula umsebenzisi wenkqubo
Imizekelo: usermod -s / bin / bash pepe

df
Inkcazo: = idiski yasimahla. indawo ekhoyo yediski. Iluncedo kakhulu.
Imizekelo: df, df -h

Uname
Inkcazo: = unix name. Ulwazi malunga nohlobo lwe-unix esikulo, i-kernel, njl.
Imizekelo: uname, uname -a

netstat
Inkcazo: ulwazi malunga nonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi esebenzayo.
Imizekelo: netstat, netstat -ln, netstat -l, netstat -a

ps
Inkcazo: = ukufumana lonke ulwazi malunga neenkqubo ezisebenzayo.
Imizekelo: ps, ps -axf, ps -A, ps -auxf

khulula
Inkcazo: ibonisa imeko ye-RAM kunye ne-SWAP.
Imizekelo: simahla

ping
Inkcazo: isixhobo sothungelwano ukujonga phakathi kwezinye izinto ukuba sifikelela kumamkeli okude.
Imizekelo: ping www.rediris.es

umzila
Inkcazo: isixhobo senethiwekhi esibonisa indlela efunekayo ukuze ufike komnye umatshini.
Imizekelo: traceroute www.rediris.es

du
Inkcazo: = ukusetyenziswa kwediski. Ukusetyenziswa kwediski. Ibonisa indawo ekuhlalwa kuyo kwidiski.
Imizekelo: du *, du -sH / *, du -sH / njl

ifconfig
Inkcazo: = ujongano loqwalaselo. Ukucwangciswa konxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi, iimodem, njl.
Imizekelo: ifconfig, ifconfig eth0 ip netmask 255.255.255.0

indlela
Inkcazo: ulawula iindlela kwezinye iinethiwekhi.
Imizekelo: indlela, indlela -n

iptraf
Inkcazo: Ibonisa YONKE IP, UDP, ICMP ukugcwala kwenethiwekhi kwisicelo sekhonsoli.
Ivumela ukusetyenziswa kweefilitha, kwaye iluncedo KAKHULU ekuchongeni nasekulungiseni izixhobo zomlilo
Imizekelo: iptraf

wcpdump
Inkcazo: ulahla umxholo wetrafikhi yenethiwekhi.
Imizekelo: tcpdump, tcpdump -u

lsof
Inkcazo: ibonisa iifayile (iilayibrari, unxibelelwano) ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo nganye
Imizekelo: lsof, lsof -i, lsof | grep ifayile

lsmod
Inkcazo: Ibonisa iimodyuli zekernel ezilayishiwe.
Imizekelo: lsmod

imodobe
Inkcazo: Izama ukufaka imodyuli, ukuba iyifumana, yifake kodwa okwethutyana.
Imizekelo: modprobe ip_tables, modprobe eepro100

rmmod
Inkcazo: Susa iimodyuli zekernel ezilayishiwe
Imizekelo: rmmod

finya
Inkcazo: Sniffer okanye snooper yazo zonke izithuthi zendlela. Akuqhelekanga ukufakwa ngokungagqibekanga.
Imizekelo: sniffit -i

abanye

ls
Inkcazo: = uluhlu. uluhlu lwemixholo yolawulo.
Imizekelo: ls, ls -l, ls -fl, ls -color

cp
Inkcazo: = copy. khuphela iifayile / imikhombandlela.
Imizekelo: cp -rfp / tmp ulawulo, cp fayile entsha_fayile

rm
Inkcazo: = susa. cima iifayile / izikhombisi.
Imizekelo: rm -f fayile, rm -rf ulawulo, rm -i fayile

mkdir
Inkcazo: = yenza i-dir. yenza iirejista.
Imizekelo: isikhombisi se-mkdir

sifumase
Inkcazo: = susa dir. cima izikhombisi, kufuneka zingabinanto.
Imizekelo: isikhombisi se-rmdir

mv
Inkcazo: = hamba. phinda unike igama okanye uhambise iifayile / imikhombandlela.
Imizekelo: Isikhombisi se-mv solawulo, ifayile ye-mv new_name, mv ifayile a_directory

