Inobatsira mirairo yeLinux

Izvi hazviitirwe kuve runyorwa rwakakwana asi ini ndinokuvimbisa iwe kuti iwe unowana chikamu chakanaka cheakajairika uye anobatsira mirairo yeLinux command console. 🙂

General Commandos

cdes
Dhinda meseji inoratidzwa nekernel pakutanga.

depmod -a
Iyo inogadzira iyo faira iine kutsamira kwemamojuru ayo akaiswa kune "Kernel", ndiko kuti, inokwanisa kuona kuti ndeapi ma module anofanirwa kutakurwa kune wechitatu bato kuti ashandiswe mune ino system.

vakasununguka
Zvirangaridzo zvekushandisa manhamba.

ini q
Raira iyo inoverenga ma parameter anowanikwa mu inittab.

insmod
Iyo inogonesa ("mitoro") iyo module inotsanangurwa mumutsara, kuitira kuti "kernel" igone kuishandisa. (Semuenzaniso: insmod ip_alias.o)

ldconfig
Inogadziridza maraibhurari anoshandiswa nesisitimu, zvinokurudzirwa kuti umhanye iyo nguva yega yega chirongwa painoiswa.

lsmod
Iyo inoratidza iyo ruzivo maererano nema module anogoneswa nekernel.

pagomo
Inobvumira system partitions, maCD-ROM, mafiropisi kuti averenge pane ino sisitimu. Maitiro ayo: mount -t. Onawo / etc / fstab .ón>
smbmountpa>
Zvakafanana nemirairo yegomo, kunze kwekuti uyu murairo unoshandiswa kukamura zvikamu muSamba .ón>
smbumountpa>
Inoshandiswa kudzima zvikamu zvakagadziriswa nesimbmoon>
gadzirirapa>
Inopa menyu yekumisikidza akasiyana system parameter (Ruzha, Xwindow, Mouse ..) .on>
locatepa>
Gadziridza iyo dhatabhesi iyo inoshandiswa kutsvaga mafaera neiyo locate raira .ón>
Statpa>
Iyo inoratidza yakadzama ruzivo nezve yakatarwa faira senge: kuchinjisa uye shanduko misi, faira muridzi ... nezvimwe pa>
umountpa>
Bvisa chikamu chakaratidzwa, ma parameter anotorwa nemutemo uyu akafanana neaya egomo
uname -apa>
Zadzisa ruzivo nezve «Host» .ón>
nguvapa>
Yazvino nguva, nguva iyo system yanga ichimhanya kubva yekupedzisira "reboot", vashandisi vakabatana kuseva, system mutoro mune yekupedzisira 1,5 uye 15 maminetsi.
hostnamepa>
Zita re «Host» .ón>
chkconfigpa>
Uyu wekuraira unoratidza ruzivo nezve mazinga ekuuraya e "zvinyorwa" zviri mudhairekitori /etc/rc.d/init.dón>
pa>
Code:

chkconfig --list httpd Uyu murairo unoratidza: httpd 0 ff 1 ff 2 ff 3 n 4 n 5 n 6 ff

Izvo zviri pamusoro zvinoratidza kuti kana bhuti level 3 ichishandiswa, iyo httpd "script" mu /etc/rc.d/init.d dhairekitori ichagamuchira iyo "kutanga" nharo, kana boot level 6 ichimhanya, httpd ichagamuchira nharo " mira ", nezvimwe.

Kugadziridza yakanangana ne "kutanga" nharo:

Code:

chkconfig --add --level

Kugadziridza yakanangana ne "mira" nharo:

Code:

chkconfig -del --level

* Izvo chaizvo zvinobva ku /etc/rc.d/rc [0-6] madhairekitori uko ruzivo rwainoratidza rwunobva chkconfig.

ntsysv
Icho chishandiso chinomira chine mashandiro akafanana ne chkconfigMusiyano ndewekuti chishandiso ichi chinoratidza ese "zvinyorwa" nedanho, ndiko kuti, kana kuraira ntsysv -level 3 kuchishandiswa, girafu rinoratidza chinzvimbo "mira" kana "tanga" chese "zvinyorwa" zvedanho bhutsu 3. Izvi zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa nenzira imwecheteyo: ntsysv -level 5, ntsysv -level 0, nezvimwe.

