Kugawa

Zotsatira

1 Mfundo zambiri
2 Kodi ndigawa kugawa kotani?
3 Ndasankha kale, tsopano ndikufuna kuyesa
4 Kutengera Debian
5 Kutengera Ubuntu
6 Kutengera Red Hat
7 Kutengera Slackware
8 Chokhazikika ku Mandriva
9 Odziimira okha
10 Zolemba zina zosangalatsa
11 Ndondomeko yothandizira pang'onopang'ono
12 Zoyenera kuchita mutakhazikitsa ...?

Mfundo zambiri

Kwa iwo omwe amachokera kugwiritsa ntchito Windows kapena Mac zitha kukhala zodabwitsa kuti pali "mitundu" kapena "magawo" angapo a Linux. Mwachitsanzo, mu Windows, tili ndi mtundu wowonjezera (Home Edition), waluso (Professional Edition) ndi umodzi wa maseva (Server Edition). Pa Linux, m'malo mwake pali kuchuluka KWAMBIRI kwa magawidwe.

Kuti mumvetsetse kuti kufalitsa ndikotani, muyenera koyamba kufotokozera. Linux, choyambirira ndi kernel kapena kernel opareting'i sisitimu. Kernel ndiye mtima wamtundu uliwonse wogwira ntchito ndipo imagwira ntchito ngati "mkhalapakati" pakati pazopempha kuchokera ku mapulogalamu ndi zida. Ichi chokha, popanda china chilichonse, sichitha kugwira ntchito. Zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse ndikugawana kwa Linux. Ndiye kuti, kernel + mndandanda wamapulogalamu (makalata amakasitomala, maofesi apamaofesi, ndi zina zambiri) omwe amapempha zida za hardware kudzera mu kernel.

Izi zati, titha kuganiza zamagawidwe a Linux ngati nyumba yachifumu ya LEGO, ndiye kuti, mapulogalamu ang'onoang'ono: m'modzi amayang'anira kubweza makina, wina amatipatsa mawonekedwe owonera, wina amayang'anira "zowoneka" kuchokera pa desktop, ndi zina zambiri. Ndiye pali anthu omwe amapanga magawo awo, amawasindikiza, ndipo anthu amatha kutsitsa ndikuwayesa. Kusiyanitsa pakati pamitundu iyi kumakhala, makamaka, mu kernel kapena kernel yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikiza mapulogalamu omwe amayang'anira ntchito wamba (dongosolo loyambira, desktop, kuwongolera zenera, ndi zina zambiri), kasinthidwe ka iliyonse ya izi mapulogalamu, ndi magulu a "mapulogalamu apakompyuta" (maofesi apamaofesi, intaneti, macheza, okonza zithunzi, ndi zina zambiri) osankhidwa.

Kodi ndigawa kugawa kotani?

Tisanayambe, chinthu choyamba kusankha ndikuti kugawa kwa Linux - kapena "distro" - kugwiritsa ntchito. Ngakhale pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimachitika posankha distro ndipo zitha kunenedwa kuti pali chosowa chilichonse (maphunziro, kusintha kwamawu ndi makanema, chitetezo, ndi zina zambiri), chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mukayamba ndikusankha distro yomwe ndi "ya oyamba kumene", yokhala ndi gulu lotakata komanso lothandizirana lomwe lingakuthandizeni kuthana ndi kukayika ndi mavuto anu ndipo lili ndi zolemba zabwino.

Kodi ma distros abwino kwambiri kwa oyamba kumene ndi ati? Pali mgwirizano wina wokhudza ma distros omwe amawerengedwa chifukwa cha zatsopano, pakati pawo ndi: Ubuntu (ndi zosintha zake Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu, ndi ena), Linux Mint, PCLinuxOS, ndi zina zambiri. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti ndiwo ma distros abwino kwambiri? Ayi. Izi zitengera zosowa zanu zonse (momwe mudzagwiritsire ntchito makinawa, muli ndi makina ati, ndi zina zambiri) komanso kuthekera kwanu (ngati ndinu katswiri kapena "woyamba" mu Linux, ndi zina zambiri).

Kuphatikiza pa zosowa ndi kuthekera kwanu, pali zinthu zina ziwiri zomwe zingakhudze kusankha kwanu: chilengedwe cha desktop ndi purosesa.

PulojekitiPofufuza "distro yangwiro" mupeza kuti magawo ambiri amabwera m'mitundu iwiri: mabatani 2 ndi 32 (omwe amadziwikanso kuti x64 ndi x86). Kusiyanako kumakhudzana ndi mtundu wa purosesa yemwe amathandizira. Njira yoyenera itengera mtundu ndi mtundu wa purosesa yomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito.

Mwambiri, njira yotetezeka nthawi zambiri imatsitsa mtundu wa 32-bit, ngakhale makina atsopano (okhala ndi mapurosesa amakono) mwina thandizo 64 pokha. Ngati mungayese kugawa kwa 32-bit pamakina omwe amathandizira ma 64-bit, palibe choipa chilichonse chomwe chimachitika, sichingaphulike, koma mwina "simungapindule kwambiri" (makamaka ngati muli ndi 2GB ya RAM).

Malo okhala pakompyuta: Ma distros odziwika kwambiri amabwera, kuti aike bwino, mu "zokoma" zosiyanasiyana. Iliyonse yamitundu iyi imagwiritsa ntchito zomwe timatcha "chilengedwe cha desktop." Izi sizoposa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mawonekedwe owonekera omwe amapereka mwayi wopezeka ndi kasinthidwe, oyambitsa mapulogalamu, zotsatira zama desktop, oyang'anira zenera, ndi zina zambiri. Malo otchuka kwambiri ndi GNOME, KDE, XFCE, ndi LXDE.

Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, "zokoma" zodziwika bwino za Ubuntu ndi: Ubuntu wachikhalidwe (Umodzi), Kubuntu (Ubuntu + KDE), Xubuntu (Ubuntu + XFCE), Lubuntu (Ubuntu + LXDE), ndi zina zambiri. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi magawo ena otchuka.

Ndasankha kale, tsopano ndikufuna kuyesa

Mukangopanga chisankho, zimangotsala kutsitsa distro yomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito. Uku ndikusinthanso kwamphamvu kuchokera ku Windows. Ayi, simukuphwanya lamulo lililonse kapena muyenera kuchita kuyenda masamba omwe angakhale oopsa, ingopita patsamba lovomerezeka la distro yomwe mumakonda, download Chithunzi cha ISO, mumazikopera pa CD / DVD kapena pendrive ndipo zonse zakonzeka kuyamba kuyesa Linux. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamaubwino ambiri a pulogalamu yaulere.

Kuti mukhale ndi mtendere wamalingaliro, Linux ili ndi mwayi wofunikira pa Windows: mutha kuyesa pafupifupi ma distros onse osafufuta dongosolo lanu. Izi zitha kuchitika m'njira zingapo komanso m'magulu osiyanasiyana.

1. Live CD / DVD / USB- Njira yotchuka kwambiri komanso yosavuta yoyesera distro ndikutsitsa chithunzi cha ISO patsamba lake lolembera, kukopera ndodo ya CD / DVD / USB, kenako ndikuwombera pamenepo. Izi zikuthandizani kuti mugwiritse ntchito Linux molunjika kuchokera pa CD / DVD / USB popanda kuchotsa iota ya makina omwe mudayika. Palibe chifukwa chokhazikitsa madalaivala kapena kuchotsa chilichonse. Ndizosavuta.

Zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikutsitsa chithunzi cha ISO cha distro yomwe mumakonda kwambiri, chiwotchereni CD / DVD / USB pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apadera, sinthani BIOS kuti mutsegule pazida zomwe mwasankha (CD / DVD kapena USB) ndipo, pomaliza, sankhani "Test distro X" kapena zina zomwe ziziwoneka poyambira.

Ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri amatha kupanga fayilo ya Multiboot Live USBs, yomwe imalola kubwereza ma distros angapo kuchokera ku ndodo yomweyo ya USB.

2. Makina abwino: A makina wamba ndi pulogalamu yomwe imatilola kuyendetsa makina amodzi mkati mwina ngati kuti ndi pulogalamu yosiyana. Izi ndizotheka popanga mtundu wa zida zamagetsi; pamenepa, zinthu zingapo: kompyuta yathunthu.

Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa machitidwe ena. Mwachitsanzo ngati muli pa Windows ndipo mukufuna kuyesa Linux distro kapena mosemphanitsa. Zimathandizanso pakafunika kuyika pulogalamu inayake yomwe imangopezeka pamakina ena omwe sitigwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito Linux ndipo muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yomwe imangopezeka pa Windows.

Pali mapulogalamu angapo pazolinga izi, omwe mwa iwo ndi Bokosi Labwino , VMWare y QEMU.

3. Wapawiri-jomboMukasankha kukhazikitsa Linux, musaiwale kuti ndizotheka kuyiyika limodzi ndi makina anu apano, kotero kuti mukayamba makina amakufunsani mtundu womwe mukufuna kuyamba nawo. Izi zimatchedwa awiri-boot.

Kuti mumve zambiri zamgawidwe a Linux, ndikulimbikitsani kuwerenga izi:

Wikipedia: Kugawa kwa Linux.
Wikipedia: Mndandanda wazogawana za Linux.

Malongosoledwe am'mbuyomu musanaone ma distros ena

{

} = Sakani zolemba zokhudzana ndi distro iyi pogwiritsa ntchito injini yosakira blog.
{

} = Pitani patsamba lovomerezeka la distro.

Kutengera Debian

Debian. {
} {

}: amadziwika ndi chitetezo chake komanso kukhazikika. Titha kunena kuti ndi imodzi mwama distros ofunikira kwambiri, ngakhale lero siyotchuka monga ena ake otengera (Ubuntu, mwachitsanzo). Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu anu aposachedwa kwambiri, awa si distro yanu. Kumbali inayi, ngati mumayang'ana kukhazikika, palibe kukayika: Debian ndi yanu.
mepis. {
} {

}: cholinga chake ndikusintha kapangidwe ka Debian. Mutha kunena kuti lingaliroli ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi Ubuntu, koma popanda "kusokera" kwambiri kuchokera kukhazikika ndi chitetezo chomwe Debian amapereka.
batanipix. {
} {

}: knoppix idatchuka kwambiri chifukwa inali imodzi mwama distros oyamba kuloleza kutsitsira kwachindunji kuchokera pa cd yamoyo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mutha kuyendetsa makinawo popanda kuwaika. Lero, magwiridwe ake amapezeka pafupifupi pafupifupi ma distros onse a Linux. Knoppix ikadali njira yosangalatsa ngati CD yopulumutsa pakagwa tsoka lililonse.
ndi zina zambiri ...

Kutengera Ubuntu

Ubuntu. {
} {

}: Ndi distro yotchuka kwambiri pakadali pano. Idapeza kutchuka chifukwa, kanthawi kapitako adakutumizirani CD yaulere kunyumba kwanu ndi kachitidwe koti muyesere. Inakhalanso yotchuka kwambiri chifukwa nzeru zake zimapangidwa pakupanga "Linux ya anthu", kuyesera kubweretsa Linux pafupi ndi ogwiritsa ntchito desktop osati kwa omwe amapanga ma "geeks". Ndi distro yabwino kwa iwo omwe angoyamba kumene.
Linux Mint. {
} {

}: chifukwa cha zovuta zokhudzana ndi zovomerezeka ndi nzeru za pulogalamu yaulere, Ubuntu sabwera mwachisawawa ndi ma codec ena ndi mapulogalamu omwe adaikidwa. Zitha kuphatikizidwa mosavuta, koma ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndikukonzedwa. Pachifukwachi, Linux Mint inabadwa, yomwe imabwera kale ndi zonsezi "kuchokera kufakitole". Ndilo distro yolimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwa iwo omwe angoyamba kumene pa Linux.
ubuntu. {
} {

}: Ndikusintha kwa Ubuntu koma ndi desktop ya KDE. Desktop iyi imawoneka ngati Win 7, chifukwa chake ngati mumakonda, mudzakonda Kubuntu.
Xubuntu. {
} {

}: Ndi mtundu wa Ubuntu koma wokhala ndi desktop ya XFCE. Kompyutayi ili ndi mbiri yodya zocheperako kuposa GNOME (yomwe imabwera mwachisawawa ku Ubuntu) ndi KDE (yomwe imabwera mwachisawawa ku Kubuntu). Ngakhale izi zinali zowona poyamba, sizilinso choncho.
edubuntu. {
} {

}: ndi mtundu wa Ubuntu wopita kumunda wamaphunziro.
Kubwereranso. {
} {

}: distro yoyang'ana chitetezo, maukonde ndi makina opulumutsa.
gNewSense. {
} {

}: ndi amodzi mwa ma distros "omasuka kwathunthu", malinga ndi FSF.
Ubuntu Studio. {
} {

}: distro yotsogola pakusintha makanema ojambula pamakanema, makanema ndi zithunzi. Ngati ndinu woyimba, iyi ndi distro yabwino. Zabwino kwambiri, komabe, ndi nyimbo.
ndi zina zambiri ...

Kutengera Red Hat

Red Hat. {
} {

}: Ili ndiye mtundu wamalonda wozikidwa pa Fedora. Ngakhale mitundu yatsopano ya Fedora imatuluka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse kapena apo, ma RHEL nthawi zambiri amatuluka miyezi 6 mpaka 18 iliyonse. RHEL ili ndi ntchito zingapo zowonjezera zomwe zimayambira bizinesi yake (chithandizo, maphunziro, kufunsira, kutsimikizira, etc.).
Fedora. {
} {

}: Poyambira potengera Red Hat, momwe zinthu ziliri pano zasintha ndipo kwenikweni lero Red Hat imadyetsedwa mmbuyo kapena kutengera zochulukirapo kuposa Fed Hat ya Fedora. Ndi amodzi mwamapulogalamu otchuka kwambiri, ngakhale posachedwapa akutaya otsatira ambiri m'manja mwa Ubuntu ndi zotengera zake. Komabe, zimadziwikanso kuti opanga ma Fedora apereka ndalama zambiri popanga mapulogalamu aulere kuposa omwe akupanga Ubuntu (omwe adayang'ana kwambiri pazowonera, kapangidwe ndi zokongoletsa).
CentOS. {
} {

}: Ichi ndi choyerekeza pamiyeso ya kugawidwa kwa Red Hat Enterprise Linux RHEL Linux, yopangidwa ndi odzipereka kuchokera ku kachidindo komwe adatulutsa Red Hat.
Linux Yasayansi. {
} {

}: distro yotengera kafukufuku wasayansi. Imasungidwa ndi malo opangira ma CERN ndi Fermilab Physics.
ndi zina zambiri ...

