Yintoni eyenza ukuhanjiswa kwe-GNU / Linux kwahluke kwezinye?

Umhlaba we-GNU / Linux ubanzi kakhulu kodwa uqhelene kakhulu. Umxholo wemeko-bume yedesktop, iphakheji, kunye neengcambu ulawulo luqhelekile kubasebenzisi abaninzi; Ngokumangalisayo, ezi zinto azibalulekanga phakathi kolwabiwo olunye nolunye. Nanini na xa ndifunda malunga nokusasazwa kweLinux ethembisa ukuba "yohlukile", ndiyazibuza:yintoni eyenza yahluke zezinye ezikhoyo? Ngaphantsi kwalonto iiparameter podemos hlula ngokwenene kuye Ukuhanjiswa kwe-GNU / Linux phakathi kwamawaka asinika le ndalo?

Iipakeji kunye nabaphathi bazo

Nangona le nkqubo inye inokufumaneka kumawaka esasazo, ipakeji efakwe kuyo nganye inokwahluka. Xa sithetha ngepakeji sibhekisa kwifomathi okanye ulwandiso lwefayile, esetyenziswa yinkqubo yokusebenza ukufaka inkqubo. Ukuze unikezelo lusebenzise le fayile, kufuneka kwakhona lube nomphathi wephakheji, onezixhobo zokufaka, ukulungisa okanye ukususa inkqubo. Oku kubalulekile, kuba nangona iinkqubo zingatshintshi phakathi kolwabiwo olunye kunye nolunye (Oko kukuthi, iMozilla Firefox iya kuhlala iFirefox kulo lonke unikezelo) kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuba iphakheji esetyenzisiweyo ukuyifaka iyatshintsha.

Ezinye iifomathi zephakheji zezi:

• deb: isetyenziswe nguDebian kunye neziphumo zayo.
• I-RPM: (Umphathi wePakethe yeRed Hat) ovela kwiRed Hat kwaye wasetyenziswa kakhulu ngabanye abaninzi abanjengoFedora, OpenSUSE, Mandriva, Mageia nabanye.
• I-PISI: ivela kuPardus.
• MO: ukusuka eSlax.
• I-PUP kunye ne-PET: I-Puppy Linux.
• .txz: Isilayidi

Kwaye abanye babaphathi beephakheji abaziwayo:

• I-APT (itheminali) kunye neSynaptic (umzobo): esetyenziswe nguDebian kunye neziphumo zayo.
• I-Zypper (i-terminal) kunye ne-YaST (umzobo): umphathi we-OpenSUSE.
• IYUM: IFedora kunye neLinux yeNja eNja.
• I-Pacman: IArch Linux.
• dpkg-ekuqaleni eyayenziwe nguDebian.
• Urpmi: Mandriva kunye neMageia.
• Umhla wokugqibela: Umnqwazi obomvu.
• slapt-get, slackpkg, kunye ne-swaret- "Izixhobo" ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzisa iSlackware ukusebenza neephakeji ze-tgz.

Ngaba kubalulekile ukuba nditshintshe umphathi wephakheji phakathi kolwabiwo? Ewe. Into yokuba umphathi ukhethwe ukuba onakalise abanye kuthetha ukuba ulawulo olululo lweephakeji ekufuneka zifakelwe luyafunwa. Ngamafutshane, umphathi wepakeji uchaza indawo enkulu "yentsingiselo" yokuhanjiswa, kwaye yinto elungileyo ekufuneka uyithathele ingqalelo yokwahlulahlula kwabanye. Andizukuxoxa ngokuba yeyiphi engcono, nangona kukho imizekelo eliqela kwi-intanethi yento endiyibiza ngokuba yi "aptitude - zypper - yum war" apho abalandeli be-SUSE babhengeza ukuba iZypper iseyeyona ibalaseleyo.

Ukwandisa: http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=package-management

Ukusetyenziswa

Esinye isihloko esiphindaphindwe rhoqo linqanaba lamava ekufuneka sisebenzisile ukuhambisa. Kwenzeka amaxesha amaninzi xa ucebisa ukwabiwa kwee-newbies, okanye njengoko sizakuba senzekile kusasazo lwethu lokuqala, esihlala sisiva "singaphuphi nokuzama ukuzama uGentoo ngaphandle kwebhokisi" okanye "Ubuntu lukhetho olufanelekileyo ukuqala ngalo" .