Like chkconfig, ntsysv inogadzirisa uye inotora ruzivo runowanikwa mu /etc/rc.d/rc [0-6 madhairekitori]

Network Nharaunda Inoraira

Mune Network Zvakatipoteredza 

hondo
Sarudza iyo IP kero ye "Host", inomiririra -a inoratidza zvese ruzivo rweDNS.

ifconfig
Inokutendera iwe kumisikidza network sisitimu uye uone chimiro chayo. Icho chiri muchimiro ifconfig, semuenzaniso: ifconfig eth0

kana
Inogonesa iyo yakatarwa interface, semuenzaniso: ifup eth0.

kana pasi
Dzima iyo yakatarwa interface, semuenzaniso: ifdown eth0.

netstat -a
Yese mambure ekubatanidza akatanga uye akatambirwa neiyo «Inotambira»

netstat -r
Inoratidzira iyo tafura yekufambisa tafura

netstat -i
Network manhamba eiyo yega interface

nlookup
Tarisa ruzivo mumaseva eDNS, semuenzaniso: nslookup -query = mx osomosis.com, kana pasina parameter yakatsanangurwa, inopinda nzira yekudyidzana.

ping -s 1016
Iyo inotumira ping mapaketi emakumi gumi nemaviri mabheti (musoro masere mabheti), nepo iyo "default" iri 1024.

nzira wedzera
Iyo inobvumidza kuwedzera matafura etafura kuenda uye kubva ku «Host». Semuenzaniso: Kutungamira rese ruzivo rwe netiweki 206.171.55.16 netmask 255.255.255.240 kuburikidza neiyo eth0 interface:

Code:

nzira yekuwedzera -net 206.171.55.16 255.255.255.240 eth0

Kufambisa nzira dzese kuburikidza nehumwe interface ("Default Gateway"):


Code:

nzira wedzera default gw 206.171.55.51 eth0

Izvi zvinotumira ruzivo rwese kuburikidza nekero 206.171.55.51

nzira -n:
Inoratidza tafura yekufambisa yeiyo «Inotambira». ONA: "IP Forwarding" inofanira kunge iri mu / etc / sysconfig / network, zvakare "kernel" inofanira kugadzirirwa "IP Forwarding".

smbclient
Inoshanda seye FTP mutengi, iyo inoteedzera kubatana kuchaitwa kuburikidza neSamba.

tcpdump
Inobvumira kubviswa kweiyo interface pane iye Anogamuchira.

test parm
Tarisa iko kweiyo smb.conf faira rinoshandiswa naSamba.

Mirairo yeKushandisa Kudzora

Maitiro ekugadzirisa:

ps -aux
Iyo inoratidza ese masisitimu maitiro, ane zita uye nguva yekutanga.

kuuraya
Iyo inoshandiswa kutumira ma sign kune Unix maitiro.
* kuuraya -HUP: Saina iyo yakaverengwa maitiro kuti uverenge ayo ekugadzirisa mafaira zvakare.
* kuuraya -INT: Maka maitiro acho nenhamba, inozokanganiswa.
* kuuraya -TERM: Inoratidza maitiro nenhamba, iyo inofanira kupedzisa, kusiyana -KILL, iyi sarudzo inopa mukana wekuti maitiro apedze.
* kuuraya -STOP: Maka maitiro acho nenhamba, mira kwechinguva.
* kuuraya -CONT: Inoratidza maitiro nenhamba, iyo yandakaenderera mberi, uyu murairo unoshandiswa kutangazve maitiro akaiswa -STOP.
* kuuraya -KILL: Inoratidza maitiro nenhamba, kupedzisa nekukasira, maitiro acho anogumiswa pakarepo.

killall Kusiyana nekuuraya, killall inokutendera kuti usayine maitiro acho nezita. Tumira iyo -TERM chiratidzo kunzira ine zita rakatsanangurwa. ONA: Nechekuita iyo chiratidzo chakatorwa nekuuraya uye killall i -TERM.

ps -l Uyu murairo unoratidza ma paramita maviri PRI uye NI. Iyo PRI paramende inoratidza izvo zvazvino kukoshesa maitiro, ayo akaverengerwa neiyo inoshanda sisitimu, iyo NI kukosha inozotarisirwa kana uchigadza iyo PRI. * Chii chinonzi NI? : NI inonzi "nhamba yakanaka", nhamba iyi inotsanangurwa ne "superuser" ("mudzi") kana muridzi wechiitiko ichi uye chinokanganisa kurongeka kwekupedzisira kwePRI, inopa kukoshesa kune vasina kunyorova. -20 (zvishoma zvinyoro = zvakanyanya kukoshesa) uye makumi maviri (zvakanyanya kupfava = zvishoma kukosha)

zvakanaka Uyu murairo unodudza iyo NI nhamba yenhamba yega yega maitiro.

* yakanaka -10 inonzi: Izvi zvinodzora kukosha kwekutanga kwakatumidzwa nezvikamu gumi (kana yaive -10, ichaenda -10).
* yakanaka +10 inonzi: Izvi zvinowedzera kukoshesa kwakatumidzwa nezvidimbu gumi (dai yaive 10, zvaizoenda ku +0).

snice uye renice Iko kushanda kumwe chete seNice, kunze kwekunge iko kuchishandisa iyo nhamba yekuita:
* yakanaka -10

& Iyo & inoshandiswa kuratidza kuti maitiro acho anofanirwa kumhanya kumashure.

pamusoro Ichi chishandiso chinotarisa akasiyana masisitimu zviwanikwa uye iine hunhu hunesimba, inoratidza CPU mashandiro pane imwe nzira, huwandu hwendangariro, nguva kubvira kutanga kwayo, nezvimwe. vmstat Iyo yakafanana chaizvo nepamusoro sezvo iri condensation ye system masisitimu, kuitira kuti chishandiso ichi chishande, nharo dzinofanirwa kudomwa: vmstat -n

atUyu murairo unokutendera iwe kuronga zvimwe zviitiko pane imwe nguva, semuenzaniso: na22: 00, iwo wekutanga kuraira unovhura «kukurumidza» kwechimiro pa>, pane ino «kukurumidza» iwe unodoma mirairo yese yaunoda kuita, mu iyi kesi na22: 00, kana zvataurwa, Ctlrl -d inoshandiswa kubuda.

Paunenge wapedza, mirairo ichave yakarongerwa kumhanya panguva yakatarwa, iyo / var / spool / pane dhairekitori rine basa racho.

Iwo atq rairo inoratidza iwo ari kumabasa ari kumirira, uye iyo atrm yekuraira

bvisa basa rakarongwa ne pa. Onawo /etc/at.deny uye /etc/at.allow

crontabSenge pane inotsanangudza iyo nguva iyo "script" chirongwa ichamhanya, crontab ine inotevera fomu: maminetsi maawa mazuva mwedzi end_of_week mushandisi_name chirevo nharo
Muenzaniso unotevera unomhanyisa Oracle.pl chirongwa chega chega cheawa zuva rega rega:

Code:

30 * * * * mudzi / usr/oracle.pl

Kana iwe uchida kuzviita pamwedzi:

Code:

01 3 1 * * mudzi / usr/oracle.pl

Izvo zviri pamusoro zvichaita oracle.pl zuva rekutanga remwedzi wega wega, na3: 01AM.

Kutsanangura cron mabasa, mushandisi wega wega anochengeta faira mu / var / spool / cron / dhairekitori, dhairekitori iri rinowanikwa nemushandisi wega wega necrontab -e raira

Kuitwa kwe crontab kunoitwa nekuda kweiyo / etc / crontab faira iyo inotsanangura mabasa ecrontab neawa, zuva, vhiki nemwedzi, nenzira iyi mushandisi anongodiwa chete kuisa faira mune zvinoenderana madhairekitori: /etc/cron.hourly | /etc/cron.daily | /etc/cron.weekly | /etc/cron.mwedzi

Mirairo yeRekodhi neSystem

Kudzora kweRegista «Matanda» 

muswe
Inokutendera iwe kuti uone kupera kwefaira, uyu murairo unobatsira sezvo marogi mafaira «matanda» anogara achikura muswe --f / var / log / meseji

Iwe unogona zvakare kudoma huwandu hwemitsara iyo inofanirwa kucherechedzwa:

Code:

muswe --f - mutsara 15 / var / log / mameseji

Uyu wekumusoro kuraira unoratidza ekupedzisira gumi nemashanu mitsara yefaira ("default" = 15). The -f Inochengeta iyo faira yakavhurika kuti iwe ugone kuitarisa sezvo zviitiko zvinowedzerwa.

Kugadziriswa kweSystem 
# / usr / sbin / sndconfig: Inoshandiswa inoshandiswa kugadzirisa kurira kwesisitimu.
# / bin / netconf: Inogadziriswa inoshandiswa kugadzirisa Network Interfaces.

Kutungamira Kuraira

sysctl
Tsananguro: Gadzira kernel parameter panguva yekumhanya.
Mienzaniso: sysctl -a

chirungu
Tsananguro: inoratidza iyo system miganho (yakanyanya kuvhura mafaira, nezvimwewo)
Mienzaniso: ulimit

adduser
Tsananguro: wedzera system mushandisi.
Mienzaniso: adduser pepe, adduser -s / bin / nhema pepe

mushandisi
Tsananguro: = bvisa mushandisi kubva kuhurongwa
Mienzaniso: userdel pepe

mushandisi mod
Tsananguro: = gadzirisa mushandisi wemushandisi
Mienzaniso: usermod -s / bin / bash pepe

df
Tsananguro: = diski mahara. iripo disk nzvimbo. Inonyanya kubatsira.
Mienzaniso: df, df -h

zvakafanana
Tsananguro: = unix zita. Ruzivo nezve mhando yeunix yatiri, kernel, nezvimwe.
Mienzaniso: zvakafanana, zvisina kufanana -a

netstat
Tsananguro: ruzivo nezve inoshanda network yekubatanidza.
Mienzaniso: netstat, netstat -ln, netstat -l, netstat -a

ps
Tsananguro: = tsvaga ruzivo rwese nezvekumhanya maitiro.
Mienzaniso: ps, ps -axf, ps -A, ps -auxf

vakasununguka
Tsananguro: inoratidza mamiriro eiyo RAM uye SWAP.
Mienzaniso: mahara

ping
Tsananguro: network chishandiso chekutarisa pakati pezvimwe zvinhu kana isu tikasvika kure kure Inotambira.
Mienzaniso: ping www.rediris.es

mutsaroc
Tsananguro: network chishandiso chinotiratidza nzira yekuenda kune mumwe muchina.
Mienzaniso: traceroute www.rediris.es

du
Tsananguro: = disk shandisa. disk kushandiswa. Inoratidza iyo nzvimbo inogarwa pane diski.
Mienzaniso: du *, du -sH / *, du -sH / nezvimwe

ifconfig
Tsananguro: = interface yekumisikidza. kumisikidzwa kwenzvimbo dzemumbure, modemu, nezvimwe.
Mienzaniso: ifconfig, ifconfig eth0 ip netmask 255.255.255.0

nzira
Tsananguro: inogadzirisa nzira kune mamwe maratidziro.
Mienzaniso: nzira, nzira -n

iptraf
Tsananguro: Inoratidza ZVESE IP, UDP, ICMP traffic traffic mune yekushandisa koni.
Iyo inobvumidza kushandiswa kwemasefa, uye INONYANYA KUSHANDISA pakuongorora uye kugadzirisa maburi emoto
Mienzaniso: iptraf

tcpdump
Tsananguro: inokanda zvirimo zve network network.
Mienzaniso: tcpdump, tcpdump -u

lsof
Tsananguro: inoratidza mafaera (maraibhurari, kubatana) anoshandiswa neese maitiro
Mienzaniso: lsof, lsof -i, lsof | grep faira

lsmod
Tsananguro: Inoratidza iyo kernel module dzakatakurwa.
Mienzaniso: lsmod

modprobe
Tsananguro: Inoedza kuisa module, kana ikaiwana, isa iyo asi kwechinguva.
Mienzaniso: modprobe ip_tables, modprobe eepro100

rmmod
Tsananguro: Bvisa kernel module dzakatakurwa
Mienzaniso: rmmod

nhuhwidza
Tsananguro: Sniffer kana snooper yeese network traffic. Izvo hazviwanzo kuiswa ne default.
Mienzaniso: sniffit -i

vamwe

ls
Tsananguro: = rondedzero. rondedzero yezvinyorwa zviri mukati.
Mienzaniso: ls, ls -l, ls -fl, ls -color

cp
Tsananguro: = kopi. kuteedzera mafaera / madhairekitori.
Mienzaniso: cp -rfp / tmp dhairekitori, cp faira nyowani_file

rm
Tsananguro: = bvisa. bvisa mafaera / madhairekitori.
Mienzaniso: rm -f faira, rm -rf dhairekitori, rm -i faira