Kutengera Slackware

Slackware. {
} {

}: Ndikugawana kwakale kwambiri kwa Linux komwe kuli koyenera. Idapangidwa ndi zolinga ziwiri m'malingaliro: kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta komanso kukhazikika. Amakonda kwambiri "ma geek" ambiri, ngakhale lero siotchuka kwambiri.
zenwalk linux. {
} {

}: ndi distro yopepuka kwambiri, yolimbikitsidwa pakukonzekera kwakale ndipo imayang'ana kwambiri pazida zapaintaneti, matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi mapulogalamu.
Linux Vector. {
} {

}: Iyi ndi distro yomwe ikudziwika. Zimakhazikitsidwa ndi slackware, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotetezeka komanso zolimba, ndipo zimaphatikizira zida zake zosangalatsa.
ndi zina zambiri ...

Chokhazikika ku Mandriva

chuck. {
} {

}: Poyamba kutengera Red Hat. Cholinga chake ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi Ubuntu: kukopa ogwiritsa ntchito atsopano ku Linux popereka njira yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso yachilengedwe. Tsoka ilo, mavuto ena azachuma a kampani yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa distro iyi adapangitsa kuti isatchuka kwambiri.
Mageia. {
} {

}: Mu 2010, gulu la omwe kale anali a Mandriva, mothandizidwa ndi anthu ammudzimo, adalengeza kuti apanga foloko ya Mandriva Linux. Kugawidwa kwatsopano kotsogola kotchedwa Mageia kudapangidwa.
PCLinuxOS. {
} {

}: kutengera Mandriva, koma masiku ano ndikutali kwambiri. Ndikutchuka kwambiri. Zimaphatikizapo zida zingapo (chosungira, ndi zina zambiri).
Kutulutsa. {
} {

}: Uku ndikugawana pang'ono kwa Linux kutengera PCLinuxOS, komwe kumayang'ana pa zida zakale.
ndi zina zambiri ...

Odziimira okha

Tsegulani. {
} {

}: Umenewu ndi mtundu waulere wa SUSE Linux Enterprise, woperekedwa ndi Novell. Ndi amodzi mwamapulogalamu otchuka kwambiri, ngakhale akutaya nthaka.
Puppy linux. {
} {

} - Ndi 50 MB yokha kukula, komabe imapereka njira yogwirira ntchito bwino. Zotsimikizika kwathunthu pamalingaliro akale.
Arch Linux. {
} {

}: Malingaliro ake ndikusintha ndikusintha zonse pamanja. Lingaliro ndikupanga makina anu "kuyambira pachiyambi", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuyika kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Komabe, ikakhala ndi zida ndi njira yofulumira, yokhazikika komanso yotetezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi "rolling release" distro zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zosinthazo ndizokhazikika ndipo sikofunikira kupita kuchokera kumtundu umodzi kupita kwina monga ku Ubuntu ndi ma distros ena. Akulimbikitsidwa ma geek ndi anthu omwe akufuna kudziwa momwe Linux imagwirira ntchito.
Gentoo. {
} {

}: cholinga chake ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi chidziwitso cha kachitidwe kameneka.
Sabayon (kutengera Gentoo) {
} {

}: Sabayon Linux imasiyana ndi Gentoo Linux chifukwa mutha kukhazikitsa kwathunthu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito maphukusi onse kuti mukhale nayo. Kukhazikitsa koyambirira kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mapaketi oyambira a binary.
Linux Yocheperako. {
{

}: distro yabwino kwambiri pazakale.
Watts. {
} {

}: "green" distro yomwe cholinga chake ndi kusunga mphamvu.
Slitaz. {
} {

}: "kuwala" distro. Zosangalatsa kwambiri pazakale zakale.
ndi zina zambiri ...

Zolemba zina zosangalatsa

Ndondomeko yothandizira pang'onopang'ono

Zoyenera kuchita mutakhazikitsa ...?

Kuti muwone ma distros ambiri (kutengera kutchuka kutchuka) | Kusokoneza
Kuti muwone zolemba zonse zolumikizidwa ndi distros \ {

}