Indlela yokubhala ngeefayile kunye nemiyalezo ku-Ubuntu

Ukubethela okanye ukubethela iifayile, izicatshulwa, njl. Sisixhobo esimele saziwe ngabo bonke abasebenzisi beLinux kwaye ngelishwa, bambalwa abayaziyo kwaye bayayisebenzisa yonke imihla. Oku kuyamangalisa ngakumbi xa ujonga igama leLinux "njengenkqubo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo"; Esi sesinye isixhobo esibekwa yiLinux kwizandla zakho ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwakho. Kutheni ungayisebenzisi? Ngenxa yokungazi? Ewe, esi sithuba siza kuzalisa "umsantsa"Eyona ndlela ilula yokubethela ulwazi kukusebenzisa Umgcini wabucala we-GNU (GPG). Le mini-ichaza njani ukufakwa kwayo kunye nokuphathwa kwayo ku-Ubuntu ukusuka entloko kuye kuzwaneni. Ndithathe phantse iintsuku ezimbini ukuyibhala, ke ndiyathemba ukuba uyifumana iluncedo.

Isebenza njani i-GPG

I-GPG isebenzisa inkqubo ye-hybrid edibanisa ulungelelwaniso kunye ne-asymmetric encryption.

I-Asymmetric encryption ihlala isebenza nge isibini esingundoqo. Omnye wabo uya kuba nguwe iqhosha "loluntu" kwaye omnye wena Iqhosha "labucala". Njengoko igama layo libonisa, isitshixo sikawonkewonke sinokunikwa abo ufuna ukuthumela imiyalezo ebhaliweyo kwaye akukho bungozi ukuba omnye umntu uyayibona, enyanisweni, zihlala zipapashwa kumaseva oluntu ukulungiselela ukufikelela kwawo; Isitshixo sangasese, kwelinye icala, kufuneka sibe yimfihlo kwaye awunyanzelekanga ukuba wabelane ngaso nabani na. Eyona nto intle ngayo yonke le nto kukuba, njengoko siza kubona apha ngezantsi, omabini amaqhosha ayilwe ngokuthe ngqo yi-GPG esekwe kwidatha yakho. Inyathelo lokugqibela "kukutywina" la maqhosha mabini "ngegama lokugqithisa". Ke, ekugqibeleni, igama eliyimfihlo onokulikhumbula ligama lakho lokugqitha.

Ukugqithisa kucocekile, enkosi ukuguqulelwa kwe-asymmetric, Ukuba umthumeli usebenzisa isitshixo sasesidlangalaleni sommkeli ukubethela umyalezo, wakube ebetheliwe, sisitshixo sabucala sommkeli kuphela esiya kuba nakho ukuguqulela lo myalezo, kuba ngabo kuphela abawaziyo. Ke ngoko, ukugcinwa kokugcina umyalezo kuyimfihlo: akukho mntu unokuyicacisa ngaphandle komamkeli. Ukuba umnini wesibini esitshixo usebenzisa isitshixo sakhe sangasese ukubethela umyalezo, nabani na unokuwukhuphela usebenzisa isitshixo sabo sikawonkewonke. Kule meko, ukuchongwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa komthumeli ke kuyafezekiswa., kuba kuyaziwa ukuba ibinguye kuphela umntu osebenzise isitshixo sakhe sangasese (ngaphandle kokuba umntu ebebile).

Amagqabantshintshi okugqibela endifumanisa ukuba anomdla ukukhankanya kukuba ii-asymmetric ciphers zayilwa ukuze thintela ngokupheleleyo ingxaki yotshintshiselwano oluphambili Iimpawu ezihambelanayo. Ngezitshixo zikawonke-wonke, akuyomfuneko ukuba umthumeli kunye nomamkeli bavumelane ngesitshixo sokusebenzisa. Into efunekayo kukuba, ngaphambi kokuqalisa unxibelelwano oluyimfihlo, umthumeli afumane ikopi yesitshixo soluntu sommkeli. Ngaphezu, isitshixo esifanayo sikarhulumente sinokusetyenziswa nangubani na ofuna ukunxibelelana nomniniyo.

Ikhuseleke kangakanani i-GPG?

El i-algorithm esetyenziswe yi-GPG ngu DSA / ElGamal, kuba isimahla "kwaye akukho" patent "patent ewela kuyo.