mkdir
Tsananguro: = gadzira dir. gadzira madhairekitori.
Mienzaniso: mkdir dhairekitori

iri rm
Tsananguro: = bvisa dir. bvisa madhairekitori, iwo anofanira kunge asina chinhu.
Mienzaniso: rmdir dhairekitori

mv
Tsananguro: = famba. rename kana kufambisa mafaera / madhairekitori.
Mienzaniso: mv dhairekitori, mv faira nyowani-zita, mv faira a_directory

zuva
Tsananguro: system date manejimendi, inogona kutariswa uye kusetwa.
Mienzaniso: zuva, zuva 10091923

nhoroondo
Tsananguro: inoratidza nhoroondo yemirairo yakapinda nemushandisi.
Mienzaniso: nhoroondo | zvimwe

zvimwe
Tsananguro: inoratidza zvirimo mufaira zvine kumbomira yega yega 25 mitsara.
Mienzaniso: yakawanda faira

grep
Tsananguro: kusefa zvirimo mune iyo faira.
Mienzaniso: kati faira | tambo yegrep

katsi
Tsananguro: inoratidza zvese zvirimo mufaira pasina kumbomira.
Mienzaniso: kati faira

chmod
Tsananguro: chinja mvumo yekuverenga / kunyora / kuuraya mafaera / madhairekitori.
Mienzaniso: chmod + r faira, chmod + w dhairekitori, chmod + rw dhairekitori -R, chmod -r faira

chown
Tsananguro: = chinja muridzi. chinja mvumo yemushandisi: boka remafaira / madhairekitori.
Mienzaniso: chown midzi: mudzi faira, chown pello: vashandisi dhairekita -R

tar
Item Tsananguro: = Tape ARchiver. faira yekuchengetedza.
Mienzaniso: tar cvf file.tar dhairekitori, tar xvf faira.tar, tar zcvf file.tgz dhairekitori, tar zxvf file.tgz

pfuti
Tsananguro: ZIP inoenderana decompressor.
Mienzaniso: gunzip faira

rpm
Tsananguro: Redhat package maneja. Kuisa kana kugadzirisa software software.
Mienzaniso: rpm -i package.rpm, rpm -qa program, rpm –force package.rpm, rpm -q –info program

pagomo
Tsananguro: gadzira yakaoma dhiraivha, floppy, cdrom.
Mienzaniso: mount / dev / hda2 / mnt / lnx, mount / dev / hdb1 / mnt -t vfat

umount
Tsananguro: disassemble zvikamu.
Mienzaniso: umount / dev / hda2, umount / mnt / lnx

wget
Tsananguro: chirongwa chekurodha pasi mafaera kuburikidza ne http kana ftp.
Mienzaniso: wget http://www.rediris.es/documento.pdf

lynx
Tsananguro: webhu bhurawuza ine ftp sarudzo, https.
Mienzaniso: lynx www.zorodcom.com, lynx -source http://www.ibercom.com/script.sh | sh

ftp
Tsananguro: mutengi ftp.
Mienzaniso: ftp ftp.ibercom.com

ndiani
Tsanangudzo: domain whois.
Mienzaniso: whois anonet.com

ani
Tsanangudzo: Inoratidza vashandisi vehurongwa avo vakapinda mukati.
Mienzaniso: ndiani, w, ini ndiri ani

tsamba
Tsananguro: kutumira uye kuverenga email.
Mienzaniso: tsamba pepe@ibercom.com <faira, tsamba -v pepe@ibercom.com <faira
kworudzii
Tsananguro: mhando yezvirimo mufaira.
Mienzaniso: kati / nezvimwe / nhamba | mhando, ls | ronga

ln
Tsananguro: = chinongedzo. kugadzira zvinongedzo, mapfupi.
Mienzaniso: ln -s / dhairekitori link

muswe
Tsananguro: inoratidza kumagumo (gumi mitsara) yefaira.
Mienzaniso: muswe -f / var / log / maillog, muswe -100 / var / log / maillog | zvimwe

Musoro
Tsananguro: inoratidza musoro (gumi mitsara) yefaira.
Mienzaniso: musoro faira, musoro -100 / var / log / maillog | zvimwe

faira
Tsananguro: inotitaurira rudzi rwefaira iri.
Mienzaniso: faira faira, faira *

mabviro: Crystalb