Madhairekitori akarongeka sei muGNU / Linux?

Vazhinji vedu takadzidza kushandisa komputa yedu nekuda kweimwe vhezheni yeWindows. Imwe yehunyanzvi hwekutanga hwavanotidzidzisa (kana zvirinani kuti ndizvo zvakaitika kwandiri) kubata ruzivo rwedu rwune midziyo yedu, kungave pane hard drive kana media inobviswa (ndichiri kuyeuka vadzidzisi vangu vachitora bvunzo nezve mafambiro, kuteedzera, kugadzira, kuronga uye kutsvaga mafaera nemaforodha mukati mechirongwa, avo vakomana vakaremerwa nemaneja wefaira weWin 3.1 XD).

Ino nguva tichaona kuti iyo dhairekitori hierarchy muGNU / Linux. Ichokwadi kuti hazvinyanye kukosha kuti uzvizive 100%, asi nditende kuti zvichaita kuti hupenyu hwako huve nyore kuve neruzivo nezvazvo;).

Ini ndinotarisira chinyorwa ichi kushandira iyo mbiri chinangwa chekuva wekukurumidza kuwana gwara, pamwe nekuve referenzi gwaro rezve ramangwana rekunongedzera. Kune izvi, iyo ruzivo iyo, ini ndinotenda, yakawanda "Nyanzvi" iri mune rakakundikana kara kuyedza nekurerutsa kuverenga nekukurumidza.

General chimiro chemadhairekitori

Mune iyo UNIX faira system (uye nezvimwe, seGNU / Linux), kune akati wandei madiki-madhairekitori ane madhairekitori ane akawanda uye akasiyana ekuchengetedza uye ehurongwa mashandiro muhurongwa hwese. Aya madhairekitori anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvinotevera:

<° Kunofambira mberi: Iine mafaera asingashanduke pasina kupindira kwemutungamiriri (mudzi), zvisinei, anogona kuverengerwa nemumwe mushandisi. (/ bin, / sbin, / opt, / boot, / usr / bin...)

<° Simba: Iine mafaera anochinjika, uye anogona kuverengerwa nekunyorwa (mamwe chete newavo mushandisi uye mudzi). Izvo zvine marongero, zvinyorwa, nezvimwe. (/ var / mail, / var / spool, / var / run, / var / kukiya, / kumba...)

<° Yakagovaniswa: Iine mafaera anogona kuwanikwa pane imwe komputa uye anoshandiswa pane imwe, kana kutogovaniswa pakati pevashandisi.

<° Yakatemerwa: Iyo ine mafaera asingakwanise kugoverwa, iwo anongogadziriswa nemutungamiriri. (/ nezvimwe, / boot, / var / run, / var / kukiya...)

mudzi: izita rakajairika reakaundi account iyo ine kodzero dzese mumamodhi ese (asina kuroora kana akawanda mushandisi). Mudzi unonziwo superuser. Kazhinji iyi ndiyo account yemutungamiri. Mushandisi wemidzi anogona kuita zvinhu zvakawanda izvo mushandisi akajairika asingakwanise, sekushandura muridzi kana mvumo yemafaira uye kusunga kune mashoma madoko chiteshi. Hazvikurudzirwi kushandisa mushandisi wemidzi kwechikamu chakareruka chekushandisa nguva dzose, sezvo ichiisa iyo sisitimu panjodzi nekuvimbisa mukana wekuwana mukana kune yega purogiramu inomhanya. Zvirinani kushandisa yakajairika account yevashandisi uye shandisa iyo su raira yekuwana mukana midzi kana zvichidikanwa.

Ichi chimiro chinomiririrwa muchimiro chemuti, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo unotevera:

uko mudzi wemuti/) ndiyo hwaro hwese dhairekitori chimiro uye matavi (madhairekitori uye mafaerasimuka kana kuturika kubva ipapo base.