Malunga ne ubude bezitshixo, Kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomsebenzisi. Kuyimfuneko ukulinganisela phakathi kokhuseleko kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza. Okukhona isitshixo sikhulu, kokukhona kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba umyalezo uya kuchongwa ukuba ubanjiwe, kodwa ixesha eliza kuthatha ukubala iinkqubo nalo liya kwanda. Ubuncinci besayizi obufunwa yiGnuPG ziibhithi ezingama-768, nangona abantu abaninzi becinga ukuba kufanele ibe ngama-2048 (elilelona liphezulu ngeGnuPG okwangoku). Xa ukhuseleko lubaluleke kakhulu kunexesha, ukhetho kukukhetha esona sikhulu sikhulu esivunyelweyo.

Ukufaka i-GPG kwi-Ubuntu

Ubuntu buza "ngaphandle kwebhokisi" kunye ne-GPG kunye ne-graphical interface ye-GPG ebizwa ngokuba yi-Seahorse. Ukufikelela kwi-Seahorse kufuneka siye kwii-Aplikeshini> Izixhobo> Amagama agqithisiweyo kunye nezitshixo zokubethela.

Ngaphambi koko, ndincoma ukuvula i-terminal kunye nokuchwetheza:

I-sudo aptitude faka i-seahorse-plugins sudo killall nautilus

Oku kuyenzayo kukusivumela dibanisa i-GPG kwiNautilus. Ukusukela ngoku ukuya phambili, ukuba ucofa ekunene kwifayile, siya kubona ukuba ezinye iindlela ezimbini ziyavela: "Encrypt" kunye "Sign". Siza kubona indlela yokusebenzisa ezi zixhobo zingezantsi.

Yenza izitshixo

Phambi kokuqala ukubethela imiyalezo kunye neefayile, njengoko sibonile, kufuneka kuqala senze izitshixo zethu ezilinganiselweyo kunye negama lethu "lokugqitha". Ukwenza oku siya kwiiSicelo> Izixhobo> Amagama agqithisiweyo kunye namaqhosha okubhala. Nje ukuba siye apho siya kwiFayile> Entsha> Isitshixo sePGP.

Inkqubo iya kuthi emva koko isibuze ukuba singene igama, idilesi ye-imeyile kunye nezimvo. Le yokugqibela inokukhetha, ngelixa ezimbini zokuqala kunyanzelekile. Idilesi ye-imeyile ekhethiweyo kufuneka ibe yeyinyani, njengoko iya kusetyenziswa ukusayina umsebenzisi wesazisi. Ukuba le dilesi iguqulwe nangayiphi na indlela, utyikityo aluhambelani. Izitshixo ziya kwenziwa ngokusekwe kule datha.

Kwicandelo Iinketho eziphambili isitshixo, ungakhetha uhlobo oluthile lokubethela. Ocetyiswayo yi "DSA Elgamal 768 bits" kodwa ndicebisa ukuba uyitshintshe ibe "yi-DSA Elgamal 2048 bits" njengoko ithathwa njengekhuselekileyo kwaye ibhetyebhetye. Umhla wokuphelelwa ngumhla apho isitshixo asisekho ekusebenziseni ukubethela okanye ukusayina. Iinyanga ezi-6 lixesha elifanelekileyo loku. Kuya kufuneka uguqule umhla wokuphelelwa okanye wenze isitshixo esitsha okanye iskeykey emva kokuba eli xesha lidlulile.

Inyathelo lokugqibela ukufaka iphasiwedi. Qaphela umahluko phakathi kwamagama eAnglo-Saxon ngegama "iphasiwedi": igama "inombolo yokuvula»Ibonisa« igama eligqithisiweyo », ngelixa igama«Igama lokugqithisa»Ibonisa i«isiqwengana indlela enye". Ke ngoko eli gama lokugqithisa kufuneka lenziwe ngaphezu kwelizwi elinye. Ukuze iphasiwedi isebenze (ikhuselekile), kufuneka:

yinde;
dibanisa oonobumba abakhulu, oonobumba abancinci kunye namanani;
iqulethe amagama akhethekileyo (hayi alphanumeric);
kunzima ukuqikelela. Ke ngoko, ngaphandle kwamagama, imihla ebalulekileyo, iinombolo zomnxeba, iinombolo zamaxwebhu, ...

