Ithiyori kaBash

0. Isalathiso

1. Izinto ezenzeka kubantu abaninzi
2. Ulwakhiwo lweskripthi
3. Phrinta kwiscreen
4. Funda INPUT yomsebenzisi
5. Ukubala kwi-bash
6. Iimeko
7. IiLuphu
8. Imisebenzi
9. Ukufumana

1. Izinto ezenzeka kubantu abaninzi

/ bin / bash okanye / bin / sh

Enye yezinto zokuqala ezenziwa ngumatshini xa kusenziwa iskripthi sethu ujonge ukuba yeyiphi iqokobhe ekufuneka eyenzile nayo. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zangoku ze-linux / bin / sh Ikhonkco kwi / ibin / ibash, kodwa oku akusoloko kunjalo, umzekelo kunikezelo olusebenzisayo ibhokisi exakekileyo zisa Sh kwaye ngesiqhelo nazo ziyazisa Bash, kodwa ukuba usebenzisa / bin / sh, ayizukuqhuba noBash. Kungenxa yoko le nto ndincoma uhlala usebenzisa / ibin / ibash.

I-Unicode vs ASCII

Wakhe wazibuza ukuba kutheni ungasebenzisi "¿" okanye "ñ" kwizikripthi zakho? Okanye sebenzisa iiakhawunti? Inokucaphukisa kwizikripthi ezisebenzisanayo. Kungenxa yokuba ukufakwa kwikhowudi okungagqibekanga kweBhash yi-ASCII, okanye yintoni enye, iseti yomlinganiswa wesiNgesi. Ukuyitshintsha, kufuneka sixelele iskripthi sethu ukuba sifuna ukusebenzisa i-Unicode. Ngenxa yoko kuya kufuneka wongeze umgca emva nje kwetoliki yomyalelo:

# - * - UKUFAKWA KWENKQUBO: UTF-8 - * -

Lumka, kubalulekile ukuba lo mgca usekuqaleni kweskripthi.

Yenza iscript esisebenzisekayo

Kuyahlekisa ukuba bangaphi abantu abaqhuba izikripthi nge «$ bash Iskripthi.sh" ngaphandle kwe "$ ./script.shEmva kwayo yonke loo nto, yile nto sichaze iqokobhe layo.

Ukongeza iimvume zokwenza, kuya kufuneka wenze:

Isudo + x script.sh

BIN = "incwadi eneenkcukacha apho sineempendulo" PATH = "$ BIN $ PATH"

2. Ulwakhiwo lweskripthi

1. Intloko
2. Inkcazo yeenguqu zehlabathi
3. Uncedo
4. Imisebenzi
5. Umzimba ophambili

I-header kulapho sibonisa khona ukuba leliphi iqokobhe esifuna ukulisebenzisa kunye nekhowudi. Uncedo lwemisebenzi kukuphinda usebenzise ikhowudi ephindaphindwe ngokuyibhala kube kanye kunye nokwenza kube lula ukuqonda iskripthi, kuba ikhowudi edlula imigca eli-100 iluncedo kakhulu.

Ukuze usebenzise imisebenzi, kufuneka zichazwe kunye nomzimba ophambili weskripthi sethu. Kwaye ukuba sifuna ukusebenzisa izinto eziguquguqukayo kwinqanaba lehlabathi lonke kwisikripthi sethu, kokubini emzimbeni ophambili nakwimisebenzi, kufuneka sizichaze ekuqaleni kwayo yonke into, emva kwentloko.

Okokugqibela, kuyinto elungileyo ukubhala umsebenzi womncedisi xa iskripthi sethu siqhuba kakubi okanye sineeparameter ezimbi. Ngokucacileyo, kwezo meko sifuna ukuphuma kwiskripthi kwangoko, ngaphandle kokufunda imisebenzi. Ukwenza oko sinokusebenzisa:

Umsebenzi woncedo () {echo "" "Umbhalo wethu woncedo owenziwe kakuhle." "" phuma ukuba [[-z $ 1 || $ 1 == "-h" || $ 1 == "--help"]]; ke uncede fi

Ukuba sidibanisa "ukuphuma" kumsebenzi woncedo, siya kuphuma kwiskripthi ngalo lonke ixesha sisebenzisa uncedo, umzekelo emva kwemiyalezo yempazamo, njl. Sigcina imigca embalwa yekhowudi.

Imeko ibonisa uncedo lokubonisa kwiscreen kwaye uphume ukuba iskripthi siqhutywa ngaphandle kweeparameter okanye ukuba -h / -help icacisiwe. Ukuba uyayijonga, leyo yindlela yokuziphatha esemgangathweni yeenkqubo ezininzi ze-linux.

