I-Open Innovation kunye neSoftware yasimahla: Ikamva elilungileyo kwitekhnoloji
Akukho mntu, kuyimfihlo engaphaya kwe 4 inkululeko yeSoftware yasimahlaOko kukuthi, ngaphaya kwemodeli yophuhliso kunye nefilosofi yomsebenzi ekhuthazwa yintshukumo yayo, esekwe ekudaleni itekhnoloji, ikakhulu iimveliso zesoftware, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe, zilungiswe kwaye zisasazwe ngokukhululekileyo, kukho noluvo lwemvukelo kwinxalenye yakhe enkulu amalungu ngokuchasene "neNkqubo" Esebenza kungekuphela nje kubuchwephesha, kodwa nakwipolitiki, uqoqosho kunye nentlalo.
Indawo ekhangelwe ngandlela thile, kumanqaku angaphambili anje nge I-Crypto-anarchism: Isoftware yasimahla kunye neMali yeTekhnoloji, ikamva? y Iintshukumo ezihambelanayo: Ukuba sisebenzisa iSoftware yasimahla, ngaba sikwabakho ngabaHacker?. Esikumema ukuba usifunde okanye uphinde usifunde kamva ngolwazi oluthe kratya. Ngapha koko, Isoftware yasimahla ayenzi kuphela ukudala, ikwavelisa ngokutsha ukubonelela ngenkululeko engakumbi kumntu ngamnye, inkululeko engadibani nje kuphela nenkundla yetekhnoloji.
Kweli hlabathi siphila kulo, lihlabathi lobuchwephesha, eliguqukileyo kwaye eliguqukayo ngendlela eya isanda ngokukhawuleza kwaye inzima, ayinakwenzeka into yokuba umbutho ube mnye, esidlangalaleni okanye ngasese, ngokukodwa, babe nako ukulawula italente, izinto ezintsha kunye neziphumo.
Ke ngoko, umbono omdala okanye indlela apho umbutho uphumeze isoftware yayo okanye imodeli yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji ngokubeka yonke imiba kwiimveliso zayo zobuchwephesha; ayisasebenzi, oko kukuthi, ifanelekile kwaye inokusebenza; iphelelwe lixesha. Okwangoku kunye nekamva lobuchwepheshe lifunyenwe ngentsebenziswano, ngokuchanekileyo isoftware yasimahla esekwe kuyo.
Isoftware yasimahla: Iyintoni kwaye ayisiyiyo?
Ewe yiyo
Inokuqinisekiswa ngaphandle koloyiko lokuba iphosakele, ukuba Isoftware yasimahla yenye yeetekhnoloji ukusukela oko yasekwa kude kube namhlanje ibangele iimpikiswano ezinkuluUkusukela oko yasekwayo kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, icebisa kwaye yenze kwifilosofi yayo yomsebenzi ngendlela entsha apho yonke into eyenziweyo yanikezelwa ngendlela eyahluke kakhulu kuleyo i "status quo" esetyenziswayo okanye eyalelayo. ezorhwebo nezeshishini, ezichasene ngokupheleleyo nendlela yemveli yesoftware yobunini, ilayisensi, amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza, kunye nokufumana inzuzo ephezulu kwezoqoqosho kwimveliso ecacisiweyo.
Ke ngoko, into ebalulekileyo yintshukumo yeSoftware yasimahla kukusasazwa kunye nokuqonda kwefilosofi ekhokelela ekwenziweni nasekwabelaneni, ngaphaya kwento yokwenza nokwenza. Kubalulekile ukuba kukho ulwazi oluchanekileyo kuluntu ngokubanzi, malunga nesoftware yasimahla enikezela ngokwenene, ukuze akwazi ukugqiba ngokufanelekileyo ukuba uyafuna ukuyisebenzisa okanye cha, kwaye nokuba kufuneka abelane okanye asasaze, le ntanda-bulumko intsha yokwenza izinto, ukulungiselela ukulunga okuqhelekileyo.
Ilula kodwa ichanekile Inkcazo yeSoftware yasimahla inokuba yile ilandelayo:
"Isoftware yasimahla yile, ethi emva kokufunyanwa kwayo, isetyenziswe, ikotshelwe, icazululwe, iguqulwe kwaye iphinde yabiwa ngabasebenzisi ngenkululeko epheleleyo."
Akunjalo
Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuba okufanayo kuhlala kugcinwa okanye kugcinwa le miqathango ukuze ithathelwe ingqalelo. Ukongeza, kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba xa uthetha ngeSoftware yasimahla akukho siphithiphithi phakathi kwamagama athi "simahla" kunye "asimahla", Logama imveliso eyenziweyo igcina ezi mpawu, ayizisi ngxaki ekuhanjisweni kwayo kwezorhwebo.
Ngale ndlela, ukuba iSoftware yaziwa njenge "I-Freeware" ayifanele idideke njengeSoftware yasimahla, kuba oku kusasazwa kwaye kusetyenziswe simahla ngaphandle nje, kodwa kuxhomekeke kwilayisensi ethile yorhwebo, engavumeli ukuba itshintshwe (iguqulwe).
Kwaye musa ukudideka kunye "nePublic Domain Software" nokuba., engadingi layisenisi yalo naluphi na uhlobo ukuba isetyenziswe, kuba yeyakhe wonke umntu ngokulinganayo, ngelixa iSoftware yasimahla, ukuba nje iyayihlonipha imigaqo yayo esisiseko, isebenza ngokusetyenziswa kweelayisensi ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwezona Yaziwa njenge: GNU, GPL, AGPL, BDS, MPL, phakathi kwabanye.