Ubunzima bokusasazwa buqikelelwa ngokwemiqathango:

• ubungakanani bezinto ezinikezelayo.
• ubungakanani bomsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe ngekhonsoli nganye (apho kungekho zindlela zokwenza umzobo).
• ubunzima bokufakwa.
• umthamo woqwalaselo ekufuneka wenziwe emva kokufakwa konikezelo.
• ukuba ngexesha lofakelo kufuneka uqwalasele ulwahlulo lwediski okanye oku kunokwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo.

Kungenxa yoko le nto kuqhelekile ukuhambisa izinto ezithile ezinje ngenqanaba lobuchwephesha (iGentoo, iLinux Ukusuka ekuqaleni, iSlackware, iArch), ezingacetyiswayo kumsebenzisi "ophakathi-wokuqalayo". Mva nje, kuye kwakho into ebangela ukuba ukwabiwa kweLinux kujike kubonelele ngeNkqubo yokuSebenza emnandi kuye nawuphi na umsebenzisi. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izibonelelo zabaqalayo (iLinux Mint, Ubuntu, Elementary OS, phakathi kwabanye) zihlala zimangalisa.

Isixhobo

Ayisiyo enye yezinto zokuqala ezikhankanyiweyo xa kuthethwa ngolwabiwo, kodwa iseyinto ebalulekileyo. Kwilizwe elizama ukwahlukana "nenkqubo ethe gqolo icela izixhobo ezingaphezulu" (Windows) kwaye iqhubeke nezixhobo ezitsha, kukho isabelo sonikezelo esivumela i-hardware ukuba iphinde isetyenziswe (iPuppy Linux, iSlitaz, iTin Core Linux , AUSTRUMI, Slax, Lubuntu, Xubuntu, Alcolix, Damn Small Linux, Molinux, njl. Nangona ezinye ii-distros, ezinje ngeLinux Mint okanye iArch zinokufakwa kwiikhompyuter ezindala, kukho umda apho ukulahleka kwenkqubo kulahlekile, ngenxa yoko kukho ulwabiwo olukhethekileyo lolo hlobo lwezixhobo. Kusengqiqweni ngakumbi ke ukuba ezinye zezi zinto zonikezelo zibonelela ngenkxaso yeenguqu ezingama-32 kunye ne-16-bit; olona sibonelelo lubanzi 32 kunye 64 inkxaso encinci.

Ulwabiwo olufana Puppy linux Kuyabonakala ke ngoko ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba ube usesikhathini kunye nesixhobo esinamandla kakhulu kwintengiso yangoku, kodwa isebenza ngokupheleleyo kwiikhompyuter ezinezixhobo ezilula, ukuba nje asizifaki iinkqubo ezifuna oovimba abagqithisileyo.

Qalisa iifomathi

Yinto elula: ukuhanjiswa kuhlala kuza kuthotho lweefomathi ezigqibela ngokuchaza eyona nto iphambili kuyo. Nangona i-CD / iDVD ebukhoma ihlala ixhaphake phakathi kwe-distros ezidumileyo, zininzi ezinye ezingasebenzisi le fomathi, ukunqanda ukukhupha kuphela iinguqulelo ezinokufakwa.

Ukubanakho ukuba ne-CD, iDVD, i-CD ebukhoma / iDVD, iimeko ezahlukeneyo zedesktop ngokungagqibekanga okanye ukubanakho ukufaka kwi-Intanethi, yinto echaphazela isigqibo sabasebenzisi abaninzi sokuvavanya ukusasazwa okanye ukusisebenzisa ngokusisigxina. Sikwabona ukuba kukho ukukhutshwa kwangaphambili okuvumela uluntu ukuba luvavanye ulwabiwo phambi kokuba lugqitywe.