 Dhairekitori chimiro chemuti muGNU / Linux

Kumwe kugoverwa kweLinux kunoita shanduko kune iyo dhairekitori muti, kuti zvienderane nezvavanoda ivo. Zvisinei hazvo muyero uyu unotevera:

Aya ndiwo maratidziro ainoita pakombuta yangu (kunyangwe mune desktop screenshots ini ndinoratidza yangu XD simbi mweya):

Zvakwana zvekudzoka uye ngatipindei muchinyorwa ...

Tsananguro yeiyo edhairekitori remuti chimiro

 

<° / (mudzi): Zvakafanana nedhairekitori remidzi "C: \”PaDOS neWindows anoshanda masystem. Ndicho chikamu chepamusoro-soro mukati mehutongi hwechikamu, ndicho chigadziko chehurongwa hwese (hunosvika kune iyo faira system, kusanganisira ma diski anobviswa [maCD, maDVD, mapeni anotyaira, nezvimwewo]).

<° / bin (binary): Iwo mabhinari ndiwo maLinux anoitwa (akafanana nemafaira .exe Mahwindo). Pano tichava nezvigadziriswe zvechirongwa chekushandisa chaicho zvirongwa.

<° / bhuti (bhuti): Pano isu tinowana mafaera anodikanwa kutanga Linux, kubva kubhootloader yekumisikidza mafaera (Grub - Lilo), kunyange zvake kernel yehurongwa.

Bhuti rinotakura: chirongwa chiri nyore (icho chisina zvese zvinoshanda zvehurongwa hwekushandisa) zvakagadzirirwa chete kugadzirira zvese izvo zvinoda kushanda sisitimu yekushandisa.

Core kana tsanga: iyo software ndiyo inonyanya kukosha chikamu chehurongwa hwekushandisa. Ndiye munhu mukuru ane basa rekupa akasiyana mapurogiramu nekuchengetedzeka kuwana kune komputa Hardware kana nenzira yakakosha, iri mukutarisira manejimendi zviwanikwa, kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekufona masevhisi.

<° / dev (zvishandiso): Iyi dhairekitori ine zvishandiso zvehurongwa, kunyangwe idzo dzisina kupihwa (dzakakwidzwa) dhairekitori, semuenzaniso mamaikorofoni, maprinta, mapeni anotyaira (matanda eUSB) nemidziyo yakakosha (semuenzaniso / dev / null). Linux inobata zvishandiso sekunge yaive imwezve faira kufambisa kuyerera kweruzivo.

/ dev / null kana null mudziyo (null peripheral): iri faira rakakosha rinorasa ruzivo rwese rwakanyorwa kana kuendeswazve mariri. Nekudaro, haina kupa chero dhata kune chero maitiro anoedza kuverenga kubva pairi, kungo dzorera EOF kana kupera kwefaira. Nzira inowanzo shandiswa ndeye redirection, nekuti / dev / null iri rakakosha faira uye kwete dhairekitori; Naizvozvo, haugone kufambisa (mv) kana kuteedzera (cp) mafaera mukati.

<° / nezvimwe (nezvimwewo): Iwo ekumisikidza mafaera ezvirongwa zvakaiswa anochengeterwa pano, pamwe nezvimwe zvinyorwa zvinoitwa mukutanga system. Iko kukosha kweaya mafaira ekumisikidza kunogona kuzadzikiswa kana kutsiviwa nemashandisirwo emafaira emushandisi ayo mumwe nemumwe anayo mu "imba" yavo (yavo yega folda).

• / nezvimwe / sarudza / Kugadziridza mafaera ezvirongwa zvakachengetwa mukati medhairekitori / opt.
  

• / nezvimwe / X11 / Kugadziridza mafaera eX Window System, vhezheni 11.

X: Iri mukutarisira kwekuratidzira ruzivo rwekujeka rwakazvimiririra zvachose pahurongwa hwekushandisa.

• / etc / sgml / Kugadziridza mafaera eSGML.