Umhla
Inkcazo: Ukulawulwa komhla wenkqubo, kunokujongwa kwaye kusethwe.
Imizekelo: umhla, umhla 10091923

imbali
Inkcazo: ibonisa imbali yemiyalelo efakwe ngumsebenzisi.
Imizekelo: imbali | Kaninzi

Kaninzi
Inkcazo: ibonisa umxholo wefayile kwaye unqumle yonke imigca engama-25.
Imizekelo: ngakumbi ifayile

ukubamba
Inkcazo: icoca iziqulatho zefayile.
Imizekelo: ifayile yekati | Umtya we-grep

cat
Inkcazo: ibonisa yonke imixholo yefayile ngaphandle kokuphumla.
Imizekelo: ifayile yekati

chmod
Inkcazo: tshintsha iimvume zokufunda / ukubhala / ukwenza iifayile / izikhombisi.
Imizekelo: chmod + r fayile, chmod + w ulawulo, chmod + rw isikhombisi -R, chmod -r ifayile

chown
Inkcazo: = ukutshintsha umnini. tshintsha iimvume zomsebenzisi: iqela leefayile / imikhombandlela.
Imizekelo: ingcambu ekhethiweyo: ingcambu yefayile, i-chown pello: ulawulo lwabasebenzisi -R

ithala
Inkcazo yento: = ITape ARchiver. Ugcino lwefayile.
Imizekelo: tar cvf file.tar isikhombisi, tar xvf file.tar, tar zcvf file.tgz directory, tar zxvf file.tgz

umpu
Inkcazo: I-decompressor ehambelana ne-ZIP.
Imizekelo: ifayile yefayile

rpm
Inkcazo: Umphathi weRedhat package. Ukufaka okanye ukuhlaziya isoftware yenkqubo.
Imizekelo: rpm -i package.rpm, rpm -qa program, rpm –force package.rpm, rpm -q –info programme

Ukunyuka
Inkcazo: mount hard drive, floppy, cdrom.
Imizekelo: mount / dev / hda2 / mnt / lnx, mount / dev / hdb1 / mnt -t vfat

unyuka
Inkcazo: ukuhlahlula iiyunithi.
Imizekelo: yehla / dev / hda2, yehla / mnt / lnx

wget
Inkcazo: Inkqubo yokukhuphela iifayile nge-http okanye I-ftp.
Imizekelo: wget http://www.rediris.es/documento.pdf

lynx
Inkcazo: Isikhangeli sewebhu esinokhetho lwe-ftp, i-https.
Imizekelo: i-lynx www.ibercom.com, lynx -source http://www.ibercom.com/script.sh | sh

ftp
Inkcazo: umthengi ftp.
Imizekelo: ftp Ndiyifumene

nguba ni u
Inkcazo: domain whois.
Imizekelo: whois ibercom.com

Ngubani
Inkcazo: Ibonisa abasebenzisi benkqubo abangene ngemvume.
Imizekelo: ndingubani, w, ndingubani mna

Ngeposi
Inkcazo: ukuthumela nokufunda i-imeyile.
Imizekelo: imeyile pepe@ibercom.com <ifayile, imeyile -v pepe@ibercom.com <ifayile
uhlobo
Inkcazo: hlela umxholo wefayile.
Imizekelo: ikati / njl / amanani | uhlobo, ls | uhlobo

ln
Inkcazo: = ikhonkco. ukwenza amakhonkco, iindlela ezimfutshane.
Imizekelo: ln -s / ikhonkco lekhonkco

umsila
Inkcazo: ibonisa ukuphela (imigca eli-10) yefayile.
Imizekelo: umsila -f / var / log / imeyile, umsila -100 / var / log / maillog | Kaninzi

intloko
Inkcazo: ibonisa i-header (imigca eli-10) yefayile.
Imizekelo: ifayile yentloko, intloko -100 / var / log / maillog | Kaninzi

ifayili
Inkcazo: isixelela ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwefayile.
Imizekelo: ifayile yefayile, ifayile *

Umthombo: ICristalab