Ngokubanzi, ukwenza iphasiwedi eyomeleleyo Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ufake oonobumba abakhulu nge-minusCulas, amanani, kunye nezinye izinto ezingezizo ezokulungelelanisa, njl.. Xa ukhetha amagama kunye namabinzana kufuneka siwaphephe loo magama acace gca, okanye imihla ebalulekileyo, kwaye ungaze usebenzise iikowuti ezivela kwiincwadi okanye amabinzana adumileyo. Oko kwathethi, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba iphasiwedi esiyikhethayo inzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba ayinakwaphulwa "ngokuhlaselwa ngamandla", hayi "nokuhlaselwa kwesichazi-magama", kodwa kulula ngokwaneleyo ukuba siyikhumbule. Ukuba silibele igama eligqithisiweyo, isitshixo sethu siya kuba lilize ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ii-cryptograms ezinazo zibhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo, kungenakucaciseka. Ngenxa yeli thuba, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uhlale usenza izatifikethi zokurhoxiswa kunye nezitshixo.

Nje ukuba yonke idatha efunekayo ifakiwe, inkqubo yokuvelisa isitshixo iyaqala, ethatha ixesha elininzi ngokuxhomekeka kubungakanani bezitshixo kunye nesantya sekhompyuter yakho. Ngexesha lenkqubo le nkqubo iqokelela idatha engahleliwe eza kuyisebenzisa ukwenza amaqhosha. Nje ukuba ugqibile, ulwandle luya kuvalwa.

Iiseva eziphambili zikawonke-wonke

Shicilela izitshixo zam zoluntu
Iiseva eziphambili zikarhulumente zisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ngokuchanekileyo izitshixo zoluntu. Ngale ndlela, kulula kakhulu ukukhangela umntu (ngegama okanye nge-imeyile) kwindawo yogcino lwedatha kwaye ufumane izitshixo zabo zikawonkewonke ukuze ubathumele imiyalezo ebhaliweyo (inokuthi ibe nguye kuphela).

"Ukulayisha" izitshixo zakho zikawonkewonke kwezi seva, kuya kufuneka uvule i-Seahorse kuphela, ukhethe isitshixo sakho kwaye uye kude> Ngqamanisa kwaye upapashe amaqhosha. Isilumkiso siza kuvela sisixelela ukuba oku kuya kubangela ukuba kupapashwe amaqhosha akhethiweyo oluntu.

Fumana izitshixo zikawonke-wonke zabahlobo bam

Vula i-Seahorse kwaye uye kwimenyu ekude> Fumana izitshixo ezikude. Faka igama okanye i-imeyile yomntu omfunayo. Emva koko khetha iqhosha elilinganayo. Xa ugqibile uzakubona ukuba isitshixo esitsha songezwa kwi "Ezinye izitshixo" isithuba.

(De) Ukubethela iifayile kunye neefolda

Nje ukuba isibini esingundoqo senziwe, ukubethela nokubethela iifayile kulula. Kuya kufuneka ukhethe ifayile, cofa ekunene kwaye ukhethe "Encrypt".

Kwidayalog ebonakalayo, khetha isitshixo osenzileyo ngaphambili, kwaye ucofe ulungile.

Ukuba ukhethe incwadi eneenkcukacha zokubethela, izakubuza ukuba ufuna ukubethela ifayile nganye kwifolda ngokwahlukeneyo okanye ukuba ukhetha ukuba ifayile ye-Zip iyakwenziwa eya kuthi ibhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo. Inketho yesibini yeyona ilungileyo kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ukuba ubhala ngefayile, xa ukubethela kugqityiwe, kuya kufuneka wenze ifayile enegama elifanayo kodwa ulwandiso lwepp. Nje ukuba inkqubo igqityiwe, unokucima ifayile endala. Ukuba ubhala ngokufihliweyo kwifolda, kuya kufuneka ufumane iifayile ezintsha ezimbini: uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nolwandiso lweppp kunye nefayile ye-.zip kunye nenguqulelo yoqobo yolawulo. Zombini i-ZIP kunye nefolda yentsusa zinokucinywa emva kokubethela.

Ngezizathu zokhuseleko, iinguqulelo ezingabhalwanga zeefayile kufuneka zisuswe ngokusisigxina, kunokuba zithunyelwe kumgqomo wokuphinda usetyenziswe. Kodwa kuqala qiniseka ukuzama ukubethela kwifayile ebhaliweyo, ukubona ukuba yonke into ilungile.