Mutauro weSGML: Inoitwa nehurongwa hwekurongeka uye kunyora magwaro. Iyo inoshandiswa kutsanangura iyo mitemo yekunyora magwaro uye haina kumanikidza chero yakasarudzika label yakazvimisikidza pachayo.

• / etc / xml / Kugadziridza mafaera eXML.

XML: Iyo yakawedzera tag tag mutauro wakagadzirwa neWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Iko kurerutsa uye kuchinjika kweSGML. Zviri nyore kuita sezvo ichidzivirira zvimwe zvemberi SGML maficha.

<° / imba (imba): Heano mafaira ekugadzirisa emushandisi pamwe nemafaira ega emushandisi (zvinyorwa, mimhanzi, mavhidhiyo, nezvimwewo), kunze kweiyo superuser (manejimendi, mudzi) ine dhairekitori rakasiyana. Zvakafanana ne "Zvinyorwa Zvangu" muWindows.

<° / lib (maraibhurari): Iyo ine akakosha akagovaniswa maraibhurari (asingazivikanwe semaraibhurari) ezvirongwa zvakagamuchirwa, ndiko kuti, zvemabhanari mukati / bin / y / sbin /, maraibhurari eiyo kernel, pamwe nemamojuru uye madhiraivha.

<° / kureva (kureva / zvinoreva): Iine iwo ekumisikidza mapoinzi eanobviswa ekuchengetedza midhiya, senge CD-ROM vaverengi, Pendrives (USB ndangariro), uye inotoshandira kukwirisa zvimwe zvikamu zveiyo yakafanana hard disk, senge chikamu chinoshandiswa neimwe sisitimu inoshanda.

<° / mnt (mounts): Iri dhairekitori rinowanzo shandiswa kwenguva pfupi yekutyaira mounts. Iyo dhairekitori yakafanana ne / midhiya, asi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nevashandisi. Iyo inoshandiswa kukwirisa kwenguva pfupi madhiraivha akaomarara uye zvikamu pahurongwa; iwe haudi password, kusiyana ne / media dhairekitori.

<° / opt (sarudzo): Iyo ine yakasarudzika chirongwa mapakeji ezve static maficha, ndiko kuti, iwo anogona kugovaniswa pakati pevashandisi. Aya maapplication haachengetedze marongero avo mudhairekitori iri; Nenzira iyi, mushandisi wega wega anogona kuve neyakasiyana kumisikidza kwekushandisa kumwe chete, kuti iko kunyorera kugovaniswe asi kwete kumisikidzwa kwekushandisa, uko kunochengetwa mudhairekitori ravo / kumba.

<° / proc (maitiro): Iine kazhinji zvinyorwa zvemafaira, chaiwo mafaira masisitimu ayo anonyora iyo kernel uye chimiro chezviitiko mune zvinyorwa zvinyorwa (semuenzaniso uptime, network).

<° / mudzi (maneja): Iyo imba yemubati / imba (yake chete). Ndiyo yega / kumba izvo zvisina kusanganisirwa -kusavapo- mune dhairekitori rambotaurwa.

<° / sbin (system mabhinari): Yakakosha binary system, mirairo uye zvirongwa zvakasarudzika kune superuser (mudzi), semuenzaniso init, nzira, ifup, senge gomo, umount, kudzima). Mushandisi anogona kumhanya chero eaya ekuraira kunyorera, kana vaine mvumo yakakwana, kana kana vaine superuser password.

<° / srv (masevhisi): Sisitimu ruzivo nezve mamwe masevhisi ayo ainopa (FTP, HTTP ...).

<° / tmp (kwenguva pfupi): Iyo dhairekitori inochengeterwa mafaera echinguvana (semuenzaniso: neInternet browser). Nguva yega yega system painotangwa dhairekitori iri rinoshambidzwa.

<° / usr (vashandisi): Sekondari kutonga kwemushandisi data; ine zvizhinji zvekushandisa uye akawanda-mushandisi mashandisirwo, ndiko kuti, kuwanikwa kune vese vashandisi. Mune mamwe mazwi, iine mafaera akagovaniswa, asi zvakadaro anoverengwa-chete. Iri dhairekitori rinogona kutogovaniswa nemamwe makomputa pane yemuno network.