Amanye amanqaku abalulekileyo abandakanya ezo nguqulelo zezixhobo eziphathwayo kunye nezinye ezisasaza "ii-Spin-Offs", apho owona mzekelo wekhonkrithi nguFedora, onenguqulo yeMidlalo, ilebhu kunye noYilo, nangona umba wokufaka iipakeji ezikhoyo kwiindawo zokugcina ezahlukeneyo. Okokugqibela, andilulibali unikezelo lwento ekhutshwa ngokuqengqeleka, ezizezona zicace gca kuzo Debian, igophe y VulaSUSE, Ukuvumela ukuhlaziya isoftware kunye neenguqulelo zenkqubo ngaphandle kokwenza ufakelo olutsha okanye uloyiko lokuphulukana nedatha yobuqu.

Injongo ngokubanzi

Ulwabiwo ngalunye lusengqondweni yeenjongo ezijolise ekufikeleleni kubasebenzisi bayo bangoku okanye abanokubakho. Ukusuka apho sinokwahlulahlula izinto ezithile ezikwiilaptops (ezinje ngeJoliCloud, ekwajolise ekusebenziseni efini) kunye nezo zeeseva (Ishishini leRed Hat Linux Ngenye yezona zinamandla kwaye zixhaswe ngoku).

Olunye ulwabiwo lujolise kwinkathalelo yobuhle yedesika kunye nokufana nezinye iinkqubo (oko ke kuququzelela inguqu kwezi), njengoko kunjalo IiperearOS (kunye nobuhle obufana neMac), IZorinOS (ethi iguqule i-GNOME ukubonelela ngendawo efanayo kwiinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zeWindows) kunye I-ElementaryOS (kunye neseti yeempawu ezakhelweyo kunye nofakelo olusebenzayo ngokungagqibekanga); Oku kunokuziqhayisa ngokwahluka kommandla weklasikhi, kodwa ezi zisenokufakwa kolu lwabiwo.

Olo lwabiwo lujolise "kubaphulaphuli abathile", njenge Inzululwazi yeLinux, Imusix, Igama loqhagamshelwano Otakux kwaye abanye bongeza kuphela izicelo ezithile, ezibonakala ngathi azonelanga ukuyenza ukuba ibonakale kwiqela lonke, unikezwe ukuba isicelo singafakwa nakweyiphi na inkqubo ukuba ikhowudi yemvelaphi iyafumaneka.

Ukuphawula kwakhona, kukho ezinye "izinto ezingaqhelekanga", njengoko sibona kwi-Globo Linux, ukuhanjiswa okumodareyitha okulungiselela iinkqubo ezifakiweyo ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunikezelo, ukuze iifayile zenkqubo efanayo zifumaneke kunye. Imikhombandlela yeklasikhi ikhona, kodwa ifihliwe, ukuze isikhombisi sengcambu ngokungagqibekanga sibone umkhombandlela olandelayo: Iinkqubo, Abasebenzisi, Inkqubo, Iifayile, iNtaba, iDepot.

Omnye umzekelo ngulo igelle, Yakhiwe ekuqaleni ukuxhasa elona nani likhulu lezixhobo ezikhoyo. Ukuhanjiswa kunendawo yendawo yedesktop ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Estere ibhalwe kwi-GTK + kunye ne-Webkit njengenjini yokunikezela.

Ukuvala eli nqaku, ndingathanda ukuqaqambisa into ngokoluvo lwam ikwayinto egqithileyo eyahlulahlula usasazo: uluntu olujikeleze usasazo ngalunye lubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwale. Kukho imizekelo embalwa apho izigqibo zoluntu okanye ukungabikho kwazo kuseta ikhosi (yempumelelo okanye ukusilela) yophuhliso losasazo, kwaye kulapho abaphuhlisi kufuneka bathathe inkathalo nengqwalaselo engaphezulu. Kwakukho iimeko apho umsebenzisi ashiye i-distro ngokungabinangxaki okanye ukungathandabuzeki apho uluntu belungazi ukuba luphendule okanye lunike uncedo; Yiyo loo nto umfanekiso woluntu, nangona uhambelana nenkqubo yokusebenza ngolu hlobo, uqhubeka nokudlala indima ephambili ekuqaqambiseni usasazo olunye ngaphezulu kwezinye.

Okokugqibela, ungalibali ukufunda eli candeloUnikezelo”Kule bhlog, equlathe ulwazi oluluncedo kakhulu kubantu abafikayo.