Ukwenza oku, kuya kufuneka ucofe kabini kwifayile ye .pgp kwaye ufake ipassword xa ifuna njalo. Ifayile yoqobo iya kuphinda ivele. Ukuba yifolda, ifayile ye.zip iya kuvela, kwaye kuya kufuneka ukhuphe umxholo wayo.

Ukubethela iifayile kwenye ikhompyuter

Le ayisiyo inkqubo eyilelwe ukwenza iifayile ezifihliweyo ezifakwe kwikhowudi (njengoko TrueCrypt). Ukucacisa iifayile zakho kwenye ikhompyuter, Kuya kufuneka ukhuphele ngaphandle isitshixo sakho kwaye emva koko ungenise kwikhompyuter yesibini. Oku kubonisa umngcipheko wokhuseleko. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba yimfuneko ukwenza lo msebenzi (umzekelo, ukuba unayo iPC kunye nencwadana kwaye ufuna ukuba nesibini esingundoqo seGPG kwisibini kwaye hayi enye kwikhompyuter nganye ngokungathi zahlukile "kwizazisi"). Ke, nanga amanyathelo ekufuneka elandelwe kuloo meko:

Kwikhompyuter apho udale khona amaqhosha, sungula i-Seahorse (ii -application> izinto ezincedisayo> amagama agqithisiweyo kunye namaqhosha okubethela), kwaye ucofe ekunene kwiqhosha lakho kwaye ukhethe "iiProperties."

Kwibhokisi yencoko yababini ebonakalayo, cofa kwindawo ethi "Iinkcukacha", emva koko kwiqhosha "Thumela" ecaleni kwe "Rhweba ngaphandle isitshixo esipheleleyo". Gcina le fayile kwi desktop yakho. Uya kufumanisa ukuba ifayile entsha yenziwe kunye nolwandiso. Zizitshixo zakho kwisicatshulwa esicacileyo.

Khuphela ifayile ye-.ASC kwintonga ye-USB, ukusuka apho uye kwikhompyuter yesibini. Ngoku kule khompyuter qala i-Seahorse kwaye ucofe kwiqhosha elithi "Ngenisa". Jonga apho ugcine khona ifayile ye .asc, kwaye ucofe u "Vula." Oku kuzakungenisa isitshixo. Vala i-Seahorse kwaye ucofe kabini kuyo nayiphi na ifayile ebhalwe ngesitshixo sakho ukuze uyisuse. Iya kukucela ibinzana lokugqitha, ke ulibhale phantsi. Emva koku, ifayile yoqobo iya kugcinwa kwifolda efanayo apho ikhoyo ifayile ye .pgp.

Okokugqibela, gcinani engqondweni ukuba ixesha kunye nomhla weekhompyuter apho wenza / ungenisa / uthumela ngaphandle amaqhosha kufuneka achanekile. Ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, i-Seahorse kunye nomyalelo we-gpg awunakungenisa isitshixo ukuba ixesha kunye nomhla kwi-PC ungaphantsi komhla wenziwe. Ewe kunjalo, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba ikhompyuter apho wenze khona isitshixo inomhla ongalunganga, inokukunika ingxaki enkulu yokudala kunye nokusebenzisa isitshixo.

Bethela umbhalo

Kukho iplagi yeGedit yokubethela isicatshulwa esikhethiweyo. Ukuyivumela, yiya kuHlela> Ukukhetha> iiPlagi. Ndikhethe u "Ukubhala ngokuBhaliweyo". Nje ukuba iplagi-in yenziwe yenziwe ukuba ikhethwe ku-Hlela> Encrypt / Decrypt / Sign iyakwenziwa.

I-GPG kunye neFirefox

Kukho iplagi-yeFirefox (Umliloebonelela ngemifanekiso edibeneyo yokufaka imisebenzi ye-GPG (kubandakanya (de) ukubethela, ukutyikitya, kunye nokuqinisekisa utyikityo) kuwo nawuphi na umbhalo kwiphepha lewebhu.

Umlilo Ikwavumela ukuba usebenze ngeewebhu (I-Gmail, njl.), Nangona ngela xesha ndivavanya ukudityaniswa kweGmail "yaphukile". Ukubona uluhlu olupheleleyo lwewebhu ezisebenza ngeFireGPG: http://getfiregpg.org/s/webmails

Khuphela iFireGPG: http://getfiregpg.org/stable/firegpg.xpi

Ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokubethela kancinci ...