• / usr / binSet yezvinhu zvinogoneka (zvisiri-zvevashandisi kune vese vashandisi) zvemazhinji desktop desktop pakati pevamwe (semuenzaniso Firefox). Iwo anoverengwa-chete, asi anogona kuve nezvawo marongero emumwe nemumwe mushandisi mu / kumba. Vamwe vanogadzirisa vanogovana maaraibhurari akafanana nemamwe mashandisirwo, saka kazhinji hapana mairaibhurari maviri akafanana pachirongwa chimwe chete, icho chinoponesa ndangariro uye chinopa kurongeka kwakawanda.

• / usr / inosanganisira: Musoro mafaera eC uye C ++.

• / Usr / lib: Maraibhurari eC uye C ++.

• / usr / yemuno: Iri rimwe danho mukati meinopa hutongi hwakafanana nedhairekitori pachayo / usr.

• / usr / sbin: Isingakoshe-mabhinari system; semuenzaniso, madhimoni emhando dzakasiyana dzemasevhisi. Ndokunge, iine zvirongwa zvisingapi mushandisi interface uye zvinowanzo mhanya pakutangisa system kana mune mamwe mamiriro. Ivo havatungamirirwe zvakananga nemushandisi pavanenge vachimhanya, kunyangwe vachigona kugadziriswa vasati vamhanya.

• / usr / share: Akagovana mafaera senge ekumisikidza mafaera, mifananidzo, mifananidzo, madingindira, nezvimwe.

• / usr / src: Source kodhi dzemamwe mafomu uye iyo Linux kernel. Kunge / mnt, dhairekitori iri rinotarisirwa nevashandisi zvakananga kuti vagone kuchengetedza mariri kodhi yekodhi yezvirongwa nemaraibhurari uye nekudaro vanogona kuiwana zviri nyore, pasina matambudziko nezvibvumirano. Iyo inobvumira iyo kodhi kodhi kuve yayo yega nzvimbo, inowanikwa asi kure nevashandisi vese

• / usr / X11R6 / X Window System, Shanduro 11, Kuburitswa 6. Iri dhairekitori rine hukama nemamiriro ekuratidzira.

 

<° / var (akasiyana): Mhando dzakasiyana dzemafaira, senge matanda, mafaira epoolol, dhatabhesi, mafaera e-mail kwenguva pfupi, uye mamwe mafaera echinguvana mune zvese. Inowanzo shanda se registry registry. Batsira kutsvaga kwakatangira dambudziko.

• / var / cache: Applications cache, kunyange iyo / tmp dhairekitori inoshandiswa zvekare zvakafanana.
• / var / crash / Dhata uye ruzivo rwunoiswa, zvichireva kukuvara kana kukanganisa kweiyo inoshanda sisitimu. Icho chakanyanya kujekesa kupfuura / var in general
• / var / mitambo / Variable dhata kubva ku system mitambo. Dhairekitori iri harina kukosha uye rinowanzo kusiiwa nemashandisirwo emitambo ivo pachavo, nekuti ivo vanoshandisa iyo yekushandisa folda mu / kumba kuchengetedza data rakasarudzika sekugadzirisa, semuenzaniso. Zvisinei, mitambo yemagnome inoshandisa dhairekitori iri.
• / var / lib: Ruzivo pamamiriro azvino emaapplication, anogona kuchinjika nemaapplication acho.
• / var / kukiya: Mafaira anovimbisa kuti sosi inongoshandiswa nechero chishandiso chakakumbira kusarudzika, kudzamara yaburitswa.
• / var / log: Iyo ndeimwe yeakakosha madiki madhairekitori sezvo ese marudzi ehurongwa matanda akachengetwa pano
• / var / mail: Bhokisi rematsamba kana mameseji kubva kune vashandisi. Kana iwe usingashandise kunyorera, ipapo dhairekitori rako rinowanzo shandiswa kune iro basa rimwe chete nezvirongwa zvinobata mae-mail.
• / var / opt: Dhata rinoshandiswa nemapakeji akachengetwa mu / opt.
• / var / run: Ruzivo rwechangobva kuitika. Inobata nekushanda kwesisitimu kubva kubhuti rekupedzisira. Semuenzaniso, izvozvi vashandisi vakanyoreswa kana vakatemerwa, vakapinda; nemadhimoni ari kumhanya.
• / var / spool: Mabasa akamirira kugadziriswa (semuenzaniso, kupurinda mitsetse uye tsamba dzisina kuverengwa).
• / var / tmp: Mafaira echinguvana ayo, kusiyana / tmp, hadzina kubviswa pakati pezvikamu kana system restarts, asi zvakadaro zvinogoverwa.