3. Printa kwiscreen

Kukho imiyalelo emi-2 ephambili yokuprinta kwiscreen kwi-bash: «Bhala"Y"ukuprinta«. Zombini ziyakhawuleza kwaye zombini ziyinxalenye ye-bash. Umahluko ophambili wabaqalayo kukuba i-echo yongeza umgca omtsha ekugqibeleni, ngelixa «ukuprinta"Ayi.

I-Echo ilungile kwaye yile nto abantu abaninzi abayisebenzisayo, nangona kunjalo xa ufunda i-INPUT yomsebenzisi, okanye xa ufuna ukuprinta izinto eziguquguqukayo ezithathwe kwiifayile ngokulungiswa kwamagama, izinto ezingaqhelekanga zinokwenzeka. Zihlala zisonjululwa ngokulula, ngokulula njengokutshintsha iikowuti eziphindwe kabini ziye kwenye okanye kungenjalo, okanye ukuthatha izingqinisiso eziguquguqukayo kwizicatshulwa. «Echo»Ngaba izinto ezingaqhelekanga zixhomekeke kwindlela eyaqulunqwa ngayo, ukuba sihlala sisebenzisa Ubuntu okanye iFedora, ayichaphazeli thina, kodwa ukuba sitshintsha ukuhanjiswa kuyenza.

Kungenxa yoko le nto ndisebenzisa «ukuprinta«, Engandinikiyo intloko kwaye iziphatha ngakumbi njenge«ukuprinta»Ukusuka C okanye i«ushicilelo»NgePython, oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ufuna ukuhambisa iskripthi sakho kolunye ulwimi lwenkqubo.

4. Funda igalelo lomsebenzisi

Yonke into esiyibhalayo emva kwegama leskripthi sethu nangaphambi kokuba ndibethe ENTER isitshixo sigcinwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwiinguqu ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zinto zixabisekileyo ziluhlobo lwe-X apho i-X linani.

«$0»Ibonisa igama leskripthi sethu kwaye isuka«$1»Ukungapheliyo yonke into esiyibhalileyo kamva iyahluka. Umzekelo:

Ikati $ 8 \ n "EOF chmod + x script.sh ./script.sh yam ifayile.txt

Senza iskripthi sovavanyo, sikwenze ukuba sisebenze, kwaye siqhubeke ngeeparamitha ezi-2. Sifumana imveliso yesikrini:

$ 0 = ./script.sh $ 1 = yam $ 2 = ifayile.txt

Usebenzisa iikowuti besinokudlulisa "ifayile yam.txt" ukuya kwi "$ 1".

Singayifunda INPUT yomsebenzisi ngomyalelo "funda", ebonisa ngokuthe ngqo umahluko apho sifuna ukugcina ipharamitha. Umzekelo:

printf "Ngubani igama lakho? \ n" funda NAME printf "Molo, $ NAME. \ n"

5. Ukubala kwiBhash

Ngale nto sinokusebenzisa «vakalisa«, Logama nje singadingi ukwenza ubalo oluntsonkothileyo. Izinto ezimbini kufuneka ziqwalaselwe, eyokuqala kukuba «vakalisa»Kuvuma kuphela amanani apheleleyo, okwesibini kukuba ukwahlula kubuyisa iziphumo, ukubona ezinye esinokuzisebenzisa«%«.

Ngokwesiqhelo siya kufuna ukwabela iziphumo ze-expr kuguquguquko. Singakwenza oko ngeendlela ezimbini:

VAR2 = `expr $ VAR1 / 10` VAR2 = $ (expr $ VAR1 / 100)

Ungatsiba kwakhona «vakalisa»Usebenzisa umzali ophindwe kabini:

I-VAR2 = $ (($ VAR1 / 100))

6 Iimeko

Sele ibhaliwe ngendlela ebanzi malunga «if«,«enye«,«Elif»Kunye neemeko. Unokufunda malunga nale:

• Inkqubo e-bash: icandelo 1
• I-Bash: ukuba, ke, ezinye iimeko
• Jonga ukuba ifayile okanye ifolda ikhona okanye ayikho kwaye nangaphezulu ukuba kukho loop
• Inkqubo e-bash: icandelo 2

Ndifuna ukuqaqambisa umahluko phakathi kokusetyenziswa kweebakaki ezilula zesikwere, «[]«, Kwaye iibakaki ezibini,«[[]]«, Ngeemeko. Ngeebakaki ezibini sinokusebenzisa iimeko ezongezelelweyo:

• «&&»Kwaye kunye
• «||»Ye okanye

Ukusebenzisa "&&"Y"||»Ngezibiyeli ezilula zesikwere, icandelo ngalinye kufuneka lahlulwe kubakaki abahlukeneyo. Umzekelo osetyenzisiweyo kwinxalenye yeskripthi ejonge ukubona ukuba ngaba uncedo ekufuneka lwenziwe luya kuba:

ukuba [-z "$ 1"] || ["$ 1" == "-h"] || ["$ 1" == "--help"]]; ke uncede fi

Ikwasigcina ekubeni sibhale amagama ahlukeneyo kwizicatshulwa ukukhusela iimpazamo. Umzekelo:

ukuba [$ 1 = 1]; emva koko printf "Ipharamitha ilingana no-1"; fi ukuba ["$ 1" = 1]; emva koko printf "Ipharamitha ilingana no-1"; fi ukuba [[$ 1 = 1]]; emva koko printf "Ipharamitha ilingana no-1"; fi

Ukuba iscript.sh siqhutywa ngaphandle kweeparameter, ityala lokuqala liya kunika impazamo:

bash: [: =: umsebenzisi ongalindelekanga ulindelwe

Into engakhange ithethwe ngayo «icala«, Esetyenziselwa ukwenza lula«if«. Masiqale ekuqaleni, xa singenayo nayiphi na «if»Yonke ikhowudi iya kwenziwa. Ukuba sidibanisa imeko «if»Siza kuba namatyala amabini, elinye apho ibhloko yekhowudi engaphakathi kwe«if»Kwaye elinye icala apho le bhloko ingenziwa.

Ukuba sidibanisa i- «enye«Siya kuba namatyala amabini, kodwa la matyala mabini ahlukile kunangaphambili. Kuba ngoku kuyakubakho iibhloko ezimbini zekhowudi, A kunye no-B, kunye no-C ibhloko, eyenye inkqubo. Kuya kwenziwa u-A okanye u-B, kwaye u-C kwityala elidlulileyo ibingu-A no-C okanye u-C kuphela.

Ukuthintela iimeko zokubhala «ukuba / enye"ngaphakathi"enye»Kwaye ukwenza lula ukufundwa kwekhowudi, yenziwa«Elif«. Xa sineemeko ezininzi ezixhomekeke kwangaphambilini, umzekelo uluhlu lwamanani okanye uhlobo:

VAR1 = $ 1 ukuba [[$ VAR1 = 1]]; emva koko kuprintwe "1 \ n" elif [[$ VAR1 = 2]]; emva koko kuprintwe "2 \ n" elif [[$ VAR1 = 3]]; emva koko phrinta "3 \ n" enye into eprintiweyo "akukho n \ fi" fi

Kwimeko yokugqibela «Elif»Kuya kufundwa iimeko ezininzi. Kwimeko apho le nkqubo icwangcisiweyo:

VAR1 = $ 1 ityala $ VAR kwi 1) printf "1 \ n" ;; 2) ushicilelo "2 \ n" ;; 3 | 4) printf "3 okanye 4, ixhomekeke \ n" ;; *) printf "nanye \ n" ;; ukuba uC

Umahluko uya kufundwa, kule meko i-VAR1, kwaye iya kubonakala ukuba iyalingana nawaphi na amatyala, ukuba akunjalo, imeko engagqibekanga "*" iya kwenziwa. Iisemoloni eziphindwe kabini ziyalingana «aphule«, Baxelela«icala»Kufuneka iphele.

7. Izihamba

Zimbalwa iiluphu ezaziwayo kulo naluphi na ulwimi lwenkqubo. KwiBhash ziyi «lo gama«,«kude"Y"kuba«. Sele ibhaliwe kwibhlog malunga nezi:

• Inkqubo e-bash: icandelo 1
• Inkqubo eBhash: icandelo2

Zimbini iintlobo zeluphu «kuba«, Ezo ziluhlobo«$ yeVAR kwiLOQUESEA»Kwaye zithini uhlobo C«$ ((I = 0; I <= 10; Ndi ++))«. Uhlobo lwesibini lweziporo «kuba»Iluncedo kakhulu, inamalungu ama-3 ekuqaleni kweluphu:

• Isibhengezo kunye nokuqaliswa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo (Kule meko ukungafani okuncedisayo "I = 0").
• Imeko yokuphunyezwa (ndide ndibengaphantsi okanye ndilingane no-10).
• Ukwanda kokungafani okuncedisayo

Ngokoluvo lwam yeyona loop inamandla kunazo zonke. Umzekelo, oprinta onke amanani ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-10, kubandakanya:

#! / bin / bash ye ((I = 0; I <= 10; Ndi ++)); phrinta "$ I \ n" kwenziwe

8. Imisebenzi

Kukho izinto uBash angasivumeli ukuba sizenze, akunjalo? Ekuboneni kuqala, imisebenzi ye-bash ikuthintela ekwenzeni izinto ezi-3: ukubhengeza izinto eziguquguqukayo zasekhaya kwimisebenzi, ukudlulisa iiparameter kwimisebenzi, kunye nokubuyisa iiparameter. Yonke into inesisombululo.

