Emulating Linus Torvalds: Create your own operating system from scratch (VI)

Well, after a little parenthesis we continue with our series of tutorials. If we return to the previous code, we must have the ISR of the division by zero. Now we must fill in the rest of the ISRs for which we had posted a message (the first 32). Well now we are going to continue programming interruptions, we are going to do the IRQs also known as Interrupt Requests. These IRQs are generated by hardware devices such as keyboards, mice, printers, etc. Initially the first 8 IRQs are automatically mapped to IDT positions 8 to 15. As we have used the first 32 for exceptions now we have to remap them. We will put the IRQ from 32 to 45. For this we must first remap the IRQs:

void ND::IRQ::Remap(int pic1, int pic2)
{
#define PIC1 0x20
#define PIC2 0xA0
#define ICW1 0x11
#define ICW4 0x01
/* send ICW1 */
ND::Ports::OutputB(PIC1, ICW1);
ND::Ports::OutputB(PIC2, ICW1);
/* send ICW2 */
ND::Ports::OutputB(PIC1 + 1, pic1); /* remap */
ND::Ports::OutputB(PIC2 + 1, pic2); /* pics */
/* send ICW3 */
ND::Ports::OutputB(PIC1 + 1, 4); /* IRQ2 -> connection to slave */
ND::Ports::OutputB(PIC2 + 1, 2);
/* send ICW4 */
ND::Ports::OutputB(PIC1 + 1, ICW4);
ND::Ports::OutputB(PIC2 + 1, ICW4);
/* disable all IRQs */
ND::Ports::OutputB(PIC1 + 1, 0xFF);
}

Now we create a function to install the IRQs:

void ND::IRQ::Install()
{
ND::Screen::SetColor(ND_SIDE_FOREGROUND,ND_COLOR_BLACK);
ND::Screen::PutString("\nInstalling IRQ...");
ND::IRQ::Remap(0x20,0x28);
ND::IDT::SetGate(32,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ1,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(33,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ2,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(34,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ3,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(35,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ4,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(36,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ5,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(37,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ6,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(38,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ7,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(39,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ8,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(40,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ9,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(41,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ10,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(42,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ11,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(43,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ12,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(44,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ13,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(45,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ14,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(46,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ15,0x08,0x8E);
ND::IDT::SetGate(47,(unsigned)ND::IRQ::IRQ16,0x08,0x8E);
ND::Screen::SetColor(ND_SIDE_FOREGROUND,ND_COLOR_GREEN);
ND::Screen::PutString("done");
asm volatile("sti");
}

The sentence of asm sti we activate the IRQs. Well now we go with something similar to ISR. The functions of a basic IRQ:

void ND::IRQ::IRQ1()
{
asm volatile(
"cli \n"
"pushl 0\n"
"pushl 32\n"
"jmp ND_IRQ_Common"
);
}


A common part (same as ISR):

extern "C"
void ND_IRQ_Common()
{
asm volatile(
"pusha \n"
"push %ds\n"
"push %es\n"
"push %fs\n"
"push %gs\n"
"movw $0x10, %ax \n"
"movw %ax, %ds \n"
"movw %ax, %es \n"
"movw %ax, %fs \n"
"movw %ax, %gs \n"
"movl %esp, %eax \n"
"push %eax \n"
"movl $ND_IRQ_Handler, %eax \n"
"call *%eax \n"
"popl %eax \n"
"popl %ds \n"
"popl %es \n"
"popl %fs \n"
"popl %gs \n"
"popa \n"
"addl 8, %esp \n"
"iret \n"
);
}


And a basic handler:

extern "C"
void ND_IRQ_Handler(struct regs* r)
{
void (*handler)(struct regs *r);
if(r->int_no >= 40)
{
ND::Ports::OutputB(0xA0,0x20);
}
ND::Ports::OutputB(0x20,0x20);
}


With this we should already have the IRQ activated even if they still do not do anything. In the next chapter we will see how to obtain data from these IRQs such as the clock or the keyboard.

And with this ends today's post. As you can see now I write less regularly due to other issues. Even so I will continue until I have a more complete operating system