Inkqubo: Ingqondo yeekhompyuter

Sonke sinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nenkqubo, nokuba ngumsebenzisi, njengomlawuli, njengomdwelisi wenkqubo uqobo, kodwa ekugqibeleni yinto eya kuthi inxibelelane ngakumbi kubomi bethu njengoko iminyaka ihamba.

Kule nqaku (ukuqala kothotho oluncinci endiceba ukuyila), Ndifuna ukwabelana nawe ngeekhonsepthi ezimbalwa malunga noko bendikufumene malunga nenkqubo kule minyaka idlulileyo. Andizibangi ndibubuchwephesha obugqithisileyo, ndiza kuchaza ukuba kutheni kamva. Kodwa into endizimisele ukuyenza kukubenza babone umhlaba ngamehlo am, kwaye ukuba bayayithanda indlela elijongeka ngayo, mabayeke bangene kancinane kuyo

Ndiza kuhlasela elona nqaku lilula kuzo zonke kuqala ngaphambi kokuya kwiinkcukacha.

Kutheni le nto ndingazukuyenza iposti yezobuchwephesha?

Ewe, kwabo bayifundileyo iposti yam malunga eyona myalelo we-linux, Uya kwazi kancinci malunga nonobangela woku kugxila. Itekhnoloji ihlala itshintsha, kwaye ukuba ndibhala into namhlanje, ukuba iposti yamkelwe kakuhle, kuya kusoloko kufuneka ndihlaziye ulwazi. Kwiilwimi eziqhelekileyo zanamhlanje, ekuphela kwento eqinisekileyo kukutshintsha. Ngale nto ndiyathetha (kwaye badwelisi benkqubo bangangqina ndilungile) izikhokelo zihlala zikhula kwaye ziguquka kwii-cores zazo, kungenxa yokuba kuvela iimpazamo, ezinye zinokuthathwa njengezilula bugs, ngelixa ezinye zinokubakho Ukuba semngciphekweni. Esi sizathu sokuba ubhale iposti malunga nolwimi oluthile, namhlanje, ungandiqinisekisa mhlawumbi iinyanga ezimbalwa zokuba luncedo, kwiimeko ezilungileyo unyaka omnye okanye emibini, kodwa ayilo mbono

Umbane ubalulekile

Abo kuni benze uphando oluncinci kwiilwimi ezisezantsi zesoftware baya kwazi ukuba konke kubuyela kumbane. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo bekukwinqanaba lehardware, oku kuthetha ukuba iiwotshi ezindala, iikhalityhuleyitha, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezininzi, banokulizalisekisa ikamva labo ngokwenza iprogram hardware.

Ingxaki

Ukutshintsha inkqubo yezixhobo kuyabiza, kwaye kunzima complicated (noko yilento bandixelele yona 🙂 ). Kungenxa yoko le nto abaprosesa bevelayo, abathi ngokwenyani bathabathe olo luhlu lwezixhobo zokusinika imiyalelo embalwa ukuze sikwazi ukwenza yonke into enokwenzeka ngehardware, ngoku kuluhlu lwezixhobo. Software.

Iiprosesa

Iiprosesa zanamhlanje zinenani eliqingqiweyo lemisebenzi, ebizwa imiyalelo kwiincwadi ezininzi. Oku kukuvumela ukuba wenze eyona misebenzi isisiseko enokwenziwa yintsimbi, kunye nokuhlanganisa ulwazi kwimemori yekhompyuter.

Iirejista

Iirejista yindawo apho iprosesa igcina khona ulwazi ukuze ikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi kwi-kernel, kuxhomekeke kubume bokwakha abanokuba nobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye nocwangco, kodwa ngendlela elula, umsebenzi wabo kukugcina idatha exelela iprosesa. Enye yeentlobo zomsebenzi zilandelayo: dlulisa idatha, izibalo kunye nengcinga, kunye nolawulo lwe ukuhamba. Yonke into inokuthi ishwankathelwe kwezi ntlobo zokusebenza.

Ibinario

Iiprosesa zisebenza kwinqanaba lokubini, oku kuthetha ukuba bayaqonda kuphela 0sy 1ewe 🙂. Inqaku elinomdla apha 😀khumbula iimvume ze-GNU / Linux? kakuhle,ukhe wazibuza ukuba iprosesa iyaziqonda njani ezo mvume? Elula 🙂 yokubini. Kwinqanaba elisezantsi, iprosesa iya kuqonda iimvume njengokulandelelana kwe-0 kunye nee-1s, yiyo loo nto ke i-octal esiyenzayo inamaxabiso 1 ukubulawa, 2 yokufunda kunye ne-4 yokubhala. Kulabo banokufunda i-binary, baya kukuqonda ukuba:

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Babeka ukufunda, ukubhala kunye nokwenza iimvume zeqela abanye ngelixa ubeka ukusebenza kunye nokufunda kwiqela iqela kwaye ufunde kuphela umnini wefayile. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu, ezi zintathu zokugqibela zisebenza setguid, setuid kunye sticky bit. Ukuba awuyazi le nto ibambekayo, ndingayichaza kwenye iposti, ukuba awazi malunga ne-setuid, setgid kunye ne-sticky bit, ndiza kukushiya njengomsebenzi 😉 kodwa ndingachaza kwenye indawo ukuba kukho imfuneko.

Xa ndifuna ukwazi ...

Ewe, ukuba undilandele apha, ke umdla wakho wokufuna ukwazi kufuneka uqale ukubuza izinto ezininzi, eyokuqala endifuna ukuyiphendula (kwaye mhlawumbi inye kuphela endivunyelwe yile posi kuba sele ndibhala kakhulu) yile: Ukuba iifowuni ziyafana, kutheni le nkqubo zahlukile?

