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Kuwana mahara
Izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti zvemahara kuwana (muChirungu, kuvhurika mukana) ndiko kwemahara, nekukasira, uye kusingabvumidzwe kuwana kune edzidzo neyezvidzidzo zvemadhijitari, kunyanya zvinyorwa zvekutsvagisa zvesainzi kubva mumajenali ane hunyanzvi hwekuongorora (peer review)
Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero mushandisi wega anogona kuverenga, kurodha pasi, kuteedzera, kugovera, kupurinda, kutsvaga kana kubatanidza zvinyorwa zvizere zvesainzi, uye wozvishandisa pasina zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvezvehupfumi, zvemutemo kana zvehunyanzvi pane izvo zvinounzwa neInternet pachayo. Mukudzoka, vanyori veaya mabasa vanogona kushambadzira zvavakawana zvakanyanya, zvichiwedzera kuonekera kwavo uye mukurumbira, pamwe nenhamba yezvinyorwa kumabasa avo.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kuwana kwemahara inzira yemahara uye yakavhurika yekuwana zvinyorwa zvedzidzo nesainzi. Inotambanudzirawo kune zvimwe zvemadhijitari izvo izvo vanyori zvavanoshuvira kuti zviwanikwe pachena kune vashandisi vepamhepo.
Kunyange chiri chokwadi kuti hapana chinhu chakadai se "ruzivo rwemahara kana ruzivo", sezvo paine mari inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwayo, kuuya kwetekinoroji nyowani kwakaita kuti kuunganidzwa nekuparadzirwa kwayo kuwedzere hupfumi (ingave zvinhu zvekudzidzisa). , sainzi kana chimwewo chinhu). Nechikonzero ichi, avo vanodzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu vese pasina zvirambidzo, vanopokana kuti izvi zvinongogoneka nekuda kwekubuda kweInternet, iyo inobvumidza kuwanikwa kweruzivo munguva chaiyo pasina muripo.
Chekupedzisira, pfungwa yekuwana mahara ruzivo inogona kushanda kune zvimwe zvinhu zvehupenyu, senge ruzivo rwunogadzirwa nemasangano ehurumende, makambani evashandi veveruzhinji, nezvimwe.
Asi, hazvigoneke kuita yechokwadi yemahara yekuwana ruzivo kana isu tisina mahara emahara.
Mahara zviyero
Kana tichitaura nezve zviyero, isu tinowanzo tarisa kune mafomati uye / kana maprotocol. Mune mazwi akajairika, chiyero chakavhurika chinotsanangurwa neruzhinji kuti uite rimwe basa.
Rondedzero yacho inofanirwa kunge yakagadziriswa mune yakavhurika indasitiri yese uye zvakare inofanira kuona kuti chero munhu anogona kuishandisa pasina kubhadhara mari dzesimba kana kuendesa mamiriro kune chero munhu. Nekutendera munhu wese kuti awane nekushandisa zviyero, vanogona kuwedzera uye kubvumidza kuwirirana pamwe nekudyidzana pakati pezvakasiyana Hardware nesoftware zvinhu, nekuti chero munhu ane ruzivo rwehunyanzvi ruzivo uye zviwanikwa anogona kuvaka zvigadzirwa zvinoshanda neizvo zvevamwe vatengesi, vanogovana chiyero mukati dhizaini yavo.
Saka chii chinonzi chiyero? Vamwe vanhu vanotenda kuti kana IETF kana iyo W3C ichibvumira protocol kana fomati, ipapo inozove yakajairwa. Asi kuimisa haisi nyaya yekubvumidzwa nesangano; asi, iwo mubvunzo wekugamuchirwa mu "nharaunda." Ndeipi nharaunda? Iyo yakaoma network yemapurojekiti, zvido, vanhu nemasangano anovandudza nekushandisa aya matekinoroji. Kune mienzaniso mizhinji yemiyero isina kugadzirwa nemitumbi iyi uye iyo yakagamuchirwa, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwavo kwakawanda, seyero. Mamwe acho haatombovhurike zvimiro (semuenzaniso, iyo DOC -MS Izwi- kana PPS-MS PowerPoint- fomati). Nekudaro, kunyange hazvo mazhinji emahara software mapurojekiti anoenderana neyakavhurika matanho (semuenzaniso, Apache zvinoenderana neyakavhurika HTTP protocol, Mozilla paHTML / CSS / Javascript, Sendmail paSMTP, nezvimwewo) kune zvakare zvigadzirwa zvechivako zvinoenderana neizvo. zviyero (IIS, IE, Shanduko).
Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuiswa kweyakavhurika zvirevo hazvireve kuti kubviswa kwesoftware yekambani, sekushandisa kwemitemo yekambani hazvireve, pachezvayo, kufa kwemapurojekiti emahara anoenderana nematanho iwayo. Isu tinoona izvi mumahofisi masutu senge Abiword kana OpenOffice: ese ari maviri anoverenga uye anotendera kuumbwa kwemagwaro mune Microsoft yakavharwa fomati DOC neimwe nhanho yechokwadi. Isu tinoonawo izvi munzvimbo yekutumira mameseji nemakasitoma akaita saKunzwira tsitsi kana Pidgin iyo inobvumidza vashandisi kubatana kuburikidza neJabber network (inova yakavhurika protocol), uyezve kuburikidza ne "proprietary" masevhisi anoshandiswa nevamwe vatengi. Mameseji ( CHIMWE, ICQ, MSN uye Yahoo). Kune rimwe divi, isu takati zviyero zvakavharwa hazvireve kuti kufa kwemahara software mapurojekiti. Nekudaro, kushandiswa kweyakavhurika zviyero kunopa vanogadzira masoftware rusununguko rukuru (sezvo ivo vasingafanire kubhadhara mvumo kune rezinesi kuti vashandise iwo muyero - ingave iri protocol, fomati, nezvimwewo) uye haiganhuririse mikana yavo kune izvo zvido, zvishuwo nezvido zvevagadziri vematanho iwayo. Nehurombo, mune izvo zviitiko, vagadziri vemapurojekiti emahara havatombozama kuita semakopi ane hunhu sezvinobvira eanoshanda uye maficha anopihwa ne "zvekutanga" zvirongwa nerutsigiro rweaya matanho (zvinoitika neDOC, PPS uye mamwe akawanda mafomati akavharwa uye maprotocol ).
Kune rimwe divi, hazvisi chete kuti hazvidiwe kuti izvo izvi zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinounza pamwechete makambani makuru mumusika zvitaure zvoita zvoga zvova mwero, nekuti izvi zvinoda kugamuchirwa kwenharaunda, asi mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyangwe 'open standard' hunhu hunogona kutobvunzwa sezvo senge zvimwe zvese muhupenyu, zvese zvinovira kumubvunzo wesimba: makambani makuru anowanzo sarudza kudzora zviyero (kungave kuve kana kukanganisa zvisikwa zvinozvisika). Ndosaka vachiwanzo "kutonga" idzi dzinofungidzirwa mitumbi, seIETF kana W3C, kana MPEG mubatanidzwa kana Open Mobile Alliance. Kazhinji, zviyero zvakagadzirwa nemitumbi iyi zvinosiya zvido nemifungo yemakambani madiki kana zvakatonyanya, zvevashandisi vekupedzisira (zvakaipa here ndikati idzowo dzeMatunhu kana idzo diki dzeAmerica?).
Free software
Yemahara software (muChirungu yemahara software, iri zita zvakare dzimwe nguva rinovhiringidzwa neremahara nekuda kwezviri zvinoreva zvinoreva Chirungu mahara muSpanish) izita reiyo software inoremekedza rusununguko rwevashandisi maererano nezvavakatenga zvigadzirwa uye, nekudaro, Yakambowanikwa. , inogona kushandiswa zvakasununguka, kuteedzerwa, kudzidza, kushandurwa uye kugoverwa patsva. Zvinoenderana neFree Software Foundation, yemahara software inoreva rusununguko rwevashandisi kumhanya, kuteedzera, kugovera, kudzidza, kugadzirisa software, uye kugovera software yakashandurwa.
Yemahara software inowanzo kuwanikwa mahara, kana pamutengo wekugovera kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira; Zvisinei, hazvisi zvekumanikidzwa kuti izvi zviitike, saka mahara software haifanire kusangana ne "software yemahara" (inowanzoidzwa kunzi freeware), nekuti, ichiri kuchengetedza hunhu hwayo yemahara, inogona kugoverwa nekutengesa ("software yekutengesa"). Saizvozvowo, "yemahara" kana "yemahara" software dzimwe nguva inosanganisira kodhi kodhi; zvisinei, mhando iyi yesoftware haina mahara mupfungwa imwechete semahara software, kunze kwekunge kodzero dzekugadzirisa uye kugovera patsva dzakashandurwa shanduro dzechirongwa dzakavimbiswa.
Kana software yemahara haifanirwe kuvhiringidzwa ne "yeruzhinji domain software." Iyi yekupedzisira isoftware isingade rezinesi, nekuti kodzero dzayo dzekushandisa ndedzevanhu vese, nekuti ndezvevose zvakaenzana. Chero ani zvake anogona kuishandisa, nguva dzose nekuda kwemutemo uye nekutaura kumisikidzwa kwayo kwekutanga. Iyi software ichave iri iyo munyori anozvipa kuvanhu kana kuti ane copyright yapera, mushure menguva kubva parufu rweizvi, kazhinji makore makumi manomwe. Kana munyori akagadzirisa mashandisiro ayo pasi pezenisi, zvisinei nekuti angave asina kusimba zvakadii, haisisiri munharaunda yeruzhinji.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve kukosha kwesoftware yemahara ini ndinokurudzira izvi zvimwe zvinyorwa:Chii chiri nyoro. mahara«,«Decalogue ezvinyoro. vakasununguka mudunhu«,«Nei zvakapfava. mahara zvine musoro«, Uye zvimwe zvakatumirwa zvine tag yacho«free software".
Yemahara, yakawanda uye yakavhurika nharaunda
Iyo yemahara standard kana yemahara software chirongwa chinotungamirwa nezvisarudzo zvemakambani makuru hazviite zvine hutano ecosystem. Kuti ibudirire, pamusoro pekubatanidza misiyano mitatu yatakataura pakutanga (kuwana mahara, zviyero zvemahara uye software yemahara), kuvepo kwenzvimbo yakavhurika kwakakosha, mune makambani makuru uye madiki uye kunyangwe vanozvimiririra vanogadzira vanogona kubatana. mamwe epachivande mapurojekiti uye vamwe mahara, nezvimwe. Zvese izvi zvekushandisa zvinofanirwa kugadzira nharaunda yevanogadzira nevashandisi vanogona kugovana ruzivo uye kudzidza kubva kuneumwe neumwe.
Source:
- Vhura Sosi uye Vhura Maitiro
- Wikipedia: Free software, Vhura zviyero,