Sukwenza nto efana:

#! / bin / bash VAR = 1 printc "$ VAR \ n" umsebenzi molo () {VAR = 2 printf "$ VAR \ n"} hello printf "$ VAR \ n"

Oku kuprinta kwiscreen 1, 2 kunye 2.

Ukubhengeza izinto eziguquguqukayo zasekhaya, yongeza «basekuhlaleni»Xa usazisa:

#! / bin / bash VAR = 1 printf "$ VAR1 \ n" function foo () {local VAR1 = 2 printf "$ VAR1 \ n"} printf "$ VAR1 \ n" foo printf "$ VAR1 \ n"

Oku kuprinta 1, 1, 2, 1 kwiscreen.

Uyidlulisa njani iparameter emsebenzini?

#! / bin / bash # - * - UKUFAKWA KWENKQUBO: UTF-8 - * - umsebenzi molo () {printf "Molo $ 1 \ n"}

phrinta "Ngubani igama lakho? \ n"
funda VAR1
molo $ VAR1

Zibuyiselwa njani iiparameter?

#! / bin / bash # - * - ENCODING: UTF-8 - * - function hello () {printf "Hello holita"} printf "Ngubani igama lakho? \ n" funda iVAR1 VAR1 = $ (molo) # NANTSI ushicilelo "$ VAR1 $ VAR2 \ n"

Njengoko ubona, oku kuneengxaki ezimbini, ungabuyisa ipharamitha enye kuphela, enokuba yeyivenkile 😀, kwaye ukuba ufuna ukubuyisa ipharamitha, awusenakuphrinta kwiscreen kuloo msebenzi.

9. Iipops

Enye yezinto zokugqibela ofuna ukuzazi malunga neBash ukwenza izikripthi ezintsonkothileyo «ukufumana«. Isetyenziselwa ukudlulisa ukhetho kwiskripthi ngaphandle komyalelo. Icala elisezantsi kuphela kukuba ichaphazela kuphela iindlela ezimfutshane:

#! / bin / bash # - * - UKUFAKWA KWENKQUBO: UTF-8 - * - VARC = 0 umsebenzi woncedo () {printf "umyalezo woNcedo \ n" phuma} ukuba [[-z $ 1]]; emva koko uncede fi ngelixa ufumana: ha: b: c UKUKHETHA; yenza ityala $ OPT kwi h) uncedo ;; :) Nceda ;; a) VARA = $ OPTARG ;; b) VARB = $ OPTARG ;; c) VARC = 1 ;; \?) Nceda ;; esac yenziwe # Iibhloko eziphambili zeskripthi # esenza izinto ngeVARA, VARB kunye neVARC

«Ukufumana»Ufunda ukhetho ngalunye ngalunye, ke iluphu iyafuneka.

Zimbini iindlela onokukhetha kuzo ezinokuthi zidluliswe kusetyenziswa «ukufumana":

• Iiparameter ezibizwa ngokuba ziiflegi, kule meko -c okanye -h. Kucacisiwe ngonobumba esifuna ukuwusebenzisa. Zifana nezinto eziguquguqukayo zeBoolean, «oyinyaniso»(Ngaba) okanye«amanga"(Abekho apha).
• Iiparameter ezineempikiswano ezinxulumene noko, -a nantoni na, -b nantoni na. Bacacisiwe yileta siyifunayo ngekholoni engezantsi. Impikiswano igcinwe kwi-OPTARG (eli gama alitshintshi).

Wenza ntoni lo mbhalo?

Ibonisa umyalezo woncedo xa kungekho khetho oludlulisiweyo, xa iparameter "-h" ipasisiwe, xa kudlula iparameter engavumelekanga (umzekelo "-x", oku kwenziwa ngu "\?") Okanye xa Ipharamitha esebenzayo engenangxabano (":"). Kwezinye iimeko kugcinwa ubukho be "-c" njenge-1 kwi-VARC, kunye namaxabiso agqithiswe ngo "-a" no "-b" kwiVARA nakwiVARB.