<° / sys (hurongwa): Iine marongero ekumisikidza eiyo inomhanya sisitimu. Dhata rinoreva kernel, bhazi, zvishandiso, firmware, fs (faira system) uye nezvimwe.

<° / yakarasika + yakawanikwa: Pane masisitimu eUnix, yega yega yezvikamu / mafaera faira ane dhairekitori inonzi / kurasikirwa + kwawanikwa mune mafaera uye madhairekitori (kana masara acho) akawanikwazve mushure mekudzokororwa kweesystem kuburikidza neiyo fsck chishandiso zvakachengetwa, izvi zvese zvinowanzo kukonzerwa nenjodzi dzesystem, kumanikidzwa kudzima kwekomputa, kudzima magetsi, nezvimwe.

Ese mafaira uye madhairekitori akawanikwazve mushure me fsck zvinochengetwa neinotevera chimiro mune dhairekitori / kurasikirwa + kwawanikwa, zita refaira rega rega ndiyo inode nhamba:

drwxr-xr-x 3 midzi midzi 4096 2010-03-12 09: 38 # 123805
drwxr-xr-x 3 midzi midzi 4096 2010-03-12 09: 38 # 125488
drwxr-xr-x 3 midzi midzi 4096 2010-03-12 09: 38 # 135836
-rw-r-r- 2 midzi midzi 2473 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137864
-rw-r-r- 2 midzi midzi 18505 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137865
-rw-r-r- 2 midzi midzi 56140 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137866
-rw-r-r- 2 midzi midzi 25978 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137867
-rw-r-r- 2 midzi midzi 16247 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137868
-rw-r-r- 2 midzi midzi 138001 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137869
-rw-r-r- 2 midzi midzi 63623 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137870
-rw-r-r- 2 midzi midzi 34032 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137871
-rw-r-r- 2 midzi midzi 2536 2010-03-02 16:03 # 137872

Aya mafaera anogona kunge aine huwori kana asina kukwana, asi isu tingave nerombo rakanaka uye tiwane izvo zvataifunga zvarasika mushure mefsck. Tichafanirwa kuongorora mafaira uye madhairekitori rimwe nerimwe nekuti zita refaira rarasika. Rinogona kuve basa rakaoma kuenda kuburikidza nemafaira ese uye madhairekitori uye kuyedza kuadzosera munzvimbo dzawo, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinogona kunge zvisingaite.

fsck (faira system cheki kana faira sisitimu inoenderana): chishandiso chine basa rayo kugadzirisa kusapindirana mufaira system, sezvo ichigadzirisa zvikanganiso zvinogona kuitika muhurongwa. fsck inomhanya otomatiki kuhurongwa hwekutanga pakundikana, asi inogona zvakare kushandiswa nemaoko nehurongwa maneja kumanikidza cheki.

Saka unoziva, dzidza zvakanaka, kuti mangwana pane bvunzo yeXD ...

Source:

<°Wikipedia

<° http://tuxpepino.wordpress.com/2008/01/09/jerarquia-directorios-gnulinux/