Uku (de) bhala ulwazi ngokuhlala usebenzisa "isazisi" esifanayo, ndincoma ukuba uye kwiNkqubo> Ukukhetha> Ukubethela kunye nokugcina izitshixo. Ndaye ndangena kwi-tab "Encryption", kwaye apho ithi "Isitshixo esingagqibekanga" Khetha isitshixo oya kuhlala usisebenzisa (de) ukubethela ulwazi. Ukuba unomdla, ndicebisa ukuba ujonge kwakhona i "PGP ibinzana lokugqitha" isithuba ukutshintsha i-GPG yakho.

Sayina kwaye uqinisekise

Amaxesha amaninzi, awufuni ukuthumela i-imeyile ebhaliweyo, kodwa ufuna ukuba umamkeli aqiniseke ukuba ndim oyithunyelweyo. Ukulungiselela oko, kusetyenziswa iisayineli zedijithali. Konke okufuneka ukwenze kukuqinisekisa i-imeyile usebenzisa i-GPG kunye nesitshixo soluntu somthumeli.

Ukubethela i-imeyile, njengoko sibonile, kusetyenziswa isibini sezitshixo. Enye yazo iyimfihlo kwaye enye yoluntu. Kwimeko yesiginitsha yedijithali, Bonke abantu abafumana i-imeyile etyikitywe ndim baya kuba nakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba le imeyile ibhalwe ndim kwaye i-imeyile ayitshintshwanga ngolunya endleleni, ndisebenzisa isitshixo sam esidlangalaleni, kuba ndiyityikitye ndisebenzisa isitshixo sam sabucala.

Ngesi sizathu, enye yeengxaki ezinkulu zokubethela ngokuchanekileyo kukuba umnikezeli kufuneka aqiniseke ukuba isitshixo okanye, kwimeko yesiginitsha yedijithali, ukuba yeyomntu obanga ukuba ungumnini utyikityo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ndinokubanga ukuba ndingu "Monica Lewinsky" kwaye ndibeke igama lakhe kwisiginitsha yam yedijithali. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, kukho ukutyikitywa kwezitshixo zikawonkewonke. Ke, Xa umntu esayina isitshixo sam esidlangalaleni, bayangqina ukuba eso sitshixo sesam. Ngamanye amagama, bayaqinisekisa ukuba esi sitshixo sesam. Ukutyikitywa kweefom zezitshixo, ngokukaRobert De Niro, "iwebhu yethemba" okanye "uthungelwano lwentembeko". Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nesihloko endikucebisa ukuba undwendwele http://www.rubin.ch/pgp/weboftrust.

Ukutyikitya isitshixo kwivenkile yakho yesitshixo:

1) Khetha isitshixo ofuna ukusayina kumaqhosha athembekileyo okanye ezinye iithebhu zamaqhosha aqokelelweyo,

2) Khetha ukuNgena kwibar yesixhobo okanye kwiFayile> Sayina,

3) Khetha ukuba ujonge isitshixo kakuhle,

4) Bonisa ukuba utyikityo kufuneka lube lwasekhaya kwidiphozithi yakho ephambili kwaye ukuba utyikityo lwakho lunokurhoxiswa,

5) Cofa uphawu.

I-GPG kunye neThunderbird

Kukho iplagi-yeThunderbird kunye neSeamonkey ebizwa Enigmail ekuvumela ukuba ubhale kwaye ufumane imiyalezo esayiniweyo kunye / okanye ebhaliweyo usebenzisa i-GPG.

Ixesha lokuqala uqhuba le plug-in, kuya kuvela uluhlu lweefom ekufuneka uzizalisile. Ikwabandakanya nezikhokelo ezichaza indlela yokusebenzisa i-GPG.

Ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga ne-GPG ndincoma ukufunda:

• I-GNUPG Mini Njenge: http://www.dewinter.com/gnupg_howto/spanish/index.html
• Uncedo oluza ku-Ubuntu ukusuka kwincwadana yamagama okugqitha kunye nezitshixo zokubhala. Vula i-Seahorse> Uncedo> Isalathiso.
• http://aplawrence.com/Basics/gpg.html
• http://commons.oreilly.com/wiki/index.php/Ubuntu_Hacks/Security#Encrypt_Your_Email_and_Important_Files
• http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=680292