Isoftware yasimahla kunye neMveliso
Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukuyenza icace loo nto Isoftware yasimahla asiyomveliso eyaphula umthetho okanye eyaphula imigaqo ekhoyo okanye imigaqo yezomthetho, oko kukuthi, Ukophula umthetho okanye ukwaphula amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza okanye amalungelo obunini. Ukusukela kuyo ngokwayo, le ngxoxo ayinasiseko sincinci, kuba abaphuhlisi beSoftware yasimahla abayisebenzisi isoftware yobunini ukwenza iimveliso zabo, ke ngoko, abasondeli nakupatent.
Abaphuhlisi beSoftware yasimahla abaphulukani namalungelo abo njengababhali beenkqubo zeSoftware yasimahla, kodwa bayakukhulula ukusetyenziswa kwento abayenzileyo ngokungqinelana nemigaqo yale teknoloji. Isoftware elungileyo yasimahla ayisekelwanga kuguqulo lweekhowudi zemithombo yabucala, ke ihlala ikude nakulo naliphi na ityala elinxulumene nemingxunya okanye iiambrela zomthetho ezivumela oko ukuba kwenzeke.
Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukucacisa kwabo banokudideka ukuba yinkqubo ye Isoftware yasimahla inokudlalwa okanye ibe nelayisensi ephelelwe lixesha, Oku akunakwenzeka, kuba lusekela lonke uphuhliso lwayo kwikhowudi yasimahla, ezimeleyo, kunye nengeyoyorhwebo, oko kukuthi, kuthatha ithuba kwinto esele ikho ukusebenza kwiinguqulelo ezintsha, eziphuculweyo.
Umphuhlisi olungileyo weSoftware akaze abe okanye aboleke ikhowudi kwabanye ngaphandle kwemvume. yomyili wayo wokuqala (umbhali) okanye umvuzo weekhredithi ezichaphazelekayo, kwaye ayilindeli naliphi na iphepha-mvume ukuba liphelelwe ukuze baxhamle, kuba sele benazo iikhowudi ezivulekileyo ngokwaneleyo zokufaka igalelo labo.
Ubuchule kunye neSoftware yasimahla
Imeko yangoku neyexesha elizayo yetekhnoloji inentsika enkulu ngentsebenziswano okanye umsebenzi wentsebenziswano, kwaye ngokuchanekileyo lo mgaqo sisiseko sesoftware yasimahla. Kwaye xa sithetha ngentsebenziswano, sithetha ngezinto ezintsha, kuba yonke intsebenziswano ivula ucango lwezinto ezintsha ezivela kwizimvo ezintsha zokudibana ngeendlela ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Ukusuka kule nkqubo yentsebenziswano kunye nokuyila imveliso ngaphakathi kweSoftware yasimahla, izindululo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke zinikiwe okanye zavela. Omnye wabo waziwa njenge "Vula okutsha".
Vula i-Innovation
La "Vula okutsha" ngumbono owenziwe yi Unjingalwazi waseMelika uHenry Chesbrough, theorist yombutho, kwaye waqala wasebenzisa kwincwadi yakhe ebizwa "Vula i-Innovation: Inkqubo eNtsha yokuDala yokuDala kunye nokuZuza ngeTekhnoloji", endapapasha ngowama-2003, nalapho ndavakalisa izimvo malunga nokuba kufuneka ilawulwe njani kwaye isetyenziswe njani iteknoloji. Izimvo ezinefuthe kakhulu kwaye ziye zanefuthe elihle kuluntu kwiSoftware yasimahla kunye noMthombo oVulekileyo.
La "Vula okutsha" ngamagama ambalwa, es leyo yenza ukuba iinkampani zifune, zamkele kwaye zikhuthaze itekhnoloji entsha eya ngaphaya komda wombutho wabo ngokudibeneyo namaqabane angaphandle. Le "ndlela intsha yokwenza izinto" yenza ukuba kube nokuhlangana kolwazi lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle olwenza ubomi embuthweni, ukufezekisa ukugqitywa kweeprojekthi zophando kunye nophuhliso (R&D) kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwimodeli yayo. Leshishini.
Kwelinye icala, ivumela ukuhanjiswa okungcono komngcipheko kunye nezibonelelo namaqabane angaphandle, kwaye ithande ukuthatha inxaxheba okukhulu kwabo bonke abasebenzi bayo. Oko kucacisa ukuba "Vula okutsha" Kukuqhubela phambili kwimibutho nakwimicimbi yomsebenzi esekelisa imigaqo yayo kwilizwe lophuhliso lweSoftware yasimahla.
Isiphelo
Ngokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha, izisombululo okanye iimodeli ezicetywayo kwiSoftware yasimahla ayisiyonto incinci. Kuba iSoftware yasimahla ivumela (re) ukusetyenziswa kwemirhumo eyenziweyo okanye eyenziweyo evela kuluntu olusebenzisayo (abaqeshwa / abaxumi / ababoneleli), kwaye inyusa kungekuphela nje ukuhanjiswa kwezisombululo okanye iimveliso ezikhoyo kwihlabathi eliguqukayo kwaye kodwa kwanokubakho kokudala iimodeli zeshishini ezintsha okanye ukwamkela ngokufanelekileyo ezikhoyo ngelo xesha.
Ngamafutshane, iSoftware yasimahla ikhuthaza ukutsha, kuba iyasivumela ukuba sicinge ngayo ngokwakha izinto ezintsha ngendlela evulekileyo kunye ekwabelwana ngayo, ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zokusebenza nokunxibelelana nabanye, nokulungiselela nokulawula ulwazi olufumanekayo mihla le okanye ukwakha imodeli entsha eguqukayo yokufunda nge-e.