Ukusebenzisana ngeLifu: Ungakufezekisa njani?
Uphuhliso lwangoku lweeTekhnoloji zoLwazi kunye noNxibelelwano (ICT) lubeke umhlaba wale mihla, ngakumbi kwindawo yokubonelela ngeshishini, iinkonzo zorhwebo nezemali, ezoluntu kunye nezabucala, ukulungiselela abasebenzisi bayo (abathengi nabemi), Isidingo seeNkqubo zoLwazi (IS) ukuze siqhubeke sisebenzisana.
Yazi kwaye uyiqonde ngokupheleleyo into nganye ejikeleze umba wokuSebenzisana kweeNkqubo zoLwazi, ngelifu (i-Intanethi), yinto ebalulekileyo kuye nawuphina umntu, eqhelekileyo kunye nengcali, ukusukela oko ukudityaniswa kwentsebenzo phakathi kweMibutho phakathi kwabo, naba noRhulumente kuphuhliso lweenkqubo okanye iinkonzo, kunye umanyano olungcono, unxibelelwano kunye nokuqiniswa, oku kuya kukhokelela kwinkxaso enkulu yabemi, kuze kuthi, ekuphuculeni umgangatho wobomi babo bonke.
Intshayelelo
Umxholo wokukwazi ukwabelana ngedatha (ulwazi) ngendlela ebonakalayo necacileyoOko kukuthi, ngaphandle kwetekhnoloji exhasa ukugcinwa kwayo, ukuqhubekeka okanye ukuhanjiswa, Ihambe kunye nendaleko yomntu kunye nophuhliso lwe-ICT ukusukela oko yaqala. Yonke into eyenziwe nguMntu ukusuka ekubhaleni (oonobumba, amanani, iiyunithi zexesha) ukuya kumajelo eendaba akhoyo (Cofa, iRadiyo, iTV kunye ne-Intanethi) zineenjongo ezibalulekileyo zokufezekisa unxibelelwano, ingxoxo kunye nokuqonda.
Ke ngoko ukuphuculwa okanye ukuphuculwa kweemeko (iitekhnoloji, izixhobo, amaqonga) okutshintshiselana ngolwazi kufuneka kube yinto egqithileyo kwimibutho nakwimibutho nakwilizwe ngalinye ngokubanzi, ukulungiselela ukufezekiswa kwezisombululo zekhompyuter ezoyisa ukusikelwa umda kunye neempazamo zexesha elidlulileyo. Izithintelo kunye neempazamo ezidalwe luphuhliso lobuchwephesha olusekwe kwiimfuno ezithile (iimfuno), ezinika "iIkhompyuter Islands".
Iziqithi zekhompyuter ezibonakaliswa ngokungasebenzi kakuhle nokungalungelelaniswanga kolwazi, okwenza ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kwabo lube nzima kwaye kuthintele, umzekelo, ukuba iinkqubo zikaRhulumente zinokwenziwa ngabemi kwindawo enye. Ngesi sizathu, umzekelo, oorhulumente bafuna ukuseta i-windows enye kaRhulumente ukuze abemi kunye nemibutho bakwazi ukwenza iinkqubo zabo kwi-intanethi. Kwaye imibutho ifuna ukwenza iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zabo zihambelane ngakumbi kwaye zibekho jikelele ngokubhekisele kwezinye zabanye.
Kwaye kulapho kanye apho ingqibelelo yokusebenzisana ingena khona. Ikhonkco enokuba nokutolika okuninzi ngokwahluka okuncinci, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi zihlala zichazwa njenge:
"Ukukwazi kweeNkqubo ze-ICT, kunye neenkqubo zeshishini abazixhasayo, ukutshintshiselana ngedatha kunye nokwenza ukuba sikwazi ukwabelana ngolwazi nolwazi". (ECLAC, European Union, 2007) (ILueders, 2004)
Umxholo
Ulwazi lwe-ISO / IEC 2382 Ulwazi kunye neTekhnoloji Isigama sichaza umxholo wokuSebenzisana njengo:
"Ukukwazi ukunxibelelana, ukwenza iinkqubo, okanye ukuhambisa idatha phakathi kweeyunithi ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi ukuze umsebenzisi angabinasidingo sokwazi iimpawu ezizodwa zezi yunithi." (ISO, 2000)
Kwabanye, ngakumbi kurhulumente okanye kwinqanaba lezopolitiko, inkcazo yokuSebenzisana ihlala ichazwa njenge:
«ukukwazi kwemibutho eyahlukileyo neyahlukeneyo ukunxibelelana neenjongo ekuvunyelwene ngazo. Unxibelelwano luthetha ukuba imibutho ebandakanyekayo yabelana ngolwazi kunye nolwazi ngeNkqubo yamaZiko, ngokutshintshiselana ngedatha ye-elektroniki phakathi kweenkqubo zabo zetekhnoloji yolwazi ”.
Into edla ngokutolikwa, njengokukhangelwa ngoorhulumente ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezingcono nezingcono zoluntu kwiindawo zabo (Abemi kunye neMibutho) ethobela imigaqo yokuLungiswa kweRegistry (ukunqanda ukuphindwaphindwa kwezicelo zoLwazi okanye iiNkqubo), kunye neWindows Window (ukunqanda ukuphazamiseka kombutho okanye ukungabinako ukulungelelanisa).
Iindidi
Ezinye iibhibliyografi zihlala zahlulahlula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwizigaba ezi-4 okanye kwiindidi, ezi:
Ukusebenzisana kwe Semantic
Inomdla wokuqinisekisa ukuba eyona ntsingiselo yolwazi olwenziweyo iyaqondakala ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngazo zonke izicelo ezichaphazelekayo kwintengiselwano enikiweyo kwaye zenza ukuba iinkqubo zidibanise ulwazi olufunyenweyo kunye nolunye ulwazi lwezixhobo kwaye ke luzenze ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukusebenzisana kombutho
Ijongene nokuchaza iinjongo zeshishini, iinkqubo zokumodareyitha kunye nokwenza lula intsebenziswano phakathi kolawulo abafuna ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi kwaye banokuba nemibutho eyahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zangaphakathi. Kwaye isikhokelo, ngokusekwe kwiimfuno zoluntu olungabasebenzisi, iinkonzo ekufuneka zibekhona, zichongwe ngokulula, zifikeleleke kwaye zijolise kubasebenzisi.
Ukusebenzisana kwezobugcisa
Uhlanganisa imiba yobugcisa (HW, SW, Telecom), eziyimfuneko ukunxibelelana kweenkqubo zekhompyuter kunye neenkonzo, kubandakanya izinto eziphambili ezinje ngokuvuleka konxibelelwano, iinkonzo zonxibelelwano, ukudityaniswa kwedatha kunye ne-middleware, intetho yedatha kunye notshintshiselwano, ukufikeleleka kunye neenkonzo zokhuseleko.
Ukusebenzisana kuLawulo
Xa amazwe (oorhulumente) ebandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokusebenzisana, esi sigaba okanye uhlobo lwenzeka njalo ibhekisa kwizivumelwano phakathi koorhulumente kunye nabadlali ababandakanyekayo kwiinkqubo zokusebenzisana kunye nendlela yokuzifikelela. Ngolawulo, kufunwa ukuba abasemagunyeni babe nenkqubo-sikhokelo eyimfuneko yokuseka imigangatho yokusebenzisana, baqinisekise ukwamkelwa kwabo, kwaye banike iiarhente amandla afunekayo okuququzelela nobuchule bokuziqhelanisa.
Bugcisa
Zininzi iitekhnoloji ezikhoyo zokufezekisa inkqubo yokusebenzisana, ngakumbi kwinqanaba likarhulumente. Enye yazo ihlala isetyenziswa Iinkonzo zewebhu (iiNkonzo zeWebhu okanye iWS), Ezingento yimbi ngaphandle koku iseti yeeprothokholi kunye nemigangatho esetyenziselwa ukutshintshiselana ngedatha phakathi kwezicelo (iiapps).
I-WS iququzelela ukutshintshiselana ngedatha phakathi kweeNkqubo ezahlukeneyo iphuhliswe ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo, kwaye yenziwa kumaqonga awahlukeneyo e-OS, ukuze ziboniswe nakwesiphi na isixhobo, izixhobo okanye iqonga elixhumeke kwi-Intanethi. Ii-WS ziyimodeli entsha yokusebenza yezicelo zokunxibelelana nabanye zisebenzisa i-Intanethi.
Kwaye uzise izibonelelo ezixabisekileyo kwinkqubo yokusebenzisana kuba ivumela iiapps nokuba zithini na iimpawu zazo okanye iqonga lokuphumeza ukunxibelelana, ngokusekwa kwemigangatho kunye neenkqubo ezisekwe kwisicatshulwa, ukuququzelela ukufikelela kumxholo (uLwazi / iDatha) kunye nokuqonda okufanelekileyo kokusebenza kwayo.
MiGangatho
Phakathi kwemigangatho esetyenzisiweyo kwi-WS sinayo:
- I-XML: I-XML (uLwimi lokuPhawula olwandisiweyo)
- Isepha: I-SOAP (iProtokholi yokuFikelela kwinto elula)
- WSDL: I-WDSL (Iinkonzo zeWebhu yeeNkcazo zoLwimi)
- I-UDDI: UDDI (Inkcazo yendalo iphela, ukuFumanisa kunye nokudityaniswa)
Iindidi
Phakathi kweentlobo ezaziwa kakhulu ze-WS zezi:
- IiNkonzo zeWebhu ezisekwe kwi-SOAP: Osebenzisa imiyalezo yeXML elandela imigangatho ye-SOAP, kunye nokusebenzisa iWSDL kujongano lwabo.
- Iinkonzo zeWebhu eziSebenzayo: Esebenzisa i-HTTP, i-URI, i-MIME, ukuba iphunyezwe ngendlela elula okanye engekho lula.
Isiphelo
Ukukhangelwa kokusebenzisana kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, nokuba kungokarhulumente okanye kwabucala, okanye phakathi kwabo, Unokwanda ngendlela elungileyo, izibonelelo kunye nezibonelelo, ezentlalo okanye ezentengiso, kakhulu kummi olula, njengengcali yobungcali okanye usomashishini omkhulu okanye inkokeli yezopolitiko.
Ukulungelelaniswa kwe-homogenization kwezivumelwano, iinkqubo kunye nolwakhiwo kunokuphucula ukubonelela kunye nokwanelisa iimpahla ezifanelekileyo, iimveliso kunye neenkonzo, ukunciphisa iimpembelelo ezinokubakho zexesha, ukusebenza okanye ukungangqinelani.
Zonke ezi zikhundla zingasentla zisebenzisana njengeyona nto iphambili yokubonelela wonke umntu ngeenkonzo ezisemgangathweni eziyimfuneko zikarhulumente nezabucala, ngokufanelekileyo nangexabiso eliphantsi. Ukunciphisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle, ukuphinda, ukukhathazeka kunye neendleko ezongezelelweyo.
Kwaye kwezinye iimeko, phumeza ukwanda kokufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu lolwazi kunye nokusebenza okusebenzayo, Ukusuka kwindawo enye ngendlela esebenzayo nenokuthenjwa, oko kukuthi, ngendlela efanelekileyo, enenzuzo, evulekileyo, ekhuselekileyo, yabucala, eguqukayo kunye nokhuphiswano.