Psychology

Ukwenza iinkqubo bubugcisa bokufunda ukufunda iingqondo Ndifuna ukuqala eli candelo ngesicatshulwa endisifunde kwakudala, uEdsger Dijkstra wathi:

Ukuba ukulungiswa kwenkqubo yokulungisa ingxaki, emva koko inkqubo kufuneka ibe yinkqubo yokwazisa

Kwaye andifumani ndlela ingcono yokuchaza yonke le nto kutheni le nto kusenziwa ubugcisa bokwazisa iimpazamo? ngaphezulu kwesinye sizokuzibuza ngeli xesha. Impendulo ilula, kuba iingqondo zethu zingabantu, kwaye nabantu bayazenza iimpazamo - zikwindalo yethu, kwaye kuya kuhlala ixesha elide umntu esaphila kulo mhlaba.

Iikhompyuter azilunganga

Singabo abenza iimpazamo, amaqela aya kuhlala ekhawulela ekuveliseni into esibaxelela yona, abathathi nto, abachazi nto, abaphikisi kwanto, bafunda nje kwaye benze. Kungenxa yoko le nto kwenye incwadi C ndakhe ndafunda into enje:

U-C lulwimi olukrwada, unokwenza okuninzi ngayo, kodwa ayisoze ikunqande ukuba uzidubule enyaweni ukuba ufuna ukuyenza loo nto, okanye uyatsho.

Oku kuyinyani enomdla 🙂 Ukusukela xa usebenza kwinqanaba eliphantsi kangako, kunokwenzeka ukuba imisebenzi emininzi eyenziwayo inokuba yingozi, into engenzeki ngeelwimi ezikumgangatho ophakamileyo, kuba iindlela zokuthintela iimpazamo zikhulile .

Yonke into yengqondo

Lonke ulwimi, isikhokelo, umdwelisi nkqubo, imbeko kwaye ulandela uhlobo oluthile lwentanda-bulumko, kwaye ukuba alunalo, alunalo ikamva eliqinisekileyo. Abo kuthi basebenza kwi-UNIX kunye neziphumo ziya kulazi igama elidala:

Yenza into ibe nye, kwaye uyenze kakuhle kakhulu.

Ifilosofi yile elandelwa ziiprojekthi ezinje nge-kernel, imisebenzi emincinci eyenza into enye kuphela, kodwa yenze okusemandleni abo.

Ukuba siya kwezinye iilwimi, ulwimi ngalunye luya kuba nomsebenzi kunye nenjongo, ezinye zivumeleke ngakumbi kwaye ezinye zithintele ngakumbi, kodwa zonke zilandela indlela yazo yokucinga.

Funda ukufunda iingqondo

Kukho intetho eqhelekileyo phakathi kweenkqubo, ukuba kukho amakhulu ezindlela zokusombulula ingxaki enye. Kuyinyani, kodwa kukho into enzulu kakhulu malunga noku. Ukufunda ikhowudi yemvelaphi kukuvumela ukuba ufunde iingqondo- hayi nayiphi na ingqondo, kodwa ingqondo yenkqubo (okanye abadwelisi benkqubo) ababhalayo. Luhlobo lwedayari ebonakalayo kunye enzulu allows ikuvumela ukuba wazi nzulu ingqondo yonjiniyela, kwaye kwimeko yeeprojekthi ezinkulu, ikuvumela ukuba ubone ukuba indlela yabo yokucinga esengqiqweni kunye nengcinga ekhule ngokuhamba kwexesha. Into engaqhelekanga kwaye eyondla kakhulu iingqondo zabancinci, kuba ungazazi ezona ndlela zilungileyo zabantu ekufuneka bazifumene

Ukungqinelana

Iinkqubo ezininzi kunye neengcali zithi kufuneka siphume kwezethu indawo yokuthuthuzela, kwaye nangona iyinyani, ikwangaphezulu kokuyimfuneko ukugcina iinkqubo ezithile kunye neefomathi. Oku kulula ukukuchaza, iingqondo zethu ziphindaphindeka kwaye zihlonipha izakhiwo, ukuba ubhala ikhowudi ngendlela efanayo yonke imihla, ngexeshana elincinci uza kuyeka ukucinga ngale fomu kwaye uya kuba nakho ukugxila kuyo. mali. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ubone ifayile ye- ingqiqo yenkqubo endaweni ye Isintakisi yolwimi. Esi sesona sizathu sokuba ndicinge ukuba ukufunda ifayile ye- ngcamango Iya kuhlala ibaluleke ngaphezu kokufunda iifom. Olu luluvo lobuqu, kodwa ndiyathemba ukuba emva kokufunda yonke le nto unokusiqonda isizathu sokuba ndiyithathe ngale ndlela 🙂 exelelwe ngumntu oye wenza inkqubo kwi-C, Java, Javascript, Python, Ruby, PHP, nabanye 🙂 yazi iikhonsepthi zenza kube lula ukubhala ikhowudi.

Ngamafutshane

Ewe, eli linyathelo lokuqala kuthotho endinethemba lokuba luyakukunceda ucinge ngokwahlukileyo malunga nobugcisa benkqubo, nokuba ndikumeme ukuba uphonononge iikhonsepthi ezikuvumela ukuba wenze ikhowudi oyibhalileyo mhlawumbi ngamakhulu amaxesha, kodwa akayekanga ukucinga ngento eyenzayo. Kwaye kwabo bangakhange baqalise ukwenza, kodwa banqwenela, ukubanakho ukubeka phambili kancinci malunga nokubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi.